简介：Introduction,Chronicpericarditisisinflammationthatbeginsgradually,islonglastingandresultsinfluidaccumulationinthepericardialspaceorthickeningofthepericardium.Therearetwomaintypesofchronicpericarditisa)chroniceffusivepericarditis,fluidslowlyaccumulatesinthepericardialspacebetweenthetwolayersofthepericardium.

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简介：AbstractChronic wounds have always been a tough fight in clinical practice, which can not only make patients suffer from pain physically and mentally but also impose a heavy burden on the society. More than one factor is relevant to each step of the development of chronic wounds. Along with the in-depth research, we have realized that figuring out the pathophysiological mechanism of chronic wounds is the foundation of treatment, while wound infection is the key point concerned. The cause of infection should be identified and prevented promptly once diagnosed. This paper mainly describes the mechanism, diagnosis and therapeutic strategies of chronic wound infection, and will put an emphasis on the principle of debridement.

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简介：Coronaryarterychronictotalocclusion(CTO)isdefinedasanoccludedcoronaryarterysegmentwithoutanterogradeflowforatleastthreemonths.Itcanbeclassifiedasa“true”or“functional”CTObasedonflowcharacteristics.In“true”CTO,thereisnoanterogradeflow.In“functional”CTO,thereisminimalanterogradeflowthroughtheoccludedsegmentofthecoronaryartery.CTOisacommonfindingduringcoronaryangiographyanditsprevalencemayvarydependingonthereportedliterature.Amongpatientswithoutpreviouscoronaryarterybypassgrafting(CABG),CTOisfoundinabout20–30%ofthepatients.CTOmaydevelopinsidiouslyoveraperiodoftimeandinvolveacomplexinterplaybetweenintracellularandextracellularfactors,smoothmuscleandfoamcells,calcification,andneovascularization.ThereisagrowingbodyofevidencetosupportthatCTOrevascularizationmayimproveclinicaloutcomewhencomparedtomedicalmanagement.BoththeEuropeanandAmericancardiovascularsocietiessupportCTOrevascularizationwithaclass2arecommendation(levelofevidenceB).Historically,duetolowproceduralsuccessrate,apparentinefficientresourceutilization,potentialincreaseincomplicationratesanduncertainclinicalbenefits,onlyabout10–20%ofpatientswithCTOaretreatedwithpercutaneouscoronaryintervention(PCI).RecentadvancesusingnovelandinnovativetechniqueswithdedicatedequipmenthavesignificantlyimprovedtheproceduralsuccessrateforCTOPCItoabout90%inthehandsofexperiencedoperators.WithincreasinginterestinCTOPCIcoupledwithincreasededucationaleffort,CTOPCIlikelywillbecomemoreaccessibletopatientsinneedofCTOrevascularization.OngoingadvancementininnovativetechniquesandequipmentwillcontinuetoimproveproceduralsuccessratesandreduceproceduralcomplicationrateforCTOPCI.Furthermore,thereareanumberofprospectiveclinicaltrialsonthehorizonwhichshouldhelpdefinetheclinicalbenefitsandlimitationsofCTOPCIinthenear

简介：objectivesTodemonstratethephenomenaandexplorethecausesofanemiainpatientswithchronicheartfailure(CHF).MethodsToobservethephenomenaofanemiainpatientswithCHF,atotalof276patientswithCHFwereincludedinthisretrospectivestudy.Theclinicalcharacteristicsofthepatientsare;meanage69.2±11.0years;male151,female125;NYHAⅢandⅣ115(41.7%).Results①Amongthe276patientswithCHF,81(29.4%)hadanemia(Meanhemoglobulinconcentration101.5±13.0g/L).②PatientswithAnemiaweremorelikelytobefemaleandtohavegreaterNYHA(ⅢorⅣ)(P<0.05),higherserumcreatinine,aswellaslowerserumalbuminandlow-densitylipoproteinlevels(P<0.01).③AweaknegativecorrelationwasalsonotedbetweenthelevelofNYHAandhemoglobulin.④Therewasnosignificantdifferenceinage,theprimarycardiacetiologyoftheCHF,thehistoryofdiabetes,leftventricularenddiastolicdiameter,andleftventricularejectionfractionbetweenCHFpatientwithandwithoutanemia.ConclusionsTheprevalenceofanemiaishighamongpatientswithCHF.TheanemiapatientswithCHFtendtobefemale,havegreatercardiacandrenalfunctionalimpairment,butwithlowerserumalbuminandLDLthatsuggestssomedegreeofmalnutrition.

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简介：AbstractChronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a global health burden. Timely and effective antiviral therapy is beneficial for patients with HBV infection. With existing antiviral drugs, including nucleos(t)ide analogs and interferon-alfa, patients can achieve viral suppression with improved prognosis. However, the rate of hepatitis B surface antigen loss is low. To achieve a functional cure and even complete cure in chronic hepatitis B patients, new antivirals need to be developed. In this review, we summarized the advantages and disadvantages of existing antiviral drugs and focused on new antivirals including direct-acting antiviral drugs and immunotherapeutic approaches.

简介：AbstractOver the last 20 years, it has become possible to use a precision medicine approach to the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Clinical and physiological features as well as a blood biomarker can be used to target treatments to patients most likely to benefit and avoid treatment in patients less likely to benefit. Future advances in a precision medicine approach to COPD will depend on more precise characterization of individual patients, possibly using quantitative imaging, new physiological techniques, novel biomarkers and genetic profiling. Precision medicine has led to significant improvements in the management of COPD and clinicians should use all available information to optimize the treatment of individual patients.

简介：AbstractChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common, preventable, and treatable disease. The incidence of COPD is growing annually in China, and it is a significant and growing public health burden. Multivariate analysis showed that COPD was one of the independent risk factors for the occurrence of pulmonary embolism (PE), and the incidence of PE was significantly higher in COPD patients than in normal subjects. However, PE is often overlooked in patients with acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD) because there are many similarities in clinical symptoms between PE and AECOPD, which are difficult to distinguish, resulting in the failure of timely treatment and poor prognosis. Therefore, it is of great significance to understand the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of COPD combined with PE for making a more accurate diagnosis, providing timely and effective treatment, and improving the prognosis of such patients.

简介：Chronicsubduralhematoma(CSDH)representsoneofthemostfrequenttypesofintracranialhemorrhage.ManagementofthepatientswithCSDHhasbeenevolvedthroughavastvarietyofmethodsandtechniques.Althoughthereisgeneralagreementthatsurgicaltherapyisusuallythepreferredtreatment,therearefewotherneurosurgicalconditionsthatsparksuchstrongdiscussionsanddifferencesofopinionconcerningtheoptimalsurgicaltechnique.1,2Inthispaper,wereviewadvancesinsurgicaltreatmentofCSDH.

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简介：AbstractThere is considerable epidemiological evidence indicating that air pollution has adverse effects on human health and is closely related to respiratory diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). These effects, which can be divided into short- and long-term effects, can manifest as an exacerbation of existing symptoms, impaired lung function, and increased hospitalization and mortality rates. Long-term exposure to air with a high concentration of pollutants may also increase the incidence of COPD. The combined effects of different pollutants may become more complex in the future; hence, there is a need for more intensive research on specific at-risk populations, and formulating corresponding protective strategies is crucial. We aimed to review the epidemiological evidence on the effect of air pollution on COPD, the possible pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this effect, as well as protective measures against the effects of air pollutants in patients with COPD.

简介：AbstractChronic pruritus is a very common clinical symptom that seriously affects people’s quality of life. Pruritus is associated not only with skin diseases but also with a variety of systemic diseases. It brings great challenges to clinical management. To standardize the management of chronic pruritus, experts of the Allergic Disease Committee of Chinese Dermatologist Association discussed many times and finally formed this guideline to provide reference and guidance for the clinical work of dermatologists and other physicians at all levels.

简介：Migraine,amoderatetoseverechronicheadacheoccurringononeorbothsides,isacommondiseaseaffectsyoungpeople.Althoughhearinglossinsubjectswithmigraineisnotrare,thecorrelationofmigrainewithhearinglossisnotclear.Inthisstudy,weexaminedhearinglossinyoungmigrainesubjectstodetermineifmigrainemaybeafactorincausingcochleardysfunction.Sevencollegestudentswithmigraineandthreeagematchedsubjectswithouthistoryofmigrainewereassessedusingextendedhighfrequencyaudiometryanddistortionproductotoacousticemissions(DPOAEs).Therewasnosignificantdifferenceinregularaudiomeirythresholdbetweenthemigrainegroupandthecontrolgroup.However,highfrequencyaudiometry(9-16kHz)showedthresholdsat25dBnHLorhigherinsixoutoftwentyearsinthemigrainegroup.TheamplitudeofDPOAEswerereducedformorethan10dBinthemigrainegroupincomparisonwiththecontrolgroup.ThesedatasuggestthatmigrainemayaffectcochleardysfunctionevidencedbythereducedamplitudeofDPOAEandhighfrequencypure-toneaudiometry.

简介：Chronicpancreatitisisanongoingdiseasecharacterizedbypersistentinflammationofpancreatictissues.Withdiseaseprogression,patientswithchronicpancreatitismaydeveloptroublesomecomplicationsinadditiontoexocrineandendocrinepancreaticfunctionalloss.Amongthem,apseudoaneurysm,mainlyinducedbydigestiveenzymeerosionofvesselsinproximitytothepancreas,isarareandlife-threateningcomplicationifbleedingofthepseudoaneurysmoccurs.Atpresent,noprospectiverandomizedtrialshaveinvestigatedthetherapeuticstrategyforthisrarebutcriticalsituation.Theroleofarterialembolization,thetimingofsurgicalinterventionandevensurgicalproceduresarestillcontroversial.Inthisreview,wesuggestthatdynamicabdominalcomputedtomographyandangiographyshouldbeperformedfirsttolocalizethebleedersandtoevaluatetheassociatedcomplicationssuchaspseudocystformation,followedbyarterialembolizationtostopthebleedingandtoachieveearlystabilizationofthepatient’scondition.Withadvancesandimprovementsinendoscopicdevicesandtechniques,therapeuticendoscopyforpancreaticpseudocystsistechnicallyfeasible,safeandeffective.Surgicalinterventionisrecommendedforableedingpseudoaneurysminpatientswithchronicpancreatitiswhoareinanunstablecondition,forthoseinwhomarterialembolizationofthebleedingpseudoaneurysmfails,andwhenendoscopicmanagementofthepseudocystisunsuccessful.Ifableedingpseudoaneurysmislocatedoverthetailofthepancreas,resectionisapreferentialprocedure,whereasifthelesionissituatedovertheheadorbodyofthepancreas,relativelyconservativesurgicalproceduresarerecommended.

简介：AbstractChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), characterized by persistent and not fully reversible airflow restrictions, is currently one of the most widespread chronic lung diseases in the world. The most common symptoms of COPD are cough, expectoration, and exertional dyspnea. Although various strategies have been developed during the last few decades, current medical treatment for COPD only focuses on the relief of symptoms, and the reversal of lung function deterioration and improvement in patient’s quality of life are very limited. Consequently, development of novel effective therapeutic strategies for COPD is urgently needed. Stem cells were known to differentiate into a variety of cell types and used to regenerate lung parenchyma and airway structures. Stem cell therapy is a promising therapeutic strategy that has the potential to restore the lung function and improve the quality of life in patients with COPD. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding the clinical research on the treatment of COPD with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and aims to update the understanding of the role of MSCs in COPD treatment, which may be helpful for developing effective therapeutic strategies in clinical settings.

简介：AbstractChronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) is a chronic space-occupying lesion formed by blood accumulation between arachnoid and dura mater, which is usually formed in the third week after traumatic brain injury. Surgical treatment is usually the first choice for patients with CSDH having a significant space-occupying effect. Most of the patients showed good results of surgical treatment, but still some patients had a postoperative recurrence (the recurrence rate was up to 33%). Because CSDH is often seen in the elderly, patients are weak and have many basic diseases. The risk of surgical treatment is high; serious complications and even death (the death rate is up to 32%) can often occur. The overall good prognosis rate of patients aged more than 90 years is 24%. The drug treatment can provide a safe and effective treatment for elderly patients who are weak, intolerable to surgery, or failed in surgery. Low-dose and long-term use of atorvastatin (20mg/d) is suggested for continuous treatment for at least 8 weeks, while low-dose and short-term use of dexamethasone can improve the therapeutic effect of atorvastatin on CSDH. Patients should undergo CT or MRI scanning at least one time within 2 weeks after the start of drug treatment.

简介：AbstractChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a respiratory disease with a high incidence, mortality, and disability rate. Because there are few symptoms in the early stages of COPD, diagnosis and treatment are seriously insufficient. It is necessary to find effective clues for early COPD diagnosis and provide appropriate interventions. Several studies suggest that small airway disease is the earliest stage of COPD because it is correlated with subsequent development of airflow obstruction. However, there are currently no globally accepted criteria for defining early COPD. This study mainly introduced risk factors, definition, diagnosis, and treatment of early COPD from a new perspective.

简介：Chronicheartfailureisincreasinglyprevalentworldwideandisassociatedwithsignificantmorbidityandmortality.TheCochranereviewdemonstratedthatcardiacrehabilitation(CR)resultedinimprovementsinQOLandareductioninlong-termmortality.Chronickidneydisease(CKD)isanotherworldwidepublichealthproblem.ThisreviewfocusesontheimportanceandefficacyofrehabilitationforCKDpatientsasanewtargetofCR.PatientswithCKDonhemodialysis(HD)haveahighmortalityrate,withcardiovasculardiseases,suchaschronicheartfailure.Anewsystematicreviewandmeta-analysisofrandomizedcontrolledtrialsreportedthatexercise-basedrenalrehabilitationimprovedaerobiccapacity,muscularfunctioning,cardiovascularfunction,walkingcapacity,andQOLinCKDpatientswithHD.Moreover,exercisetrainingmayhaverenalprotectiveeffects,notonlyinsomeanimalmodelsofpre-HDCKD,butalsoinpre-HDCKDpatients.Exercisetherapycouldbeaneffectiveclinicalstrategyinimprovingrenalfunction,loweringtheneedforrenalreplacementtherapy,suchasHD,andreducingrenaltransplantriskinpre-HDCKDpatients.ThisledtheMinistryofHealth,LaborandWelfareofJapantoextendrenalrehabilitationpartialcoveragetostage4pre-HDCKDpatientsforthefirsttimeintheworldin2016.