简介：Somaticstemcells(SSCs),beingessentialinmaintaininghomeostasisofnormaltissue,replenishdyingcellsandregeneratedamagedtissuesfororganism.Ontheotherhand,withtheself-renewedability,SSCsareidealcellulartargetstobeacquiredinmultiplemutationstransformingSSCstocancerstemcells(CSCs)whichcausemalignanciesandevenrecurrenceaftercancertreatmentifCSCsfailtobeeradicated(1).OneyearafterDrs.JohnB.GurdonandShinyaYamanakasharedthe2012NobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicinefortheirdiscoverythatmaturecellscanbereprogrammedtobecome

简介：Cancertreatmentfailure,drugresistance,ormetastaticrecurrencearethoughttobecausedmainlybytheexistenceofaverysmallnumberofcancerstemcells(CSCs).Thecharacteristicsofthissubgroupofcellsincludeself-renewal,tumorigenesis,multipledifferentiationandhighinvasiveness,metastasis,anddrugresistancepotential.ManystudieshavedemonstratedthatCSCsplayimportantrolesintumorgrowth,spreadandmetastaticrelapseaftertreatment,andarecloselyrelatedtotheprognosisofpatients.Fromatherapeuticviewpoint,deepinsightsintotheCSCsbiology,developmentofspecifictherapeuticstrategiesfortargetingCSCs,andcharacterizationoftheirmicroenvironmentcouldbeanidealwaytocombatcancer.

简介：Cancergenomicsisarapidlygrowingdisciplineinwhichthegeneticmolecularbasisofmalignancyisstudiedatthescaleofwholegenomes.Whilethedisciplinehasbeensuccessfulwithrespecttoidentifyingspecificoncogenesandtumorsuppressorsinvolvedinoncogenesis,itisalsochallengingourapproachtomanagingpatientssufferingfromthisdeadlydisease.Specificallycancergenomicsisdrivingclinicaloncologytotakeamoremolecularapproachtodiagnosis,prognostication,andtreatmentselection.Wereviewhererecentworkundertakenincancergenomicswithanemphasisontranslationofgenomicfindings.Finally,wediscussscientificchallengesandresearchopportunitiesemergingfromfindingsderivedthroughanalysisoftumorswithhigh-depthsequencing.

简介：尽管氧化是最普通生物并且精力生产反应，因为象自由激进分子和过氧化物那样的氧化的产品损坏细胞的部件，氧化应力对房间有害，引起几疾病。在DNA的损坏为癌症形成和前进负责。然而，几酶象superoxidedismutase那样，过氧化氢酶，谷胱甘肽peroxidase，谷胱甘肽reductase，是的谷胱甘肽S-transferase等等行为影响氧化应力的抗氧化剂。在这些酶的多型性应当与DNA损坏被联系，随后，个人癌症冒险危险性。这篇评论文章试图进一步阐明在由在癌症病人有关表示层次和抗氧化剂酶的基因多型性总结一些重要学习的调查结果的抗氧化剂酶和癌症之间的关系。

简介：Cancerhasbecometheleadingcauseofdeath.Theprogressindiagnosisandtreatmentisstilllimited.Overthepastthreedecades,emergenceandrapiddevelopmentofnanotechnologyhavebroughtnewhopesforcancertherapy.Arepertoireofnanomaterialswithcontrollablesize-,shape-,andcomposition-dependentphysiochemicalproperties

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简介：DuckhepatitisBvims(DHBV)DNAwasdetectedindifferenttumorousnodulesofduckswithhepaticmulticentriccancerorintrahepaticmetastasisbySouthernblottechnique.Among7duckswithhepatocellularcarcinomaofmultipletumornodules,thehybridizationpatternofIntegratedDHBVDNAIndifferenttumorousnoduleswasidenticalin3casesanddifferentin2cases.OnecaseshowedasimilarhybridizationpatternintwotumorousnodulesandotheronewasnegativetorDHBVDNA.IntegratedDHBVDNAwasalsoidentifiedinametastaticlungcancerofduckswithhepatocellularcarcinoma.Thehybridizationpatternofmetastasisoflungswasasthesomeasthatinprimaryhepatocellularcarcinoma.ThesamediscretehybridizationbandsInthedifferenttumorousnodulesindicatethatthesenodulesmightarisefromonetransformedcell.ThedifferenthybridizationpatternsInvarioustumorousnodulesshowthatthesetumorousnodulesmightarisefromvarioustransformedcells.Theresultssuggestthatthehyb

简介：Ovariancancer(OC)istheseventhmostcommonlydiagnosedcanceramongwomenintheworldandthetenthmostcommoninChina.EpithelialOCisthemostpredominantpathologicsubtype,withfivemajorhistotypesthatdifferinorigination,pathogenesis,molecularalterations,riskfactors,andprognosis.Geneticsusceptibilityismanifestedbyrareinheritedmutationswithhightomoderatepenetrance.Genome-wideassociationstudieshaveadditionallyidentified29commonsusceptibilityallelesforOC,including14subtype-specificalleles.Severalreproductiveandhormonalfactorsmaylowerrisk,includingparity,oralcontraceptiveuse,andlactation,whileotherssuchasolderageatmenopauseandhormonereplacementtherapyconferincreasedrisks.Theseassociationsdifferbyhistotype,especiallyformucinousOC,likelyreflectingdifferencesinetiology.EndometrioidandclearcellOCshareasimilar,uniquepatternofassociationswithincreasedrisksamongwomenwithendometriosisanddecreasedrisksassociatedwithtuballigation.OCrisksassociatedwithothergynecologicalconditionsandprocedures,suchashysterectomy,pelvicinflammatorydisease,andpolycysticovariansyndrome,arelessclear.Otherpossibleriskfactorsincludeenvironmentalandlifestylefactorssuchasasbestosandtalcpowderexposures,andcigarettesmoking.Theepidemiologyprovidescluesonetiology,primaryprevention,earlydetection,andpossiblyeventherapeuticstrategies.

简介：Breastcancerisoneofthemostcommoncancersaroundtheworldwithapproximately1.6millionnewcasesand425thousanddeathsfromthediseasein2010(1).Whileearlydetectionmethodsandtreatmenthavecontinuouslyevolvedandimprovedovertheyears,thereisstillastrong

简介：胰腺的癌症继续是有仍然高的死亡和差的幸存的致命的恶意。尽管有重要进展，很少进步在理解，诊断，和常规、新奇的治疗的存取在先进胰腺的癌症的治疗上被取得了。损害的分子的病理是我们位于这癌症的发展下面的机制的理解的钥匙并且将可能在更早的诊断和更好治疗学的结果帮助我们。新治疗策略和创新治疗的更小心的评估清楚地为这疾病被需要。鉴于许多调查结果，胰腺的癌症应该被认为是全身的疾病，并且在最后几年，调查者获得了导致恶意的发展的分子的生物学和事件的更好的理解。我们这里在在胰腺的癌症的为通常变异的基因的全身的探索考察新奇开发。

简介：AccordingtoGLOBOCAN2012,livercanceristhesixthmostcommoncancerintheworld.Therewere782,000newcasesdiagnosedin2012,with50%inChinaalone.Livercanceristhesecondmostcommoncauseofcancerdeathworldwideanditsprognosisisverypoor.TheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)declared745,517deathscausedbylivercancerin2012,withmorethanhalffromChina~1.

简介：Humanendogenousretroviruses(HERVs)areretrovirusesthatinfectedhumangenomemillionsofyearsagoandhavepersistedthroughouthumanevolution.About8%ofourgenomeiscomposedofHERVs,mostofwhicharenonfunctionalbecauseofepigeneticcontrolordeactivatingmutations.However,acorrelationbetweenHERVsandhumancancerhasbeendescribedandmanytumors,suchasmelanoma,breastcancer,germcelltumors,renalcancerorovariancancer,expressHERVproteins,mainlyHERV-K(HML6)andHERV-K(HML2).AlthoughthecausativeroleofHERVsincanceriscontroversial,datafromanimalmodelsdemonstratedthatendogenousretrovirusesarepotentiallyoncogenic.HERVproteinexpressioninhumancellsgeneratesanimmuneresponsebyactivatinginnateandadaptiveimmunities.SomeHERV-derivedpeptideshaveantigenicproperties.Forexample,HERV-K(HML-6)encodestheHER-KMELpeptiderecognizedbyCD8+lymphocytes.Inaddition,HERVsaretwoedgedimmunomodulators.HERVsshowimmunosuppressiveactivity.Thepresenceofgenomicretroviralelementsinhost-cellcytosolmayactivateaninterferontypeIresponse.Therefore,targetingHERVsthroughcellularvaccinesorimmunomodulatorydrugscombinedwithcheckpointinhibitorsisattractinginterestbecausetheycouldbeactiveinhumantumors.

简介：AsreadersofCancerBiologyandMedicinewellknow,therehasbeenaseismicshiftinhumanmolecularbiologyoverthepastfewyears,asmomentousinitsownwayasthediscoveryofthedouble-helicalstructureofDNAbyWatsonandCrick60yearsago,theelucidationofthegeneticcodeshortlythereafter,theadventofrecombinantDNAandgenecloning

简介：Objective:Weretrospectivelyanalyzedtheclinicalprognosticvalueofthe8theditionoftheAmericanJointCommitteeonCancer(AJCC)stagingsystemforluminalAbreastcancer.Methods:Usingboththeanatomicandprognosticstaginginthe8theditionofAJCCcancerstagingsystem,werestagedpatientswithluminalAbreastcancertreatedattheBreastDiseaseCenter,PekingUniversityFirstHospitalfrom2008to2014.Follow-updataincluding5-yeardiseasefreesurvival(DFS),overallsurvival(OS)andotherclinic-pathologicaldatawerecollectedtoanalyzethedifferencesbetweenthetwostagingsubgroups.Results:Thisstudyincluded421patientswithluminalAbreastcancer(medianfollow-up,61months).The5-yearDFSandOSrateswere98.3%and99.3%,respectively.Significantdifferencesin5-yearDFSbutnotOSwereobservedbetweendifferentanatomicdiseasestages.Significantdifferenceswereobservedinboth5-yearDFSandOSbetweendifferentprognosticstages.Applicationoftheprognosticstagingsystemresultedinassignmentof175of421patients(41.6%)toadifferentgroupcomparedtotheiroriginalanatomicstages.Intotal,102of103patientswithanatomicstageIIAchangedtoprognosticstageIB,and24of52patientswithanatomicstageIIBchangedtoprognosticstageIB,while1changedtoprognosticstageIIIB.Twenty-twoof33patientswithanatomicstageIIIAweredown-stagedtoIIAwhenstagedbyprognosticstagingsystem,andtheother11patientsweredown-stagedtoIIB.TwopatientswithanatomicstageIIIBweredown-stagedtoIIIA.AmongsevenpatientswithanatomicstageIIICcancer,twoweredown-stagedtoIIIAandfourweredown-stagedtostageIIIB.Conclusions:The8theditionofAJCCprognosticstagingsystemisanimportantsupplementtothebreastcancerstagingsystem.Moreclinicaltrialsareneededtoproveitsabilitytoguideselectionofpropersystemictherapyandpredictprognosisofbreastcancer.

简介：Objective:ToinvestigatewhetherGli1expressionisimportantinrelapseafterradicaloperationofbreastcancer.Methods:Usingimmunohistochemistry,Gli1expressionwasanalyzedinhumanprimarybreastcancer(n=284)andparacanceroustissues(n=20),andalsoinlocallymphnodes(n=28)andmetastaticlymphnodes(n=28).Results:InitialanalysisofGli1expressioninasmallcohortof20breasttumorsandtheirparacanceroustissuesshowedatendencytowardsGli1overexpressioninbreastcancertissues(P<0.001).Further,Gli1expressionin284breastcancertissuesampleswasanalyzedandasignificantcorrelationwasfoundbetweenincreasedexpressionofnuclearGli1andunfavorablerecurrence-freesurvival(RFS)(P<0.05).ThenuclearexpressionofGli1inmetastaticlymphnodesfollowingrelapseafterradicaloperationwasmuchhigherthanthatinthelocallymphnodesofprimarycarcinoma(P<0.05).Mostinterestingly,theexpressionofGli1wasmuchhigherintheinterstitialtissuesoftherelapsedgroupthanofthenon-relapsedgroup(P<0.001).Conclusions:BreastcancershowsahighprevalenceofGli1expression,whichissignificantlycorrelatedwithaggressivefeaturesandunfavorableRFS.NuclearGli1overexpression,especiallyintheinterstitialtissues,signifiedearlyrelapseafterradicaloperationofbreastcancer.

简介：Cancercellsarewelldocumentedtorewiretheirmetabolismandenergyproductionnetworkstosupportandenablerapidproliferation,continuousgrowth,survivalinharshconditions,invasion,metastasis,andresistancetocancertreatments.SinceDr.OttoWarburg’sdiscoveryaboutalteredcancercellmetabolismin1930,thousandsofstudieshaveshedlightonvariousaspectsofcancermetabolismwithacommongoaltofindnewwaysforeffectivelyeliminatingtumorcellsbytargetingtheirenergymetabolism.Thisreviewhighlightstheimportanceofthemainfeaturesofcancermetabolism,summarizesrecentremarkableadvancesinthisfield,andpointsoutthepotentialstotranslatethesescientificfindingsintolife-savingdiagnosisandtherapiestohelpcancerpatients.

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简介：Colorectalcancer(CRC)isthesecondmostcommoncancerinwomenandthethirdmostcommoninmenglobally.CRCarisesfromoneoracombinationofchromosomalinstability,CpGislandmethylatorphenotype,andmicrosatelliteinstability.Geneticinstabilityisusuallycausedbyaneuploidyandlossofheterozygosity.Mutationsinthetumorsuppressororcellcyclegenesmayalsoleadtocellulartransformation.Similarly,epigeneticand/orgeneticalterationsresultinginimpairedcellularpathways,suchasDNArepairmechanism,mayleadtomicrosatelliteinstabilityandmutatorphenotype.Non-codingRNAs,moreimportantlymicroRNAsandlongnon-codingRNAshavealsobeenimplicatedatvariousCRCstages.Understandingthespecificmechanismsoftumorigenesisandtheunderlyinggeneticandepigenetictraitsiscriticalincomprehendingthediseasephenotype.Thispaperreviewsthesemechanismsalongwiththerolesofvariousnon-codingRNAsinCRCs.

简介：ChineseJournalofCancerResearch,aninternationalbiomedicaljournaleditedandpublishedquarterlyinEnglishbyChinaAnti-CancerAssociation(CACA),isacomprehensiveacademicjournal,aimingtoreflectprimarilythecreativeorinnovativeachievementsinallfieldsofcancerresea...

简介：InSeptember2013,theTranslationalAndrologyandUrology(TAU)launchedafocusissueon'ProstateCancer',whichwasguest-editedbyDr.Jer-TsongHsiehandDr.GaneshRajfromUniversityofTexasSouthwesternMedicalCenteratDallas,USA.Inthisfocusissue,Dr.RajandDr.Hsiehinvitedaninternationalexpertpanelofcliniciansandbasicscientiststooutlinecurrentchallengesofprostatecancertreatment