简介：WeclonedcDNAsforXenopusaldolasesA,BandC.Thesethreealdolasegenesarelocalizedondifferentchromosomesasasinglecopygene.Intheadult,thealdolaseAgeneisexpressedextensivelyinmuscletissues,whereasthealdolaseBgeneisexpressedstronglyinkidney,liver,stomachandintestine,whilethealdolaseCgeneisexpressedinbrain,heartandovary.InoocytesaldolaseAandCmRNAs,butnotaldolaseBmRNA,areextensivelytranscribed.Thus,aldolaseAandCmRNAs,butnotBmRNA,occurabundantlyineggsasmaternalmRNAs,andstrongexpressionofaldolaseBmRNAisseenonlyafterthelateneurulastage.WeconcludethataldolaseAandCmRNAsaremajoraldolasemRNAsinearlystagesofXenopusembryogenesiswhichproceedsutilizingyolkastheonlyenergysource,aldolaseBmRNA,ontheotherhand,isexpressedonlylaterindevelopmentintissueswhicharerequiredfordietaryfructosemetabolism.WealsoisolatedtheXenopusaldolaseCgenomicgene(ca.12kb)andfoundthatitspromoter(ca.2kb)containsregionsnecessaryfortissue-specificexpressionandalsoaGCrichregionwhichisessentialforbasaltranscriptionalactivity.

简介：IAPs(inhibitorsofapoptosis)areafamilyofproteinscontainingoneormorecharacteristicBIRdomains.Theseproteinshavemultiplebiologicalactivitiesthatincludebindingandinhibitingcaspases,regulatingcellcycleprogression,andmodulatingreceptor-mediatedsignaltransduction.OurrecentstudiesfoundtheIAPfamilymembersXIAPandc-IAP1areubiquitinatedanddegradedinproteasomesinresponsetoapoptoticstimuliinTcells,andtheirdegradationappearstobeimportantforTcellstocommittodeath.InadditiontothreeBIRdomains,eachoftheseIAPsalsocontainsaRINGfingerdomain.Wefoundthisregionconfersubiquitinproteaseligase(E3)activitytoIAPs,andisresponsiblefortheauto-ubiquitinationanddegradationofIAPsafteranapoptoticstimulus.GiventhefactthatIAPscanbindavarietyofproteins,suchascaspasesandTRAFs,itwillbeofinteresttocharacterizepotentialsubstratesoftheE3activityofIAPsandtheeffectsofubiquitinationbyIAPsonsignaltransduction,cellcycle,andapoptosis.

简介：Brassinosteroids(BR)是植物激素的一个主要的组调整植物生长和开发。BRI1，对质膜局部性的蛋白质，当BR受体和它被建议了，工作它的kinase活动在调整BR的植物生长和开发有一个必要角色。这里，我们报导隔离和bri1的新等位基因的分子的描述，bri1-301，哪个表演中等词法显型和减少的回答到在正常生长条件下面的BR。顺序分析从GG识别了二底的改变到，导致到在BRI1kinase领域的989I的989G的变换在。kinase活动的试管内试金证明bri1-301不向BRI1底层TTL和BAK1举办可检测的autophosphorylation活动或磷酸化活动。而且，我们的结果建议甚至与极其损害的kinase活动，bri1-301仍然在调整植物生长和开发保留部分功能，它提出BRI1kinase活动是否在高等植物为调停BR的生长和开发是必要的问题。

简介：InteractionbetweencytotoxicTlymphocyte-associatedantigen-4(CTLA4,CD152)andB7molecules(B7-1andB7-2)isofimportanceinthecellulareventsoflymphocyte,includingantigen-specificT-cellactivationandinductionofautoreactiveT-cell.WedescribehaerethefirstintroductionofamurinesolubleCTLA4gene,CTLA4Ig,toMm1cells,amacrophagiccellline.CTLA4IgwassuccessfullyexpressedonMm1cellsandtheexpressedCTLA4IgwasfoundtobefunctionallyactiveintheirbindingtoB7moleculesbyflowcytometryandimmunofluorescencestudies.ThebiologicalactivityofCTLA4IgfromthetransfectedMm1cellswasstudiedandshowedinhibitoryactivityonmixedlymphocyteculture.AhighCTLA4Igproducingmacrophagiccelllinewasobtained.AsMm1cellswereregardedasdifficultforgenetransfectionandtherehassofarbeennoreportonexpressionofCTLA4IggeneonMm1cells,theseresultssuggestedthattheCELA4IgexpressingMm1cellscouldbeusefulforanalysisofCTLA4andB8moleculeinteractioninbothmacrophageandT-cell.

简介：流行性感冒的所有已知的子类型A病毒在野水鸟被维持，这些病毒的自然水库。流行性感冒A病毒被孤立从许多有改变病态和死亡率的动物种类。更重要地，流行性感冒A病毒与潜在地致命的结果在人引起呼吸疾病。在人的本地或全球的爆发被过量住院和死亡典型地描绘。在1997，H5N1子类型的高度病原的鸟的流行性感冒病毒在传给人的香港出现了，导致由鸟的流行性感冒病毒感染的人的死亡的首先记录的盒子。在越南，印度尼西亚，和泰国在家禽在2003年7月开始的新爆发，和高度病原的鸟的H5N1流行性感冒病毒后来在整个亚洲并且进欧洲和非洲传播了。这些病毒继续与高死亡率感染人并且引起隐约可见的世界范围的担心流行。而且，H5N1病毒爆发在整个亚洲在家禽工业上有破坏效果。因为H5N1病毒爆发看起来从南部的中国发源，我们这里在中国检验H5N1流行性感冒病毒，与他们的生物性质上的一个重音。