简介：Thispaperpresentsamechanicalmodelofjumpingrobotbasedonthebiologicalmechanismanalysisoffrog.Bybiologicalobservationandkinematicanalysisthefrogjumpisdividedintotake-offphase,aerialphaseandlandingphase.Wefindthesimilartrajectoriesofhindlimbjointsduringjump,theimportanteffectoffootduringtake-offandtheroleofforelimbinsupportingthebody.Basedontheobservation,thefrogjumpissimplifiedandamechanicalmodelisputforward.Therobotlegisrepresentedbya4-barspring/linkagemechanismmodel,whichhasthreeDegreesofFreedom(DOF)athipjointandoneDOF(passive)attarsometatarsaljointonthefoot.TheshoulderandelbowjointseachhasoneDOFforthebalancingfunctionofarm.Thegroundreactionforceofthemodelisanalyzedandcomparedwiththatoffrogduringtake-off.Theresultsshowthatthemodelhasthesameadvantagesoflowlikelihoodofprematurelift-offandhighefficiencyasthefrog.Analysisresultsandthemodelcanbeemployedtodevelopandcontrolarobotcapableofmimickingthejumpingbehavioroffrog.

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简介：Extenicsisanewlydevelopedinterdisciplinarysubjectcombiningmathematics,philosophyandengineering.Itprovidesusefulformalizedqualitativetoolsandquantitativetoolsforsolvingcontradictoryproblems.Inthispaper,extensiontheoryisintroducedbrieflyandtheprimaryapplicationsofthistheoryandmethodsinbionicengineeringresearcharediscussed.Theextensionmodelofbiologicalcouplingfunctionalsystemisestablished.Inordertoidentifytheprimaryandsecondarysequencingofcouplingelements,theExtensionAnalyticHierarchyProcess(EAHP)wasadoptedtoanalyzethecontributionofeachcouplingelementtothecouplingfunctionalsystem.Thus,theinfluenceweightfactorofeachcouplingelementcanbedetermined,soastoprovideanewapproachforsolvingprimaryandsecondarysequencingproblemofcouplingelementsinaquantitativeway,andfacilitatethesubsequentbioniccouplingstudy.

简介：Manybiologicalmaterials,suchaswoodandbone,possesshelicoidmicrostructuresatmicroscale,whichcanserveasreinforcingelementstotransferstressbetweencracksurfacesandimprovethefracturetoughnessoftheircomposites.Failureprocesses,suchasfiber/matrixinterfacedebondingandslidingassociatedwithpull-outofhelicalfibers,areresponsiblemainlyforthehighenergydissipationneededforthefracturetoughnessenhancement.Herewepresentsystemicanalysesofthepull-outbehaviorofahelicalfiberfromanelasticmatrixviathefiniteelementmethod(FEM)simulation,withimplicationsregardingtheunderlyingtougheningmechanismofhelicoidmicrostructures.Wefindthat,throughtheiruniformcurvatureandtorsion,helicalfiberscanprovidehighpull-outforceandlargeinterfaceareas,resultinginhighenergydissipationthataccounts,toalargeextent,forthehightoughnessofbiologicalmaterials.Thehelicityoffibershapeintermsofthehelicalanglehassignificanteffectsontheforce-displacementrelationshipsaswellasthecorrespondingenergydissipationduringfiberpull-out.

简介：Thecapabilityandreliabilityarecrucialcharacteristicsofmobilerobotswhilenavigatingincomplexenvironments.Theserobotsareexpectedtoperformmanyusefultaskswhichcanimprovethequalityoflifegreatly.Robotlocalizationanddecisionmakingarethemostimportantcognitiveprocessesduringnavigation.However,mostofthesealgorithmsarenotefficientandarechallengingtaskswhilerobotsnavigatethroughcomplexenvironments.Inthispaper,weproposeabiologicallyinspiredmethodforrobotdecision-making,basedonrat’sbrainsignals.Rodentsaccuratelyandrapidlynavigateincomplexspacesbylocalizingthemselvesinreferencetothesurroundingenvironmentallandmarks.Firstly,weanalyzedtherats’strategieswhilenavigatinginthecomplexY-maze,recordedlocalfieldpotentials(LFPs),simultaneously.TherecordedLFPswereprocessedanddifferentfeatureswereextractedwhichwereusedastheinputintheartificialneuralnetwork(ANN)topredicttherat’sdecision-makingineachjunction.TheANNperformancewastestedinarealrobotandgoodperformanceisachieved.Theimplementationofourmethodonarealrobot,demonstratesitsabilitiestoimitatetherat’sdecision-makingandintegratetheinternalstateswithexternalsensors,inordertoperformreliablenavigationincomplexmaze.

简介：基因的表示“在正确地方以内”并且在正确时间被限制，这通常被相信。这个原则长也被认为适用到免疫球蛋白(Ig)的表示B的淋巴细胞房间系。然而，增加证据证明了Ig“似非而是地”在上皮的起源的恶意的肿瘤表示了。我们在导出癌症的Ig的学习考察了最近的进步，并且也讨论了它的机制和可能的功能，试着引起到那些在免疫学和肿瘤学的领域里工作的兴趣和注意。

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简介：ThemicrostructuresoftheSaxidomuspurpuratusshellwereobserved.Itwasfoundthattheinnerandmiddlelayersoftheshellarecomposedofcrossedlamellae,whiletheouterlayerexhibitsporousstructures.Withthecharacteristicstructureofeachlayer,thehardnessofinnerlayerwithnarrowdomainsincrossedlamellarstructureisthehighest,andthatofmiddlelayerwithwidedomainsislower,whiletheouterlayerhasthelowesthardness.Thedamagemorphologiesoftheindentationschangealot,dependingnotonlyuponthemagnitudeoftheindentationload,butalsoupontheorientationbetweentheindentationdirectionandthecrossedlamellaeinthemicrostructureoftheshell,whichillustratestheanisotropyinmechanicalpropertiesofsuchshells.

简介：Naturalproductshavegainedpopularityworldwideforpromotinghealthcare,aswellasdiseaseprevention.Alkaloidsareimportantchemicalcompoundsthatserveasarichreservoirfordrugdiscovery.Severalalkaloidsisolatedfromnaturalherbsexhibitantiproliferation,antibacterial,antiviral,insecticidal,andantimetastaticeffectsonvarioustypesofcancersbothinvitroandinvivo.Thispaperfocusesonthenaturally-derivedalkaloidssuchasberberine,matrine,piperine,fritillarine,andrhynchophylline,etc.,andsummarizestheactionmechanismsofthesecompounds.Basedontheinformationintheliteraturethatissummarizedinthispaper,theuseofalkaloidsasdrugsisverypromising,butmoreresearchandclinicaltrialsarenecessarybeforefinalrecommendationsonspecificalkaloidscanbemade.Followingthis,itishopedthatasaresultofthisreview,therewillbeagreaterawarenessoftheexcellentpromisethatnaturalalkaloidsshowforuseinthetherapyofdiseases.

简介：精子chromatin/DNA正直为父亲的基因信息的精确传播是必要的，并且正常精子染色质结构为使肥沃的精子是重要的能力。精液的常规检查，包括精子集中，活动性和形态学，不在精子染色质结构识别缺点。为它的评价的精子DNA损坏和许多方法的起源被描述。精子DNA损坏的评估看起来是为估计男富饶潜力的一个有用工具在活体内和在试管内。后代上的精子DNA缺点的可能的影响也被讨论。

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简介：WeclonedcDNAsforXenopusaldolasesA,BandC.Thesethreealdolasegenesarelocalizedondifferentchromosomesasasinglecopygene.Intheadult,thealdolaseAgeneisexpressedextensivelyinmuscletissues,whereasthealdolaseBgeneisexpressedstronglyinkidney,liver,stomachandintestine,whilethealdolaseCgeneisexpressedinbrain,heartandovary.InoocytesaldolaseAandCmRNAs,butnotaldolaseBmRNA,areextensivelytranscribed.Thus,aldolaseAandCmRNAs,butnotBmRNA,occurabundantlyineggsasmaternalmRNAs,andstrongexpressionofaldolaseBmRNAisseenonlyafterthelateneurulastage.WeconcludethataldolaseAandCmRNAsaremajoraldolasemRNAsinearlystagesofXenopusembryogenesiswhichproceedsutilizingyolkastheonlyenergysource,aldolaseBmRNA,ontheotherhand,isexpressedonlylaterindevelopmentintissueswhicharerequiredfordietaryfructosemetabolism.WealsoisolatedtheXenopusaldolaseCgenomicgene(ca.12kb)andfoundthatitspromoter(ca.2kb)containsregionsnecessaryfortissue-specificexpressionandalsoaGCrichregionwhichisessentialforbasaltranscriptionalactivity.

简介：BACKGROUND:Presently,over40kindsofduralgraftshavebeensuccessivelyusedinclinic.Amongthem,lyophilizedhumanduramaterwithgoodhistocompatibilityandlesscomplicationsisappliedmostwidely.Butthereareafewreportsoncasesofinfectedspongiformencephalopathyfollowingapplicationoflyodura.Moreidealrepairmaterialsdeservetobefurtherinvestigated.OBJECTIVE:Toinvestigatetheefficiencyandsafetyofbiologicalduralgraftmadebymeningesfromporkerstorepairmeningealinjury.DESIGN:Aself-controlobservation.SETTING:WuhanGeneralHospitalofGuangzhouMilitaryAreaCommandofChinesePLA.MATERIALS:SixteenNewZealandRabbits,ofeithergender,weighingfrom2to3kg,ofcleangradeⅡ,withtheageof0.5–1year,wereinvolvedinthisexperiment.TheinvolvedrabbitswereprovidedbytheAnimalExperimentalCenteroftheFirstMilitaryMedicalUniversityofChinesePLA.Biologicalsurgicalpatch(duralgraft)wasdevelopedbyGuangdongGuanhaoBiotechnologicalCo.,Ltd.Itwasprocessedbyusingmeningesfromporkersbytissueengineeringtechnology.METHODS:ThisexperimentwascarriedoutintheExperimentalCenterofthe157HospitalofChinesePLAbetweenDecember2003andJune2004.①Theexperimentalrabbitswereanesthetized.Duramaterwasexposedfromtwosidesofpostmediallineofcoronalsuture.Arectangularduramaterabout8mm×8mminsizewascutoff.Thenabiologicalsurgicalpatch(duralgraft)wasshearedintoinsertwith8mmdiameterandsutured.Theleftduramaterwasuntouchedandusedascontrol.Scalpwassutured,andpostoperativewoundhealingandrecoverywereobserved.②Theanesthetizedrabbitsweresacrificedatpostoperative3,14,30and90days,4rabbitsonce.Thewholeheadwascutoff,anditsscalpwasremoved.Afterwards,theheadwasfixedbyformalin.Tissuesinoperativesitewereobtained,performedroutineparaffinembedding,slicedandconductedHEstaining,finally,thesectionswereobserved.Whitebloodcellsinv

简介：客观:兔子的生物特征口头的mucosal上皮的房间(OMEC)被学习，为OMEC的文化的合适的过程被探索。方法:由不同表面消毒的有教养的OMEC由不同Dispase准备，在不同媒介，在K-SFM的不同calciumion集中中等。结果:文化能显著地与2%碘答案减少的房间的微生物引起的污染以前为口头的洞的消毒使用了房间文化。在K-SFM与Dispase消化的OMEC能快速属于文化烧瓶，在PBS与Dispase消化的OMEC稀罕属于文化烧瓶。在K-SFM媒介的0或0.09mmol/L钙集中有教养的OMEC的增长出现了不统计上重要。OMEC与浆液变得快，但是区分进像成纤维细胞的房间是容易的。结论:OMEC能成长很好并且有由在这描述了的过程的上皮的房间形态学试验的典型口头的mucosal。

简介：Systemsofphotosyntheticreactioncentreshavebeenmodelledasheatengines,whileithasalsobeenreportedthattheefficiencyandpowerofsuchheatenginescanbeenhancedbyquantuminterference—atraitthathasattractedmuchinterest.Wecomparetwodefinitionsoftheworkofsuchaphotosyntheticheatengine,i.e.definitionAusedbyWeimeretal.andBbyDorfmanetal.Wealsointroduceacoherentinteractionbetweendonorandacceptor(CIDA)todemonstrateareversibleenergytransport.Weshowthatthesetwodefinitionsofworkcanimpartcontradictoryresults,thatis,CIDAenhancesthepowerandefficiencyofthephotosyntheticheatenginewithdefinitionBbutnotwithA.Additionally,wefindthatbothreversibleandirreversibleexcitation-energytransportcanbedescribedwithdefinitionA,butdefinitionBcanonlymodelirreversibletransport.Asaresult,weconcludethatdefinitionAismoresuitableforphotosyntheticsystemsthandefinitionB.

简介：Aerationisanimportantfactoraffectingthebiologicalaerationfilter.Withasetofexperimentdevicespeciallydesignedforthepurpose,andtheparticleimagevelocimetrytechnique,thevelocityfieldofthegas-liquidtwo-phaseflowisstudiedunderdifferentconditions.Thevarioussimulatedaerationstateswereactuallyappliedtotheexperimentaldeviceofsewagetreatment,andtheresultsofthenumericalsimulationwereverified.Thefinalexperimentalresultsindicatethatthemostefficientstateoccurswhentheratioofwaterinaerationtankh/w=1,thediameterofcapillarytubesd=0.6mmandthevelocityofbubblesv=0.3m/s.

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简介：IAPs(inhibitorsofapoptosis)areafamilyofproteinscontainingoneormorecharacteristicBIRdomains.Theseproteinshavemultiplebiologicalactivitiesthatincludebindingandinhibitingcaspases,regulatingcellcycleprogression,andmodulatingreceptor-mediatedsignaltransduction.OurrecentstudiesfoundtheIAPfamilymembersXIAPandc-IAP1areubiquitinatedanddegradedinproteasomesinresponsetoapoptoticstimuliinTcells,andtheirdegradationappearstobeimportantforTcellstocommittodeath.InadditiontothreeBIRdomains,eachoftheseIAPsalsocontainsaRINGfingerdomain.Wefoundthisregionconfersubiquitinproteaseligase(E3)activitytoIAPs,andisresponsiblefortheauto-ubiquitinationanddegradationofIAPsafteranapoptoticstimulus.GiventhefactthatIAPscanbindavarietyofproteins,suchascaspasesandTRAFs,itwillbeofinteresttocharacterizepotentialsubstratesoftheE3activityofIAPsandtheeffectsofubiquitinationbyIAPsonsignaltransduction,cellcycle,andapoptosis.

简介：Brassinosteroids(BR)是植物激素的一个主要的组调整植物生长和开发。BRI1，对质膜局部性的蛋白质，当BR受体和它被建议了，工作它的kinase活动在调整BR的植物生长和开发有一个必要角色。这里，我们报导隔离和bri1的新等位基因的分子的描述，bri1-301，哪个表演中等词法显型和减少的回答到在正常生长条件下面的BR。顺序分析从GG识别了二底的改变到，导致到在BRI1kinase领域的989I的989G的变换在。kinase活动的试管内试金证明bri1-301不向BRI1底层TTL和BAK1举办可检测的autophosphorylation活动或磷酸化活动。而且，我们的结果建议甚至与极其损害的kinase活动，bri1-301仍然在调整植物生长和开发保留部分功能，它提出BRI1kinase活动是否在高等植物为调停BR的生长和开发是必要的问题。

简介：ＰＲＥＬＩＭＩＮＡＲＹＲＥＳＥＡＲＣＨＯＦＨＵＭＡＮＨＥＰＡＴＯＣＹＴＥＣＥＬＬＬＩＮＥＡＳＴＨＥＢＩＯＬＯＧＩＣＡＬＭＡＴＥＲＩＡＬＯＦＥＬＡＤＰＲＥＬＩＭＩＮＡＲＹＲＥＳＥＡＲＣＨＯＦＨＵＭＡＮＨＥＰＡＴＯＣＹＴＥＣＥＬＬＬＩＮＥＡＳＴＨＥＢＩＯ...