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简介：Angiogenesis是一个很复杂的生理的过程，它包含依赖于在生长因素(激发器和禁止者)之间的homeostatic平衡的多重小径。这个紧控制的过程被angiogenic因素刺激，它在肿瘤以内是在场的并且包围联系肿瘤的stromal房间。angiogenesis上的肿瘤繁殖，侵略和转移的依赖为对待恶意使新血容器形成的禁止者成为吸引人的药。Angiogenesis能被几不同机制破坏：由禁止endothelial房间，由打断发信号的小径或由禁止angiogenesis的另外的使活跃之物。这策略在稳固的肿瘤的几种类型显示出治疗学的利益，导致食物药品管理局(食物及药品管理局)在肾，非小的房间肺，结肠和大脑的治疗的anti-angiogenic代理人的赞同癌症。尽管没有angiogenesis禁止者与变形前列腺癌症为病人被同意了，指向新血容器形成的治疗仍然是前列腺癌症研究的一个新兴、有希望的区域。

简介：Vascularendothelialgrowthfactor(VEGF)isprimarilyknownasaproangiogenicfactorandisoneofthemostimportantgrowthandsurvivalfactorsaffectingthevascularendothelium.However,recentstudieshaveshownthatVEGFalsoplaysavitalroleintheimmuneenvironment.InadditiontothetraditionalgrowthfactorroleofVEGFandVEGFreceptors(VEGFRs),theyhaveacomplicatedrelationshipwithvariousimmunecells.VEGFalsoreportedlyinhibitsthedifferentiationandfunctionofimmunecellsduringhematopoiesis.Dendriticcells(DCs),macrophages,andlymphocytesfurtherexpresscertaintypesofVEGFreceptors.VEGFcanbesecretedaswellbytumorcellsthroughtheautocrinepathwayandcanstimulatethefunctionofcancerstemness.ThisreviewwillprovideaparadigmshiftinourunderstandingoftheroleofVEGF/VEGFRsignalingintheimmuneandcancerenvironment.

简介：Masterdevelopmentalpathways,suchasNotch,Wnt,andHedgehog,aresignalingsystemsthatcontrolproliferation,celldeath,motility,migration,andstemness.Thesesystemsarenotonlycommonlyactivatedinmanysolidtumors,wheretheydriveorcontributetocancerinitiation,butalsoinprimaryandmetastatictumordevelopment.Thereactivationofdevelopmentalpathwaysincancerstromafavorsthedevelopmentofcancerstemcellsandallowstheirmaintenance,indicatingthesesignalingpathwaysasparticularlyattractivetargetsforefficientanticancertherapies,especiallyinadvancedprimarytumorsandmetastaticcancers.Metastasisistheworstfeatureofcancerdevelopment.Thisfeatureresultsfromacascadeofeventsemergingfromthehijackingofepithelial-mesenchymaltransition,angiogenesis,migration,andinvasionbytransformingcellsandisassociatedwithpoorsurvival,drugresistance,andtumorrelapse.Inthepresentreview,wesummarizeanddiscussexperimentaldatasuggestingpivotalrolesfordevelopmentalpathwaysincancerdevelopmentandmetastasis,consideringthetherapeuticpotential.EmergingtargetedantimetastatictherapiesbasedonNotch,Wnt,andHedgehogpathwaysarealsodiscussed.

简介：Triple-negativebreastcancer(TNBC)isdiagnosedmorefrequentlyinyoungerandpremenopausalwomenandishighlyprevalentinAfricanAmericanwomen.TNBCisatermderivedfromtumorsthatarecharacterizedbytheabsenceofER,PgR,andHER2.SopatientswithTNBCdonotbenefitfromhormonalortrastuzumab-basedtherapies.TNBCsarebiologicallyaggressive,althoughsomereportssuggestthattheyrespondtochemotherapybetterthanothertypesofbreastcancer,prognosisremainspoor.Thisisdueto:shorteneddisease-freeintervalintheadjuvantandneoadjuvantsettingandamoreaggressivecourseinthemetastaticsetting.

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简介：AbstractImmunotherapies targeting cancer neoantigens are safe, effective, and precise. Neoantigens can be identified mainly by genomic techniques such as next-generation sequencing and high-throughput single-cell sequencing; proteomic techniques such as mass spectrometry; and bioinformatics tools based on high-throughput sequencing data, mass spectrometry data, and biological databases. Neoantigen-related therapies are widely used in clinical practice and include neoantigen vaccines, neoantigen-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, and neoantigen-pulsed dendritic cells. In addition, neoantigens can be used as biomarkers to assess immunotherapy response, resistance, and prognosis. Therapies based on neoantigens are an important and promising branch of cancer immunotherapy. Unremitting efforts are needed to unravel the comprehensive role of neoantigens in anti-tumor immunity and to extend their clinical application. This review aimed to summarize the progress in neoantigen research and to discuss its opportunities and challenges in precision cancer immunotherapy.

简介：AbstractBrain metastasis (BM) is the leading cause of mortality in lung cancer patients. The process of BM (from initial primary tumor development, migration and intravasation, dissemination and survival in the bloodstream, extravasation, to colonization and growth to metastases) is a complex process for which few tumor cells complete the entire process. Recent research on BM of lung cancer has recently stressed the essential role of tumor microenvironment (TME) in assisting tumor cells in the completion of each BM step. This review summarizes recent studies regarding the effects of TME on tumor cells in the entire process of BM derived from lung cancer. The identification of vulnerable targets in the TME and their prospects to provide novel therapeutic opportunities are also discussed.

简介：AbstractAccumulating evidence suggests that intestinal bacteria play an important role in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). Due to the complexity of the intestinal microbiome, identification of the specific causative microbial agents in CRC remains challenging, and the search for the causative microbial agents is intense. However, whether bacteria or their products can induce inflammation that results in tumorigenesis or directly causes CRC in humans is still not clear. This review will mainly focus on the progress of bacterial infection and CRC, and introduce the microbial contribution to the hallmarks of cancer. This article uses Salmonella and its chronic infection as an example to investigate a single pathogen and its role in the development of CRC, based on laboratory and epidemiological evidence. The bacterial infection leads to an altered intestinal microbiome. The review also discusses the dysfunction of the microbiome and the mechanism of host-microbial interactions, for example, bacterial virulence factors, key signaling pathways in the host, and microbial post-translational modifications in the tumorigenesis. Colonic carcinogenesis involves a progressive accumulation of mutations in a genetically susceptible host leading to cellular autonomy. Moving forward, more human data are needed to confirm the direct roles of bacterial infection in CRC development. Insights into the inhibiting infection will help to prevent cancer and develop strategies to restore the balance between host and microorganisms.

简介：Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphatedehydrogenase(GAPDH),initiallyidentifiedasaglycolyticenzymeandconsideredasahousekeepinggene,iswidelyusedasaninternalcontrolinexperimentsonproteins,mRNA,andDNA.However,emergingevidenceindicatesthatGAPDHisimplicatedindiversefunctionsindependentofitsroleinenergymetabolism;theexpressionstatusofGAPDHisalsoderegulatedinvariouscancercells.OneofthemostcommoneffectsofGAPDHisitsinconsistentroleinthedeterminationofcancercellfate.Furthermore,studieshavedescribedGAPDHasaregulatorofcelldeath;otherstudieshavesuggestedthatGAPDHparticipatesintumorprogressionandservesasanewtherapeutictarget.However,relatedregulatorymechanismsofitsnumerouscellularfunctionsandderegulatedexpressionlevelsremainunclear.GAPDHistightlyregulatedattranscriptionalandposttranscriptionallevels,whichareinvolvedintheregulationofdiverseGAPDHfunctions.Severalcancer-relatedfactors,suchasinsulin,hypoxiainduciblefactor-1(HIF-1),p53,nitricoxide(NO),andacetylatedhistone,notonlymodulateGAPDHgeneexpressionbutalsoaffectproteinfunctionsviacommonpathways.Moreover,posttranslationalmodifications(PTMs)occurringinGAPDHincancercellsresultinnewactivitiesunrelatedtotheoriginalglycolyticfunctionofGAPDH.Inthisreview,recentfindingsrelatedtoGAPDHtranscriptionalregulationandPTMsaresummarized.MechanismsandpathwaysinvolvedinGAPDHregulationanditsdifferentrolesincancercellsarealsodescribed.

简介：六不同治疗在与变形阉割抵抗的前列腺癌症(mCRPC)指向到病人的阶段III试用表明了改进幸存。为mCRPC的前线的治疗学的选择包括docetaxel，sipuleucel-T，abiraterone和radium-223。Post-docetaxel选择包括cabazitaxel，abiraterone，enzalutamide和radium-223。尽管有最近的年里的许多进步，多是还未知的，争论发生在最佳的治疗选择和序列上。任何一个新代理人都没与对方相比，因此，在今天的实践的医生必须基于非使随机化的比较，毒性考虑和各种各样的假设做选择。Abiraterone现在正在移动直到给最近的规章的赞同的前面线mCRPC空间，enzalutamide将很快列在后面。当时，两个神经质的代理人有更少的毒性与化学疗法的选择和这两个神经质的代理人相比被期望向前在年里在mCRPC病人的一个可观的数字被过去常。很少数据都不为post-abiraterone或post-enzalutamide背景是可得到的。在这评论，当前可得到的定序数据被总结并且解释。生气抵抗是在各种各样的治疗之间的一个潜在的问题，现在是清楚的，特别指向雄激素轴的那些代理人。这评论加亮需要让另外的研究为这些病人优化当前的治疗。

简介：TherearenotabledifferencesintheincidenceandmortalityratesforprostatecancerbetweenAsiaandWesterncountries.Itisalsorecognizedthattherearedifferencesinthinkingwithregardtotreatmentoptions.RecentlyitisalsothecasethatopinionshavebeenreportedconcerningthedifferencesbetweenAsianandWesternpatientswithregardtotheirreactiontoandrogendepletiontherapy(ADT).GiventhatADTisamethodoftreatmentthatfocusesontheeliminationoftestosterone,aninevitablesymptomofitsadministrationistestosteronelosingsyndrome.ItisforthisreasonthatinWesterncountriesADThasonlybeenrecommendedincasesofadvancedormetastaticcancer.Ontheotherhand,inAsia,ADTisusedinrelativelymanycases,includingnon-metastaticlocalizedcancerandinvasivelocalizedcancer.Todate,however,therehasbeenlittlesubstantivediscussionconcerningthisdifferenceinutilizationofADT.ADT-relateddrugsforprostatecancerandthedevelopmentofnewdrugsforcastrationresistantprostatecancer(CRPC)havebeenactivelytestedinrecentyears.ItcouldbethecasethatanalyzingthedifferencesinconceptsaboutADTbetweenAsiaandtheWestcouldcontributetotheeffectiveuseofADT-relateddrugsandalsohelptobuildnewtreatmentstrategiesforprostatecancer.

简介：Anewtechnologythatsimulatestumorshasbeenshowntoperformaswellasresearchanimalsintestingchemotherapydrugs,representingapotentialtoolforscreeningdrugsbeforetreatingapatient.Along-termgoalistoincorporatebiopsiedcancercellsfrompatientsandtesttheeffectivenessofdifferentdrugsonthepatient-derivedcells.

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简介：AbstractGastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignant tumors. The mechanism of how GC develops is vague, and therapies are inefficient. The function of microRNAs (miRNAs) in tumorigenesis has attracted the attention from many scientists. During the development of GC, miRNAs function in the regulation of different phenotypes, such as proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and metastasis, drug sensitivity and resistance, and stem-cell-like properties. MiRNAs were evaluated for use in diagnostic and prognostic predictions and exhibited considerable accuracy. Although many problems exist for the application of therapy, current studies showed the antitumor effects of miRNAs. This paper reviews recent advances in miRNA mechanisms in the development of GC and the potential use of miRNAs in the diagnosis and treatment of GC.

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简介：客观：在乳癌学习P-glycoprotein(P-gp)的临床的意义。方法：在乳癌的60种情况中的P-gp的表示被immunohistochemistry检验。到化疗的P-gp表示和反应比较地与变形乳癌在19个病人被调查。结果：P-gp在乳癌的60个案例中的48.3%个中是积极的。P-gp表示不与病人的年龄，月经地位，包含的腋的淋巴节点的数字，临床的阶段，组织学的类型，和神经质的受体地位有关(P>0.05)。转移(62.1%)和死亡(51.7%)的频率比在否定情况中在P-gp积极案例中是更高的(16.1%对12.9%，P<0.005)。P-gp积极案例(48.3%)的5年的幸存率比否定案例(87.1%)的显著地低(P<0.05)。在收到了辅助化疗的病人，远转移比在P-gp否定案例(57.1%)(P=0.0468)中更经常发生在P-gp积极案例(94.7%)中。更多的P-gp否定病人(7/9)对化疗(P=0.0055)比积极病人(1/10)应答。结论：P-gp表示的Immunohistochemical检查在在乳癌病人预言反应到化疗和预后是有用的。P-gp确实与差的预后被联系。

简介：TheallelicdistributionofEcoRIandBamHIfragmentsofrasfamilygenesbetweenthehumanprimarygastriccancertissuesandthecorrespondingadjacentnormaltissuesdidnotshowanydifferences.ThreegenotypesofBamHIrestrictionfragmentslengthpolymorphismofc-H-raswererevealed.NosignificantdifferencesintheRFLPswereobservedbetweennormalindividualsandgastriccancerpatients.Fourprotooncogenes,c-H-ras,N-ras,c-mycandc-fos,werefoundtobetranscriptionallyactiveinthegastriccancertissuesinsomecasesexamined.Thecomparisonoftheexpressionoftheseoncogenesbetweenthemalignanttissuesandthecorrespondingnormaltissuesshoweddifferentialpatterns.Theexpressionofc-H-rasatcellularlevelwasdetectedwithinsituhybridization.Theenhancedexpressionofc-H-rasinthegastriccancercellswasdemonstrated,butthedegreeoftheexpessionamongthecancercellswasshowntobeheterogeneous.Inaddition,theenhancedexpressionofc-H-raswasseeninthei