简介：AccordingtoGLOBOCAN2012,livercanceristhesixthmostcommoncancerintheworld.Therewere782,000newcasesdiagnosedin2012,with50%inChinaalone.Livercanceristhesecondmostcommoncauseofcancerdeathworldwideanditsprognosisisverypoor.TheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)declared745,517deathscausedbylivercancerin2012,withmorethanhalffromChina~1.

简介：Humanendogenousretroviruses(HERVs)areretrovirusesthatinfectedhumangenomemillionsofyearsagoandhavepersistedthroughouthumanevolution.About8%ofourgenomeiscomposedofHERVs,mostofwhicharenonfunctionalbecauseofepigeneticcontrolordeactivatingmutations.However,acorrelationbetweenHERVsandhumancancerhasbeendescribedandmanytumors,suchasmelanoma,breastcancer,germcelltumors,renalcancerorovariancancer,expressHERVproteins,mainlyHERV-K(HML6)andHERV-K(HML2).AlthoughthecausativeroleofHERVsincanceriscontroversial,datafromanimalmodelsdemonstratedthatendogenousretrovirusesarepotentiallyoncogenic.HERVproteinexpressioninhumancellsgeneratesanimmuneresponsebyactivatinginnateandadaptiveimmunities.SomeHERV-derivedpeptideshaveantigenicproperties.Forexample,HERV-K(HML-6)encodestheHER-KMELpeptiderecognizedbyCD8+lymphocytes.Inaddition,HERVsaretwoedgedimmunomodulators.HERVsshowimmunosuppressiveactivity.Thepresenceofgenomicretroviralelementsinhost-cellcytosolmayactivateaninterferontypeIresponse.Therefore,targetingHERVsthroughcellularvaccinesorimmunomodulatorydrugscombinedwithcheckpointinhibitorsisattractinginterestbecausetheycouldbeactiveinhumantumors.

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简介：AsreadersofCancerBiologyandMedicinewellknow,therehasbeenaseismicshiftinhumanmolecularbiologyoverthepastfewyears,asmomentousinitsownwayasthediscoveryofthedouble-helicalstructureofDNAbyWatsonandCrick60yearsago,theelucidationofthegeneticcodeshortlythereafter,theadventofrecombinantDNAandgenecloning

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简介：Nitricoxide(NO)isapleiotropicregulator,criticaltonumerousbiologicalprocesses,includingva-sodilatation,neurotransmissionandmacrophage-mediatedimmunity.Thefamilyofnitricoxidesynthases(NOS)comprisesinducibleNOS(iNOS),endothelialNOS(eNOS),andneuronalNOS(nNOS).Interest-ingly,variousstudieshaveshownthatallthreeisoformscanbeinvolvedinpromotingorinhibitingtheetiologyofcancer.NOSactivityhasbeendetectedintumourcellsofvarioushistogeneticoriginsandhasbeenassociatedwithtumourgrade,proliferationrateandexpressionofimportantsignalingcomponentsassociatedwithcancerdevelopmentsuchastheoestrogenreceptor.ItappearsthathighlevelsofNOSexpression(forexample,generatedbyactivatedmacrophages)maybecytostaticorcytotoxicfortumorcells,whereaslowlevelactivitycanhavetheoppositeeffectandpromotetumourgrowth.Paradoxicallytherefore,NO(andrelatedreactivenitrogenspecies)mayhavebothgenotoxicandangiogenicproperties.IncreasedNO-generationinacellmayselectmutantp53cellsandcontributetotumourangiogenesisbyupregulatingVEGF.Inaddition,NOmaymodulatetumourDNArepairmechanismsbyupregulatingp53,poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase(PARP)andtheDNA-dependentproteinkinase(DNA-PK).Anunderstand-ingatthemolecularleveloftheroleofNOincancerwillhaveprofoundtherapeuticimplicationsforthediagnosisandtreatmentofdisease.

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简介：在中国的前列腺癌症(PCa)研究在最近的年里的一个飞速上升的趋势上。在中国的第一染色体宽的协会研究(GWAS)鉴别二新PCa风险联系了单个核苷酸多型性(SNP)。下一代定序正在开始被过去常，产出新奇调查结果：基因熔化，长非编码的RNA和另外的变化。当各种各样的诊断biomarkers广泛地被调查了时，PCa前进的机制被说明了。个性化的治疗基于基因因素，nano药和繁体中文药是为PCa的试验性的治疗学的研究的焦点。这评论打算在中国在PCa研究在最近的进步之上打开灯并且以后指出可能的突破。

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简介：AbstractGastric cancer (GC) is a common malignancy and is the third leading cause of cancer-related death. At present, there is no simple and effective screening method for early-stage GC, and the treatment results and prognosis are poor. With the continuous improvement of molecular biology techniques, research on circular RNA (circRNA) has gradually expanded over time. Much data supports the role of circRNA in tumorigenesis. Moreover, due to its structural specificity and biological stability, circRNA is anticipated to be a potential biomarker for tumor diagnosis. Studies have confirmed that circRNA can participate in the proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and apoptosis of GC. These findings will lead to novel directions for the diagnosis and treatment of GC. This article reviews the structure and function of circRNA, summarizes the current studies on circRNA, and discusses the potential diagnostic value of circRNA in GC.

简介：AbstractBackground:Cancer is one of the leading causes of death globally, but its burden is not uniform. GLOBOCAN 2020 has newly updated the estimates of cancer burden. This study summarizes the most recent changing profiles of cancer burden worldwide and in China and compares the cancer data of China with those of other regions.Methods:We conducted a descriptive secondary analysis of the GLOBOCAN 2020 data. To depict the changing global profile of the leading cancer types in 2020 compared with 2018, we extracted the numbers of cases and deaths in 2018 from GLOBOCAN 2018. We also obtained cancer incidence and mortality from the 2015 National Cancer Registry Report in China when sorting the leading cancer types by new cases and deaths. For the leading cancer types according to sex in China, we summarized the estimated numbers of incidence and mortality, and calculated China’s percentage of the global new cases and deaths.Results:Breast cancer displaced lung cancer to become the most leading diagnosed cancer worldwide in 2020. Lung, liver, stomach, breast, and colon cancers were the top five leading causes of cancer-related death, among which liver cancer changed from the third-highest cancer mortality in 2018 to the second-highest in 2020. China accounted for 24% of newly diagnosed cases and 30% of the cancer-related deaths worldwide in 2020. Among the 185 countries included in the database, China’s age-standardized incidence rate (204.8 per 100,000) ranked 65th and the age-standardized mortality rate (129.4 per 100,000) ranked 13th. The two rates were above the global average. Lung cancer remained the most common cancer type and the leading cause of cancer death in China. However, breast cancer became the most frequent cancer type among women if the incidence was stratified by sex. Incidences of colorectal cancer and breast cancer increased rapidly. The leading causes of cancer death varied minimally in ranking from 2015 to 2020 in China. Gastrointestinal cancers, including stomach, colorectal, liver, and esophageal cancers, contributed to a massive burden of cancer for both sexes.Conclusions:The burden of breast cancer is increasing globally. China is undergoing cancer transition with an increasing burden of lung cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, and breast cancers. The mortality rate of cancer in China is high. Comprehensive strategies are urgently needed to target China’s changing profiles of the cancer burden.

简介：Objective:Weretrospectivelyanalyzedtheclinicalprognosticvalueofthe8theditionoftheAmericanJointCommitteeonCancer(AJCC)stagingsystemforluminalAbreastcancer.Methods:Usingboththeanatomicandprognosticstaginginthe8theditionofAJCCcancerstagingsystem,werestagedpatientswithluminalAbreastcancertreatedattheBreastDiseaseCenter,PekingUniversityFirstHospitalfrom2008to2014.Follow-updataincluding5-yeardiseasefreesurvival(DFS),overallsurvival(OS)andotherclinic-pathologicaldatawerecollectedtoanalyzethedifferencesbetweenthetwostagingsubgroups.Results:Thisstudyincluded421patientswithluminalAbreastcancer(medianfollow-up,61months).The5-yearDFSandOSrateswere98.3%and99.3%,respectively.Significantdifferencesin5-yearDFSbutnotOSwereobservedbetweendifferentanatomicdiseasestages.Significantdifferenceswereobservedinboth5-yearDFSandOSbetweendifferentprognosticstages.Applicationoftheprognosticstagingsystemresultedinassignmentof175of421patients(41.6%)toadifferentgroupcomparedtotheiroriginalanatomicstages.Intotal,102of103patientswithanatomicstageIIAchangedtoprognosticstageIB,and24of52patientswithanatomicstageIIBchangedtoprognosticstageIB,while1changedtoprognosticstageIIIB.Twenty-twoof33patientswithanatomicstageIIIAweredown-stagedtoIIAwhenstagedbyprognosticstagingsystem,andtheother11patientsweredown-stagedtoIIB.TwopatientswithanatomicstageIIIBweredown-stagedtoIIIA.AmongsevenpatientswithanatomicstageIIICcancer,twoweredown-stagedtoIIIAandfourweredown-stagedtostageIIIB.Conclusions:The8theditionofAJCCprognosticstagingsystemisanimportantsupplementtothebreastcancerstagingsystem.Moreclinicaltrialsareneededtoproveitsabilitytoguideselectionofpropersystemictherapyandpredictprognosisofbreastcancer.

简介：Objective:ToinvestigatewhetherGli1expressionisimportantinrelapseafterradicaloperationofbreastcancer.Methods:Usingimmunohistochemistry,Gli1expressionwasanalyzedinhumanprimarybreastcancer(n=284)andparacanceroustissues(n=20),andalsoinlocallymphnodes(n=28)andmetastaticlymphnodes(n=28).Results:InitialanalysisofGli1expressioninasmallcohortof20breasttumorsandtheirparacanceroustissuesshowedatendencytowardsGli1overexpressioninbreastcancertissues(P<0.001).Further,Gli1expressionin284breastcancertissuesampleswasanalyzedandasignificantcorrelationwasfoundbetweenincreasedexpressionofnuclearGli1andunfavorablerecurrence-freesurvival(RFS)(P<0.05).ThenuclearexpressionofGli1inmetastaticlymphnodesfollowingrelapseafterradicaloperationwasmuchhigherthanthatinthelocallymphnodesofprimarycarcinoma(P<0.05).Mostinterestingly,theexpressionofGli1wasmuchhigherintheinterstitialtissuesoftherelapsedgroupthanofthenon-relapsedgroup(P<0.001).Conclusions:BreastcancershowsahighprevalenceofGli1expression,whichissignificantlycorrelatedwithaggressivefeaturesandunfavorableRFS.NuclearGli1overexpression,especiallyintheinterstitialtissues,signifiedearlyrelapseafterradicaloperationofbreastcancer.

简介：Cancercellsarewelldocumentedtorewiretheirmetabolismandenergyproductionnetworkstosupportandenablerapidproliferation,continuousgrowth,survivalinharshconditions,invasion,metastasis,andresistancetocancertreatments.SinceDr.OttoWarburg’sdiscoveryaboutalteredcancercellmetabolismin1930,thousandsofstudieshaveshedlightonvariousaspectsofcancermetabolismwithacommongoaltofindnewwaysforeffectivelyeliminatingtumorcellsbytargetingtheirenergymetabolism.Thisreviewhighlightstheimportanceofthemainfeaturesofcancermetabolism,summarizesrecentremarkableadvancesinthisfield,andpointsoutthepotentialstotranslatethesescientificfindingsintolife-savingdiagnosisandtherapiestohelpcancerpatients.

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简介：Prostatic演算是普通的并且与前列腺的发炎被联系。最近，这发炎可以与前列腺carcinogenesis被联系，这被建议了。这研究的目的是在前列腺活体检视标本调查在prostatic演算和前列腺癌症(PCa)之间的关系。我们回顾地分析了经历了transrectalultrasonography(TRUS)和在2005年1月和2008年1月之间的前列腺活体检视的417个连续病人。基于活体检视调查结果，病人们被划分成良性的prostatic增生和PCa组。TRUS被用来检测prostatic演算并且测量前列腺体积。在PCa风险和年龄，浆液总数PSA层次，前列腺体积，和prostatic演算之间的关联被分析。耐心的年龄和PSA，以及在活体检视标本的prostatic演算的频率，在两个之间显著地不同这些组(P<0.05)。在PCa组，没有prostatic演算，格利森分数(GS)比在病人在有prostatic演算的病人是更高的(P=0.023)。用multivariate逻辑回归分析，我们发现了那耐心的年龄，浆液总数PSA和前列腺体积是为PCa的风险因素(P=0.001)，但是prostatic演算的存在没与PCa的增加的风险被联系(P=0.13)。在结论，尽管prostatic演算的存在没被显示是为PCa的一个风险因素，prostatic演算在有PCa的病人是更普通的并且在这些人之中与更高的GS被联系。

简介：尽管免疫系统拥有工具对癌症作出回应，它经常没能控制恶意的传播。尽管如此，装备内长的免疫释放强壮的antitumor回答比常规治疗有重要优点。这评论探索一些可得到的选择完成这，在有刺激免疫系统并且授权更强壮的antitumor回答的肿瘤抗原的种痘上集中第一。我们然后比较并且形成对照声发有用淋巴细胞转移的T的采纳治疗的记录得好的药品潜力的种痘的有限临床的成功。最后，我们用与受体一起利用allogeneicT房间全部剧目的房间受体(TCR)基因转移策略为定义MHC/peptide联合在vitro选择了的T加亮新奇途径，作为癌症的抗原特定的基因治疗的一个基础。

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简介：Acupuncture,asacomplementarytherapy,hasbeenusedtomanagethecancerassociatedsymptomsofcancerpatients.Toidentifytheefficacyandsafetyofacupunctureinthemanagementofcancer,thisreviewcriticallyanalysestherelevantpublicationsincludingbothexperimentalandclinicalstudies.Themajorityofstudiessuggestthatacupunctureeffectivelyrelievessomecancerrelatedsymptomssuchascancerpain,andsomeadverseeffectscausedbythecancerconventionaltreatmentssuchasnausea,vomiting,neutropeniaandxerostomia.