简介：超声能不仅在检查，而且在治疗被使用，特别在癌症的治疗。Sonodynamic治疗是使用超声提高作为sonosensitizers知道的代理人的细胞毒素的效果的一个试验性的癌症治疗方法。它在vitro并且在vivo被测试了。超声能在一些直接改变房间膜渗透的条件下面渗透织物和房间，从而在某度允许外长的分子的交货进房间。超声能禁止增长或在vitro或在vivo导致癌症房间的apoptosis。低频率的显示的最近的研究和低紧张的超声能导致房间apoptosis，它能被sonodynamic敏感加强，microbubbles，化学疗法的药等等。超声的大多数类型通过导致癌症房间的apoptosis压制了癌症房间的增长。apoptosis的机制不是清楚的。在这评论，我们将集中于并且由超声讨论癌症房间apoptosis的正式就职的机制。

简介：AbstractImmunotherapy has opened a new era in cancer treatment. Drugs represented by immune checkpoint inhibitors have led to important breakthroughs in the treatment of various solid tumors, greatly improving the survival rate of cancer patients. Many types of immunotherapeutic drugs have become widely available; however, their efficacy is variable, and relatively few patients with advanced cancer experience life-altering durable survival, reflecting the complex and highly regulated nature of the immune system. The research field of cancer immunotherapy (CIT) still faces many challenges in pursuing the broader social goal of "curing cancer." Increasing attention has been paid to strengthening the understanding of the molecular or cellular drivers of resistance to immunotherapy, actively exploring more effective therapeutic targets, and developing combination therapy strategies. Here, we review the key challenges that have emerged in the era of CIT and the possible solutions or development directions to overcome these difficulties, providing relevant references for basic research and the development of modified clinical treatment regimens.

简介：Objective:Theexpressionoftumorbiomarkersmaychangeafterchemotherapy.However,whethersecretedproteinacidicandrichincysteine(SPARC)expressionchangesafterchemotherapyingastriccancer(GC)isunclear.ThisstudyinvestigatedtheinfluenceofchemotherapyonSPARCexpressioninGC.Methods:ImmunohistochemistrywasusedtoanalyzeSPARCexpressionin132GCcases(including54caseswithpreoperativechemotherapyand78caseswithoutpreoperativechemotherapy).SPARCexpressionofpostoperativespecimenswithandwithoutpreoperativechemotherapywasassessedtoanalyzetheinfluenceofchemotherapyonSPARCexpression.Results:SPARCwashighlyexpressedinGCcomparedwiththedesmoplasticstromasurroundingtumorcellsandnoncanceroustissues.HighSPARCexpressionwascorrelatedwithinvasiondepth,lymphnode,andTNMstage.Afterchemotherapy,alowerproportionofhighSPARCexpressionwasobservedinpatientswithpreoperativechemotherapythaninthecontrols.For54patientswithpreoperativechemotherapy,grosstype,histology,depthofinvasion,lymphnode,TNMstage,andSPARCexpressionwererelatedtooverallsurvival.Furthermultivariateanalysisshowedthatlymphnode,histology,andSPARCexpressionafterchemotherapywereindependentprognosticfactors.Conclusion:SPARCexpressionmaychangeafterchemotherapyinGC.SPARCexpressionshouldbereassessedforpatientswithGCafterchemotherapy.

简介：AbstractPancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an extremely malignant disease, which has an extremely low survival rate of <9% in the United States. As a new hallmark of cancer, metabolism reprogramming exerts crucial impacts on PDAC development and progression. Notably, arginine metabolism is altered in PDAC cells and participates in vital signaling pathways. In addition, arginine and its metabolites including polyamine, creatine, agmatine, and nitric oxide regulate the proliferation, growth, autophagy, apoptosis, and metastasis of cancer cells. Due to the loss of argininosuccinate synthetase 1 (ASS1) expression, the key enzyme in arginine biosynthesis, arginine deprivation is regarded as a potential strategy for PDAC therapy. However, drug resistance develops during arginine depletion treatment, along with the re-expression of ASS1, metabolic dysfunction, and the appearance of anti-drug antibody. Additionally, arginase 1 exerts crucial roles in myeloid-derived suppressor cells, indicating its potential targeting by cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we introduce arginine metabolism and its impacts on PDAC cells. Also, we discuss the role of arginine metabolism in arginine deprivation therapy and immunotherapy for cancer.

简介：Thelasttenyearshaveseenremarkableprogressincancerresearch.However,despitesignificantbreakthroughsintheunderstanding,prevention,andtreatmentofcancer,thediseasecontinuestoaffectmillionsofpeopleworldwide.Cancer’scomplexitycompoundedwithfinancial,policyandregulatoryroadblockshasslowedtherateofprogressbeingmadeagainstcancer.Inthispaper,wereviewafewofthemostrecentbreakthroughsthatarefuelingmedicaladvancesandbringingnewhopeforpatientsaffectedbythisdevastatingdisease.Wealsoaddressthechallengesfacingusandtheopportunitiestoacceleratefutureprogressagainstcancer.TheeffortsoftheAmericanAssociationforCancerResearch(AACR)toaddressthecancerburdenalreadyextendbeyondthebordersoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica.TheAACRiscommittedtoincreasingitseffortstostemthetideofcancerworldwidebypromotinginnovativeprograms,strategies,andinitiativesforcancerresearchersandallthoseengagedincancer-relatedbiomedicalsciencesaroundtheworld.

简介：Breastcanceristheleadingcauseofdeathamongwomenattheagesof20-59years[1].TheincidenceofbreastcancerinAsiaisalsoshowntobeincreasingrecently,especiallyinthemoreaffluentcities,andthepeakincidenceofbreastcancerisattheageof45-50years[2].BreastcancerpreventionhasstartedfromsecondarypreventionstrategyofearlydetectionofthediseasewithdifferentmodalitiesinAsia[3-5]despitetheabsenceofunifiednationwidescreeningprogram.Therearealotof

简介：Colorectalcancer(CRC)isasignificantcauseofmorbidityandmortalityworldwide.However,coloncancerincidenceandmortalityisdecliningoverthepastdecadeowingtoadoptionofeffectivescreeningprograms.Nevertheless,insomepartsoftheworld,CRCincidenceandmortalityremainontherise,likelyduetofactorsincluding'westernized'diet,lifestyle,andlackofhealth-careinfrastructureandresources.Participationandadherencetodifferentnationalscreeningprogramsremainobstacleslimitingtheachievementofscreeninggoals.Differentmodalitiesareavailablerangingfromstoolbasedteststoradiologyandendoscopywithvaryingsensitivityandspecificity.However,theavailabilityofthesetestsislimitedtoareaswithhigheconomicresources.Recently,FDAapprovedablood-basedtest(Epiprocolon?)forCRCscreening.Thisbloodbasedtestmayservetoincreasetheparticipationandadherencerates.Hence,leadingtoincreaseincoloncancerdetectionandprevention.ThisarticlewilldiscussvariousCRCscreeningtestswithaparticularfocusonthedataregardingthenewapprovedbloodtest.Finally,wewillproposeanalgorithmforasimplecost-effectiveCRCscreeningprogram.

简介：Headandneckcancers(HNCs)areaggressivetumorsthattypicallydemonstrateahighglycolyticrate,whichresultsinresistancetocytotoxictherapyandpoorprognosis.Duetotheirlocationthesetumorsspecificallyimpairfoodintakeandqualityoflife,sothatpreventionofweightlossthroughnutritionsupportbecomesanimportanttreatmentgoal.Dietaryrestrictionofcarbohydrates(CHOs)andtheirreplacementwithfat,mostlyinformofaketogenicdiet(KD),havebeensuggestedtoaccommodateforboththealteredtumorcellmetabolismandcancer-associatedweightloss.Inthisreview,IpresentthreespecificrationalesforCHOrestrictionandnutritionalketosisassupportivetreatmentoptionsfortheHNCpatient.Theseare(1)targetingtheoriginandspecificaspectsoftumorglycolysis;(2)protectingnormaltissuefrombutsensitizingtumortissuetoradiation-andchemotherapyinducedcellkill;(3)supportingbodyandmusclemassmaintenance.WhilemostofthesebenefitsofCHOrestrictionapplytocanceringeneral,specificaspectsofimplementationarediscussedinrelationtoHNCpatients.WhileCHOrestrictionseemsfeasibleinHNCpatientstheavailableevidenceindicatesthatitsrolemayextendbeyondfightingmalnutritiontofightingHNCitself.

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简介：ＲＥＳＵＬＴＳＯＦ　ＨＥＰＡＴＥＣＴＯＭＹＦＯＲ６００ＣＡＳＥＳＷＩＴＨＰＲＩＭＡＲＹＬＩＶＥＲＣＡＮＣＥＲＬｉＧｕｏｈｕｉ李国辉；ＬｉＪｉｎｑｉｎｇ李锦清；Ｚｈａｎｇｙａｑｉ张亚奇；Ｙｕａｎｙｕｎｆｅｉ元云飞；ＣｈｅｎＭｉｎｓｈａｎ陈敏山；ＧｕｏＲ...

简介：AbstractLymph node metastasis is common in differentiated thyroid cancer especially papillary thyroid cancer. Presence of lymph node metastasis does not have an impact on survival in younger patients. Therapeutic central and lateral neck dissection in the presence of clinically or radiologically evident lymph nodes has resulted in good overall survival. However, disease persistence in the lymph node/early recurrences may be seen in patients owing to lymph nodes that may be missed during the initial neck dissection. These observed locations are retropharyngeal and parapharyngeal nodal location, retro carotid location, sublingual, axillary, and intraparotid locations, supraclavicular and superficial to the sternothyroid muscle. We aim to highlight these locations with the goal to minimize persistence or early recurrence of disease at these locations.

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简介：Objective:ThisstudyestimatesthenumbersofnewcancercasesandcancerdeathsinHebeiprovinceusingincidenceandmortalitydatafrom9population-basedcancerregistriesin2012.Methods:Thedataofnewdiagnosedcancercasesandcancerdeathsin2012werecollectedfrom9population-basedcancerregistriesofHebeiprovincein2015.AllthedatamettheNationalCentralCancerRegistryofChina(NCCR)criteriaofdataquality.Thepooleddataanalysiswasstratifiedbyareas(urban/rural),gender,agegroup(0,1-4,5-9,10-14,…,85+)andcancertype.NewcancercasesanddeathsinHebeiprovincewereestimatedusingage-specificratesandcorrespondingprovincialpopulationin2012.The10mostcommoncancersindifferentgroupsandthecumulativerateswerecalculated.Chinesepopulationcensusin2000andSegi'spopulationwereusedforage-standardizedincidence/mortalityrates.Results:Allcancerregistriescovered4,986,847populations,6.84%ofHebeiprovincialpopulation(2,098,547inurbanand2,888,300inruralareas).Thepercentageofcasesmorphologicallyverified(MV%)anddeathcertificate-onlycases(DCO%)were76.40%and4.72%,respectively.Themortalitytoincidencerateratio(M/I)was0.64.In2012,itisestimatedthattherewereabout187,900newdiagnosedcancercasesand119,800cancerdeathsinHebeiprovince.Theincidencerateofcancerwas258.12/100,000(275.75/100,000inmales,239.78/100,000infemales),andtheage-standardizedincidenceratesbyChinesestandardpopulation(ASIRC)andbyworldstandardpopulation(ASIRW)were210.65/100,000and208.50/100,000,withthecumulativeincidencerates(0-74yearsold)of24.46%.ThecancerincidenceandASIRCwere256.99/100,000and211.32/100,000inurbanareasand258.94/100,000and209.99/100,000inruralareas,respectively.Thecancermortalityratewas164.63/100,000(201.85/100,000inmales,125.92/100,000infemales).AgestandardizedmortalityratesbyChinesestandardpopulation(ASMRC)andbyworldstandardpopulation(ASMRW)w

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简介：Objective:ToprovideanoverviewoftheincidenceandmortalityoffemalebreastcancerforcountriesintheAsia-Pacificregion.Methods:Statisticalinformationaboutbreastcancerwasobtainedfrompubliclyavailablecancerregistryandmortalitydatabases(suchasGLOBOCAN),andsupplementedwithdatarequestedfromindividualcancerregistries.Ratesweredirectlyage-standardisedtotheSegiWorldStandardpopulationandtrendswereanalysedusingjoinpointmodels.Results:Breastcancerwasthemostcommontypeofcanceramongfemalesintheregion,accountingfor18%ofallcasesin2012,andwasthefourthmostcommoncauseofcancer-relateddeaths(9%).AlthoughincidenceratesremainmuchhigherinNewZealandandAustralia,rapidrisesinrecentyearswereobservedinseveralAsiancountries.Largeincreasesinbreastcancermortalityratesalsooccurredinmanyareas,particularlyMalaysiaandThailand,incontrasttostabilisingtrendsinHongKongandSingapore,whiledecreaseshavebeenrecordedinAustraliaandNewZealand.Mortalitytrendstendedtobemorefavourableforwomenagedunder50comparedtothosewhowere50yearsorolder.Conclusion:ItisanticipatedthatincidenceratesofbreastcancerindevelopingcountriesthroughouttheAsia-Pacificregionwillcontinuetoincrease.Earlydetectionandaccesstooptimaltreatmentarethekeystoreducingbreastcancerrelatedmortality,butculturalandeconomicobstaclespersist.Consequently,thechallengeistocustomisebreastcancercontrolinitiativestotheparticularneedsofeachcountrytoensurethebestpossibleoutcomes.

简介：Cancertreatmentssuchaschemotherapyandradiotherapyarewidelyusedtotreatprimaryandmetastaticcancers.Epidemiologicalstudieshavedemonstratedthatthesetypesoftreatmentcaneffectivelyandsuccessfullyextendthelifespanofcancerpatients,buttheyarealso

简介：InthedevelopedWesternpartoftheworld,theincidenceofGCAhasmarkedlydecreasedoverthepastdecades.ThisdecreaseoftheGCAincidenceseemstobeageneralandglobalevent,suggestingthatoneorsomegloballyandgenerallycommonfactorsplayacriticalroleinthepathogenesisofGCA,andthatthisfactororfactorshavedecreasedininfluenceworldwidelyduringthepastdecades.Theseetiopathogeneticfactorshardlyareexoticdifferencesinlocalhabitsofeatingordrinkingonly.SuchexoticandlocalfactorscannotexplainthestrikingconsistencythatisapparentintheglobalepidemiologyofGCA.RegardingtheH.pyloriinfectionasthekeyfactorinthepathogenesisofgastriccancer,theserequirementsofglobalityarefulfilled.

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简介：Objective:Implantableportthrombosis(IPT)incancerpatientsisarelativelyrarebutseverecomplication.Severalfactorsarereportedlyassociatedwiththeoccurrenceofthrombosis.WeaimedtodescribetheprevalenceandtheanatomoclinicalfeaturesofIPTobservedincancerpatientswhoweretreatedinamedicaloncologydepartmentinTunisia.Methods:Atotalof600cancerpatientswhohadportimplantationfromJanuary2013toDecember2015wereretrospectivelyidentified.Caseswithsymptomatic/incidentalIPT(radiologicallyconfirmed)werefurtheridentified.Epidemiologicalandanatomoclinicalfeatureswerecollectedfrompatientrecordsandthedepartmentdatabase.Results:Weobservedthat33ofthe600patientshadIPT;thus,theprevalencewas5.5%.Themedianagewas57years,andthegenderratiowas0.43.Overweightorobesitywasobservedin73%ofthepatients.IPToccurredmainlyinpatientswithbreast(36.4%)andcolorectal(33.3%)cancers,whichweremostlynonmetastatic(79%).Atleastoneidentifiedclassicalthromboembolicriskfactorwasfoundin13patients(smokingin9,tamoxifenin2).IPTwassymptomaticin93%ofthecases,occurringwithinanaveragetimeof56days.Implantableportswereremovedbecauseofinfectionin2casesandnonfunctionalityin3cases.IPTtreatmentwasbasedonlow-molecular-weightheparins(94%)andantivitaminK(6%)foranaverageof130days.Fourpatientshadpost-therapycomplications:onethrombosisrecurrenceandthreeinfections.Conclusions:IPTcasesinthe600patientswereobservedtooccurinobesenonmetastaticcancerpatientswithinthefirst3monthsafterIPimplantation.