简介：Althoughtheproteinsequence-structuregapcontinuestoenlargeduetothedevelopmentofhigh-throughputsequencingtools,theproteinstructureuniversetendstobecompletewithoutproteinswithnovelstructuralfoldsdepositedintheproteindatabank(PDB)recently.Inthiswork,weidentifyaproteinstructuraldictionary(Frag-K)composedofasetofbackbonefragmentsrangingfrom4to20residuesasthestructural"keywords"thatcaneffectivelydistinguishbetweenmajorproteinfolds.Wefirstlyapplyrandomizedspectralclusteringandrandomforestalgorithmstoconstructrepresentativeandsensitiveproteinfragmentlibrariesfromalargescaleofhigh-quality,non-homologousproteinstructuresavailableinPDB.Weanalyzetheimpactsofclusteringcut-offsontheperformanceofthefragmenthbraries.Then,theFrag-KfragmentsareemployedasstructuralfeaturestoclassifyproteinstructuresinmajorproteinfoldsdefinedbySCOP(StructuralClassificationofProteins).OurresultsshowthatastructuraldictionarywithN4004-to20-residueFrag-KfragmentsiscapableofclassifyingmajorSCOPfoldswithhighaccuracy.

简介：Proteinphosphorylationplaysanimportantroleinvariouscellularprocesses.Duetoitshighcomplexity,themechanismneedstobefurtherstudied.Inthelastfewyears,manymethodshavebeencontributedtothisfield,butalmostalloftheminvestigatedthemechanismbasedonproteinsequencesaroundproteinsites.Inthisstudy,weimplementanexplorationbycharacterizingthemicroenvironmentsurroundingphosphorylatedproteinsiteswithamodifiedshellmodel,andobtainsomesignificantpropertiesbytherank-sumtest,suchasthelackofsomeclassesofresidues,atoms,andsecondarystructures.Furthermore,wefindthatthedepletionofsomepropertiesaffectsproteinphosphorylationremarkably.Ourresultssuggestthatitisameaningfuldirectiontoexplorethemechanismofproteinphosphorylationfrommicroenvironmentandweexpectfurtherfindingsalongwiththeincreasingsizeofphosphorylationandproteinstructuredata.

简介：Poorpalatabilityisalimitingfactorforreplacingfishmealwithotherproteinsourcesinaquaculture.Thewater-solublemoleculeswithlowmolecularweightsarethemajordeterminantsofthepalatabilityofdiets.Thepresentstudywasconductedtoinvestigatethepalatabilityofwater-solubleextractsfromsingleproteinsource（singleextractpellets）andthemixtureoftheseextractswithdifferentproportions（blendedextractpellets）injuvenileturbot（Scophthalmusmaximus）.Thenaccordingtothepalatabilityofblendedextractpellets,anoptimalmixtureproportionwasselected,andanewproteinsourcemadefromrawproteinmaterialswiththeselectedproportionwasformulatedtoreplacefishmeal.Summarily,thepalatabilityofsingleextractpelletsforturbotwasdescendentfromfishmealtopet-foodgradepoultryby-productmeal,wheatglutenmeal,soybeanmeal,peanutmeal,meatandbonemeal,andcornglutenmeal.Subsequently,accordingtothepalatabilityofsingleextractpellets,52kindsofblendedextractpelletsweredesignedtotesttheirpalatability.Theresultsshowedthatthepelletspresentedremarkablydifferentpalatability,andtheoptimalonewasdiet52（wheatglutenmeal:pet-foodgradepoultryby-productmeal:meatandbonemeal:cornglutenmeal=1:6:1:2）.Thehighestingestionratio（thenumberofpelletsingested/thenumberofpelletsfed）was0.73±0.03,whichwasobservedinDiet52.Thenfiveisonitrogenous（52%crudeprotein）andisocaloric(20kJg-1grossenergy)dietswereformulatedbyreplacing0（control）,35%,50%,65%and80%offishmealwithNo.52blendingproportion.Aftera10-weeksfeedingtrial,aconsistentfeedintakewasfoundamongallreplacementtreatments.Replacementleveloffishmealupto35%didnotsignificantlyinfluencefinalbodyweight,specificgrowthrate,feedefficiencyratio,andproteinefficiencyratioofturbot.Therefore,thewater-solubleextractsofproteinsourcesplayanimportantroleinimprovingthepala

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简介：Cancercellsdifferfromnormalcellsinvariousparameters,andthesedifferencesarecausedbygenomicmutationsandconsequentialalteredgeneexpression.Thegeneticandfunctionalheterogeneityoftumorcellsisamajorchallengeincancerresearch,detection,andeffectivetreatment.Assuch,theuseofdiagnosticmethodsisimportanttorevealthisheterogeneityatthesingle-celllevel.Dropletmicrofluidicdevicesareeffectivetoolsthatprovideexceptionalsensitivityforanalyzingsinglecellsandmolecules.Inthisreview,wehighlighttwonovelmethodsthatemploydropletmicrofluidicsforultrasensitivedetectionofnucleicacidsandproteinmarkersincancercells.Wealsodiscussthefuturepracticalapplicationsofthesemethods.

简介：Inathree-dimensionaloff-latticemodel,themethodofShakhnovichandGutinforminimizingtheHamiltonianisappliedtothedesignofaprotein-modelchain.Theeffectofthenumberofhydrophobicandhydrophilicmonomertypesonthedesignabilityofaprotein-modelchainisinvestigated.Thesimulationresultsrevealthatthenumberofhydrophobicmonomertypesisamuchmoreimportantfactorthanthatofthepolarmonomertypesinthedesignofaprotein-modelchain.

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简介：AbstractAtopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with xerosis, itchiness, as well as interconnection with immunoglobulin E (Ig E), mediated foods including airborne allergies. AD is not only related to the diminished stratum corneum barrier but also presents with an unusual expression of tight junctions (TJs) proteins. TJ barrier dysfunction leads to impairment in the stratum corneum (SC) barrier. The significant role of TJs in the epidermal barrier as indicated by Claudin-1 (Cldn-1) deficient mice that undergo high transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin dehydration. In atopic dermatitis, downregulation of Cldn-1 was observed due to inflammation. Still, a lack of distinct understanding exists in considering tight junction barrier impairment as a cause or outcome in atopic dermatitis. This review summarizes TJs main role in skin barrier function and TJ proteins (TJPs) expression observed in AD patients.

简介：Thereisaccumulatingevidencethatcysteinesulfenation（cys-SOH）inproteinsplaysanimportantroleincellularresponsetooxidativestress.Thepurposeofthepresentstudywastoidentifymitochondrialproteinsthatundergochangesincys-SOHduringaging.Studieswereconductedinratswhentheywere5or30monthsofage.FollowingblockingoffreeproteinthiolswithN-ethylmaleimide,proteinsulfenicacidswerereducedbyarsenitetofreethiolgroupsthatweresubsequentlylabeledwithbiotin-maleimide.Sampleswerethencomparativelyanalyzedbytwo-dimensionalWesternblots,andproteinsshowingchangesinsulfenationwereselectivelyidentifiedbymassspectrometrypeptidesequencing.Asaresult,fiveproteinswereidentified.Proteinsshowinganage-relateddecreaseinsulfenationincludepyruvatecarboxylaseandpyruvatedehydrogenase;whilethoseshowinganage-relatedincreaseinsulfenationincludeaconitase,mitofilin,andtubulin（α-1）.Resultsofthepresentstudyprovideageneralpictureofmitochondrialproteinsulfenationinbrainoxidativestressandimplicatetheinvolvementofproteinsulfenationinoveralldeclineofmitochondrialfunctionduringbrainaging.

简介：Inthisarticle,asphericalchitosangelcrosslinkedbyepichlorohydrinwasprepared.Itwasthenloadedwithcopperionstoproduceametalchelateaffinityadsorbentforprotein.Theuptakeofbovineserumalbumin(BSA)bytheaffinityadsorbentwasinvestigated,andtheadsorptioncapacityforBSAashighas40mg/g-wetbeadswasobserved.TheadsorptionequilibriumdatawaswellcorrelatedbytheLangmuirequation.TheadsorptionwasconsiderablyaffectedbypH.Inaddition,theamountofBSAadsorbedontothebeadsdecreasedwiththeincreasingofaqueousphaseionicstrength,soadsorbedBSAcanbedesorbedbyadjustingpHorionicstrengthofthesolution.

简介：假设在在分子的水平的生活进程的主要变量是生物大分子和他们的边疆电子的符合构造符合构造电子系统上的量子论的一个形式体系被建议。基于符合构造电子系统的量子论，当在扭转之间的量转变在多肽上声明链，和合拢的率由nonadiabatic是计算的，合拢的蛋白质被考虑操作员方法。率计算在合拢被概括到频率变化的盒子。合拢率公式的蛋白质的一种分析形式被获得，它能为蛋白质合拢的进一步的学习作为一个有用工具被服务。率理论的申请简短被总结解释合拢实验的蛋白质。它包括合拢率的惯性的时刻依赖，对的统一描述二状态并且合拢的multistate蛋白质，合拢并且展开率对变性剂集中的关系，在放出能、吸能的合拢之间的区别，ultrafast并且下坡的合拢从量合拢看了理论，并且，最后，合拢率和它的non-Arrhenius行为的解释的温度依赖。所有这些研究支持合拢的蛋白质是的看法实质上，在conformational之间的量转变说。

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简介：在处理和antigenic的表示，肽由主要histocompatibility建筑群(MHC)绑了一级分子，真核细胞的房间的ubiquitin-proteasome系统在解朊作用和降级起一个重要作用。ubiquitinated蛋白质底层被交付进要消化并且降级的26Sproteasome。proteasome降级的底层实际上是蛋白质蛋白质相互作用。预言proteasome的一些研究很少劈开地点给了与它的底层交往的proteasome的信息，并且那么预兆的方法仍然需要被改善的这些proteasome劈开的精确性和可靠性。这篇论文使用了支持向量机器方法(SVM)预言proteasomal劈开地点，并且模型的预兆的精确性是82.8%。我们显示出经分解劈开地点的劈开特性“|“并且它的邻近的位置，并且关于从我们的研究结果与它的底层交往的proteasome给了信息。它证明劈开指向蛋白质的proteasome选择，然而并非随机。

简介：Thispresentstudyinvestigatedtheabilityofvarioussoyproteinhydrolysates(SPHs)inbindingcalcium.ItwasdemonstratedthattheamountofCa-bounddependedgreatlyontheSPHsobtainedusingdifferentproteases,whichincluded:neutrase,flavourzyme,proteaseMandpepsin.ThemaximumlevelofCa-bound(66.9mg/g)occurredwhenproteaseMwasusedtohydrolyzesoyprotein.PeptidefragmentsexhibitinghighCa-bindingcapacityhadmolecularweightsofeither14.4or8-9kDa.ThelevelofCa-boundincreasedlinearlywiththeincrementofcarboxylcontentinSPHs,andfurtherdeamidationonSPHsfromproteaseMimprovedCa-bindingofthehydrolysate.

简介：Thenucleocapsidprotein(Nprotein)hasbeenfoundtobeanantigenicproteininanumberofcoronaviruses.WhethertheNproteininsevereacuterespiratorysyndrome-associatedcoronavirus(SARS-CoV)isantigenicremainstobeelucidated.UsingWesternblotandEnzyme-linkedImmunosorbentAssay(ELISA),therecombinantNproteinsandthesynthesizedpeptidesderivedfromtheNproteinwerescreenedinserafromSARSpatients.AllpatientserainthisstudydisplayedstrongpositiveimmunoreactivitiesagainsttherecombinantNproteins,whereasnormalseragavenegativeimmunoresponsestotheseproteins,indicatingthattheNproteinofSARS-CoVisanantigenicprotein.Furthermore,theepitopesitesintheNproteinweredeterminedbycompetitionexperiments,inwhichtherecombinantproteinsorthesynthesizedpeptidescompetedagainsttheSARS-CoVproteinstobindtotheantibodiesraisedinSARSsera.OneepitopesitelocatedattheC-terminuswasconfirmedasthemostantigenicregioninthisprotein.AdetailedscreeningofpeptidewithELISAdemonstratedthattheaminosequencefromCodons371to407wastheepitopesiteattheC-terminusoftheNprotein.UnderstandingoftheepitopesitescouldbeverysignificantfordevelopinganeffectivediagnosticapproachtoSARS.

简介：AbstractHeat shock protein 96 (gp96) is a highly conserved protein in the endoplasmic reticulum. The functions of gp96 include promoting the oncogenesis and progression of glioma. In addition, tumor-derived gp96 can activate anti-tumor immune. Therefore, this protein was used to generate an anti-tumor vaccine and widely applied to glioma therapy. This review summarizes the mechanisms of gp96 in glioma oncogenesis and clinical trials of the gp96 tumor vaccine in glioma treatment.

简介：Functionalcharacterizationofeverysingleproteinisamajorchallengeofthepostgenomicera.Thelarge-scaleanalysisofacell'sproteins,proteomics,seekstoprovidetheseproteinswithreliableannotationsregardingtheirinteractionpartnersandfunctionsinthecellularmachinery.Animportantsteponthiswayistodeterminethesubcellularlocalizationofeachprotein.Eukaryoticcellsaredividedintosubcellularcompartments,ororganelles.Transportacrossthemembraneintotheorganellesisahighlyregulatedandcomplexcellularprocess.Predictingthesubcellularlocalizationbycomputationalmeanshasbeenanareaofvividactivityduringrecentyears.Thepubliclyavailablepredictionmethodsdiffermainlyinfouraspects:theunderlyingbiologicalmotivation,thecomputationalmethodused,localizationcoverage,andreliability,whichareofimportancetotheuser.Thisreviewprovidesashortdescriptionofthemaineventsintheproteinsortingprocessandanoverviewofthemostcommonlyusedmethodsinthisfield.

简介：干扰素规章的因素(IRF)7被表明了是导致病毒的类型的一个主人管理者我干扰素生产(IFN)，并且它对病毒在天生的有免疫力的反应起一个中央作用。这里，我们识别了联系死亡的蛋白质kinase1(DAPK1)作为由双人脚踏车亲密关系纯化(龙头)的交往IRF7蛋白质。病毒的感染导致了DAPK1-IRF7和DAPK1-IRF3相互作用，DAPK1的overexpression提高了刺激干扰素的反应元素(ISRE)和IFN-β的导致病毒的激活；倡导者和IFNB1基因的表示。稀释的DAPK1击倒IFNB1和RIG-I表示的正式就职由病毒的感染或IFN-β被触发；，并且他们被病毒的复制提高。另外，病毒的感染或IFN-β；处理导致了DAPK1的表示。IFN-β；处理也由减少激活DAPK1它在丝氨酸308点的phosphorylation水平。有趣地，在导致病毒的发信号的DAPK1的参与独立于它的kinase活动。因此，我们的学习作为细胞的抗病毒的反应的一个重要管理者识别了DAPK1。

简介：AbstractHistorically, breast cancer has been regarded as an immunogenic "cold" tumor. However, the discovery of immune checkpoint inhibitors has made immunotherapy becoming an emerging new treatment modality for breast cancer. This review discusses the immune system, immune features of breast cancer, and the programmed cell death protein-1/programmed cell death protein ligand-1 (PD-1/PD-L1) inhibitors used in the treatment of breast cancer. High T lymphocyte infiltration and mutation burden were observed in triple-negative breast cancer and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positive breast cancer. Increasing breast cancer immunogenicity and modulating the tumor microenvironment has been reported to improve the therapeutic efficacy of immunotherapy. Recent clinical trials involving PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors monotherapy in breast cancer has revealed little efficacy, which highlights the need to develop combinations of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors with chemotherapy, molecularly targeted therapies, and other immunotherapies to maximize the clinical efficacy. Collectively, the immunotherapy might be a promising therapeutic strategy for breast cancer and several clinical trials are still on-going.

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