简介：1Chemistryandsynthesis1.1ProductionandcontrolofmaterialsThesedaystherecanbefewpeoplewhodonotknowthatproteinsaredefinedbyDNA.DNAismadeoftwostrands,eachofwhichhasalongit,likeastringoffairylights,sidebranchesthatmeetbetweenthestrandsandholdthemtogether.

简介：MicroRNAs(miRNAs)areendogenouslyexpressednon-codingRNAsof20-24nucleotides,whichpost-transcriptionallyregulategeneexpressioninplantsandanimals.RecentlyithasbeenrecognizedthatmiRNAscompriseoneoftheabundantgenefamiliesinmulticellularspecies,andtheirregulatoryfunctionsinvariousbiologicalprocessesarewidelyspread.Therehasbeenasurgeintheresearchactivitiesinthisfieldinthepastfewyears.Fromtheverybeginning,computationalmethodshavebeenutilizedasindispensabletools,andmanydiscoverieshavebeenobtainedthroughcombinationofexperimentalandcomputationalapproaches.Inthisreview,bothbiologicalandcomputationalaspectsofmiRNAwillbediscussed.AbriefhistoryofthediscoveryofmiRNAanddiscussionofmicroarrayapplicationsinmiRNAresearcharealsoincluded.

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简介：Thispaperpresentsamechanicalmodelofjumpingrobotbasedonthebiologicalmechanismanalysisoffrog.Bybiologicalobservationandkinematicanalysisthefrogjumpisdividedintotake-offphase,aerialphaseandlandingphase.Wefindthesimilartrajectoriesofhindlimbjointsduringjump,theimportanteffectoffootduringtake-offandtheroleofforelimbinsupportingthebody.Basedontheobservation,thefrogjumpissimplifiedandamechanicalmodelisputforward.Therobotlegisrepresentedbya4-barspring/linkagemechanismmodel,whichhasthreeDegreesofFreedom(DOF)athipjointandoneDOF(passive)attarsometatarsaljointonthefoot.TheshoulderandelbowjointseachhasoneDOFforthebalancingfunctionofarm.Thegroundreactionforceofthemodelisanalyzedandcomparedwiththatoffrogduringtake-off.Theresultsshowthatthemodelhasthesameadvantagesoflowlikelihoodofprematurelift-offandhighefficiencyasthefrog.Analysisresultsandthemodelcanbeemployedtodevelopandcontrolarobotcapableofmimickingthejumpingbehavioroffrog.

简介：Extenicsisanewlydevelopedinterdisciplinarysubjectcombiningmathematics,philosophyandengineering.Itprovidesusefulformalizedqualitativetoolsandquantitativetoolsforsolvingcontradictoryproblems.Inthispaper,extensiontheoryisintroducedbrieflyandtheprimaryapplicationsofthistheoryandmethodsinbionicengineeringresearcharediscussed.Theextensionmodelofbiologicalcouplingfunctionalsystemisestablished.Inordertoidentifytheprimaryandsecondarysequencingofcouplingelements,theExtensionAnalyticHierarchyProcess(EAHP)wasadoptedtoanalyzethecontributionofeachcouplingelementtothecouplingfunctionalsystem.Thus,theinfluenceweightfactorofeachcouplingelementcanbedetermined,soastoprovideanewapproachforsolvingprimaryandsecondarysequencingproblemofcouplingelementsinaquantitativeway,andfacilitatethesubsequentbioniccouplingstudy.

简介：WeclonedcDNAsforXenopusaldolasesA,BandC.Thesethreealdolasegenesarelocalizedondifferentchromosomesasasinglecopygene.Intheadult,thealdolaseAgeneisexpressedextensivelyinmuscletissues,whereasthealdolaseBgeneisexpressedstronglyinkidney,liver,stomachandintestine,whilethealdolaseCgeneisexpressedinbrain,heartandovary.InoocytesaldolaseAandCmRNAs,butnotaldolaseBmRNA,areextensivelytranscribed.Thus,aldolaseAandCmRNAs,butnotBmRNA,occurabundantlyineggsasmaternalmRNAs,andstrongexpressionofaldolaseBmRNAisseenonlyafterthelateneurulastage.WeconcludethataldolaseAandCmRNAsaremajoraldolasemRNAsinearlystagesofXenopusembryogenesiswhichproceedsutilizingyolkastheonlyenergysource,aldolaseBmRNA,ontheotherhand,isexpressedonlylaterindevelopmentintissueswhicharerequiredfordietaryfructosemetabolism.WealsoisolatedtheXenopusaldolaseCgenomicgene(ca.12kb)andfoundthatitspromoter(ca.2kb)containsregionsnecessaryfortissue-specificexpressionandalsoaGCrichregionwhichisessentialforbasaltranscriptionalactivity.

简介：IAPs(inhibitorsofapoptosis)areafamilyofproteinscontainingoneormorecharacteristicBIRdomains.Theseproteinshavemultiplebiologicalactivitiesthatincludebindingandinhibitingcaspases,regulatingcellcycleprogression,andmodulatingreceptor-mediatedsignaltransduction.OurrecentstudiesfoundtheIAPfamilymembersXIAPandc-IAP1areubiquitinatedanddegradedinproteasomesinresponsetoapoptoticstimuliinTcells,andtheirdegradationappearstobeimportantforTcellstocommittodeath.InadditiontothreeBIRdomains,eachoftheseIAPsalsocontainsaRINGfingerdomain.Wefoundthisregionconfersubiquitinproteaseligase(E3)activitytoIAPs,andisresponsiblefortheauto-ubiquitinationanddegradationofIAPsafteranapoptoticstimulus.GiventhefactthatIAPscanbindavarietyofproteins,suchascaspasesandTRAFs,itwillbeofinteresttocharacterizepotentialsubstratesoftheE3activityofIAPsandtheeffectsofubiquitinationbyIAPsonsignaltransduction,cellcycle,andapoptosis.

简介：Brassinosteroids(BR)是植物激素的一个主要的组调整植物生长和开发。BRI1，对质膜局部性的蛋白质，当BR受体和它被建议了，工作它的kinase活动在调整BR的植物生长和开发有一个必要角色。这里，我们报导隔离和bri1的新等位基因的分子的描述，bri1-301，哪个表演中等词法显型和减少的回答到在正常生长条件下面的BR。顺序分析从GG识别了二底的改变到，导致到在BRI1kinase领域的989I的989G的变换在。kinase活动的试管内试金证明bri1-301不向BRI1底层TTL和BAK1举办可检测的autophosphorylation活动或磷酸化活动。而且，我们的结果建议甚至与极其损害的kinase活动，bri1-301仍然在调整植物生长和开发保留部分功能，它提出BRI1kinase活动是否在高等植物为调停BR的生长和开发是必要的问题。

简介：Theaimofthisstudyistodesignabiologicalinformationretrievalandanalysissystem(BIRAS)basedontheInternet.Usingthespecificnetworkprotocol,BIRASsystemcouldsendandreceiveinformationfromtheEntrezsearchandretrievalsystemmaintainedbyNationalCenterforBiotechnologyInformation(NCBI)inUSA.Theliteratures,nucleotidesequence,proteinsequences,andotherresourcesaccordingtotheuser-definedtermcouldthenberetrievedandsenttotheuserbypopupmessageorbyE-mailinformingautomaticallyusingBIRASsystem.Alltheinformationretrievingandanalyzingprocessesaredoneinreal-time.Asarobustsystemforintelligentlyanddynamicallyretrievingandanalyzingontheuser-definedinformation,itisbelievedthatBIRASwouldbeextensivelyusedtoretrievespecificinformationfromlargeamountofbiologicaldatabasesinnowdays.Theprogramisavailableonrequestfromthecorrespondingauthor.

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简介：InteractionbetweencytotoxicTlymphocyte-associatedantigen-4(CTLA4,CD152)andB7molecules(B7-1andB7-2)isofimportanceinthecellulareventsoflymphocyte,includingantigen-specificT-cellactivationandinductionofautoreactiveT-cell.WedescribehaerethefirstintroductionofamurinesolubleCTLA4gene,CTLA4Ig,toMm1cells,amacrophagiccellline.CTLA4IgwassuccessfullyexpressedonMm1cellsandtheexpressedCTLA4IgwasfoundtobefunctionallyactiveintheirbindingtoB7moleculesbyflowcytometryandimmunofluorescencestudies.ThebiologicalactivityofCTLA4IgfromthetransfectedMm1cellswasstudiedandshowedinhibitoryactivityonmixedlymphocyteculture.AhighCTLA4Igproducingmacrophagiccelllinewasobtained.AsMm1cellswereregardedasdifficultforgenetransfectionandtherehassofarbeennoreportonexpressionofCTLA4IggeneonMm1cells,theseresultssuggestedthattheCELA4IgexpressingMm1cellscouldbeusefulforanalysisofCTLA4andB8moleculeinteractioninbothmacrophageandT-cell.

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简介：抽象非庄稼产地可以在保存起一个重要作用生物控制。这研究测试了毒麦(LoliummultiflorumL.)的效果邻近的冬季小麦领域里的蚜虫和瓢虫人口上的脱衣。地实验在诺思中国在2010在三毒麦边缘小麦情节和三控制情节被进行。在春天，一样的蚜虫种类，Sitobionmiscanthi(Takahashi)，在毒麦脱衣和小麦情节被发现。在毒麦的瓢虫的人口密度脱衣(3.5瀠牡獡瑩穩瑡潩n

简介：构造生物网络是在系统生物学的最重要的问题之一。然而，手工地从数据构造一个网络拿一可观大量时间，因此，一个自动化过程被倡导。自动化网络建设的过程，在这个工作，我们使用二种聪明的计算技术，基因编程和神经计算，推断使用连续变量的二种网络模型。验证介绍途径，实验被进行了，初步的结果证明两条途径能被用来成功地推断网络。

简介：GreenhousehorticulturalproductioncurrentlyrepresentsanimportantandgrowdngsectorofCanada'sfoodandplantproducproductionsystems.Since2006,thevalueofgreenhousevegetablecropsinCanadaexceedsthatoffieldgrowncrops,signalinganimportantshiftinthew-ayfoodiscultivatedinthecountry.Whilemanyfactorshavecontributedtothischange,amajorareaofinnovationincludesthediscoveriesandadvancesmadeinthedevelopmentofcommercialgreenhouseproductionsystemsaswellastheintegrationofbiologicalcontrolstrategiesforsustainablepestmanagement.Withthisfocus,thisreviewoffersabriefoverviewoftheCanadiangreenhouseindustry,includingadescriptivelistofcommonlyusedbiologicalcontrolorganisms,aswellastheroleCanadianresearchhasplayedinthedevelopmentoftheseagents.WealsoaddressthethreatsthatCanadiangreenhouseproducersfacebyinvasivepestsandthecomplicationsthesehavecreatedforthecommercializationofnovelbiologicalcontrolagents.Thisinformationmayserveasaguideforthedevelopmentofparalleltechnologiesandtoolsinotherpartsoftheworldwheregreenhouseproductionisexpanding.

简介：农业害虫的生物控制依靠agroecosystem功能的知识，特别地当由大量生产的生物代理人的使用影响了时。用分子底的途径合并象基因差异和结构那样的pre-或这些代理人的版本以后的信息能推进我们他们怎么在agroecosystems表演的知识。我们评估了Macrolophuspygmaeus的人口遗传，大多数广泛地在地中海区域对温室庄稼的许多节肢动物害虫使用了食肉的mirid用mitochondrialCytb顺序和microsatellite数据，并且人口遗传和发展史途径。我们调查了商业地大量生产的昆虫(即，在为许多代的实验室饲养团的商业昆虫任何一个，或由农民购买了并且在温室释放了)并且野昆虫(即，在外面自然地发生或在温室为版本在自然被收集)。mirids主要在solanaceous植物在北西班牙，南部的法国和希腊是成年的在agroecosystems被收集。分子的标记和途径区分了2张遗传上区分的人口。不太遗传上多样的人口，此后从实验室mass-rearings和商业地引起的个人的大多数版本把包括的商业紧张称为所有个人。最遗传上多样的人口主要包括了从noncultivated环境，或从野蛮个人的版本发源的个人。在M之间的杂交的稀罕例子。从2张人口的pygmaeus被观察，不对称的基因流动被揭示。这些调查结果提供进发生在M身上的新卓见。在我们学习了的agroecosystems释放的pygmaeus，和监视一些商业种类是可能的表演。

简介：流行性感冒的所有已知的子类型A病毒在野水鸟被维持，这些病毒的自然水库。流行性感冒A病毒被孤立从许多有改变病态和死亡率的动物种类。更重要地，流行性感冒A病毒与潜在地致命的结果在人引起呼吸疾病。在人的本地或全球的爆发被过量住院和死亡典型地描绘。在1997，H5N1子类型的高度病原的鸟的流行性感冒病毒在传给人的香港出现了，导致由鸟的流行性感冒病毒感染的人的死亡的首先记录的盒子。在越南，印度尼西亚，和泰国在家禽在2003年7月开始的新爆发，和高度病原的鸟的H5N1流行性感冒病毒后来在整个亚洲并且进欧洲和非洲传播了。这些病毒继续与高死亡率感染人并且引起隐约可见的世界范围的担心流行。而且，H5N1病毒爆发在整个亚洲在家禽工业上有破坏效果。因为H5N1病毒爆发看起来从南部的中国发源，我们这里在中国检验H5N1流行性感冒病毒，与他们的生物性质上的一个重音。

简介：在中国为存储谷物的害虫管理联合微生物引起的杀虫剂和昆虫parasitoid的适用性用实验室试金被评估。为这个目的，在杆菌thuringiensis(Bt)之间的相互作用，使喝醉Bt的主人幼虫和parasitoidHabrobracon司青春的女神岩山(说)(Hymenoptera：Braconidae)对PlodiainterpunctellaHübner被测试(鳞翅目：Pyralidae)。Bt或H。独自引起41.67%的司青春的女神岩山和35.35%P。interpunctella幼虫的死亡分别地。Btparasitoid显著地联合了处理P的增加的死亡。interpunctella(86%)。H的子孙开发。司青春的女神岩山依赖于它到Bt的危险性。更少parasitoids从Btparasitoid出现了比在non-Bt处理联合了处理。自从Bt没阻止parasitoid开发，有Bt和parasitoid版本的一个联合处理不管多么能对P生产更好的保护。interpunctella比任何一个处理当单身地使用了时，因为他们的致命的效果是到对方的添加剂。

简介：UnderstandingthecouplingspecificitybetweenGprotein-coupledreceptors(GPCRs)andspecificclassesofGproteinsisimportantforfurtherelucidationofreceptorfunctionswithinacell.IncreasinginformationonGPCRsequencesandtheGproteinfamilywouldfacilitatepredictionofthecouplingpropertiesofGPCRs.Inthisstudy,wedescribeanovelapproachforpredictingthecouplingspecificitybetweenGPCRsandGproteins.ThismethodusesnotonlyGPCRsequencesbutalsothefunctionalknowledgegeneratedbynaturallanguagepro-cessing,andcanachieve92.2%predictionaccuracybyusingtheC4.5algorithm.Furthermore,rulesrelatedtoGPCR-Gproteincouplingaregenerated.Thecom-binationofsequenceanalysisandtextminingimprovesthepredictionaccuracyforGPCR-Gproteincouplingspecificity,andalsoprovidescluesforunderstandingGPCRsignaling.

简介：我们报导新二化性蚕，Bombyx粗腐殖质istrainsNB_4D_2，KSO_1，NP_2，CSR_2和CSR_4和热的微分表示的thermotolerance在不同中间形态震惊蛋白质。蚕larva的不同中间形态被使遭到在35°C，40°C和45°C加热吃惊2小时恢复跟随的2个小时。热吃惊蛋白质被热吃惊的SDS-PAGE.The影响在茧的商业特点上分析被后面的不同策略在控制上以获得的thermotolerance分析。比较地，NP_2比另外的种类展出了bettersurvivability。当幼虫的开发在第一中间形态>秒中间形态>的顺序继续，加热吃惊的抵抗被增加第三中间形态>第四中间形态>在所有蚕种类的第五中间形态。热吃惊蛋白质的表示在不同中间形态变化。在第一，第二和第三中间形态，在第四中间形态的84kDa和84，62，60，47和33kDa的90kDa在第五中间形态加热吃惊蛋白质响应热吃惊被观察。对应于不同阶段的商业特点上的热吃惊的相对影响在所有紧张是重要的。InNB_4D_2，茧和壳重量显著地分别地在控制上增加了到17.52%和19.44%。热为评估和进化ofthermotolerant蚕紧张作为分子的标记震惊蛋白质因为热带被讨论。