简介：AbstractChronic wounds have always been a tough fight in clinical practice, which can not only make patients suffer from pain physically and mentally but also impose a heavy burden on the society. More than one factor is relevant to each step of the development of chronic wounds. Along with the in-depth research, we have realized that figuring out the pathophysiological mechanism of chronic wounds is the foundation of treatment, while wound infection is the key point concerned. The cause of infection should be identified and prevented promptly once diagnosed. This paper mainly describes the mechanism, diagnosis and therapeutic strategies of chronic wound infection, and will put an emphasis on the principle of debridement.

简介：BackgroundDeepsternawoundinfection(DSWI)aftermediansternotomyforcardiacsurgeryisoneofthemostcomplexandpotentiallylife-threateningcomplications.ItsverydifficulttotreatDSWI,andthereislackofagreementregardingthebesttherapystrategy.Thus,weaimedtosummarizeourexperiencesofsurgicaltreatmentforDSWI,inwhichsatisfactoryclinicalresultswereobtained.MethodsWeretrospectivelyanalyzed17caseswhosufferedfromDSWIaftercardiacsurgeryinourdepartmentfromJanuary2010toJune2015.Therewere8maleand9femalepatientswiththeiraverageageof62.7±9.5years(range42~75years).Allpatientsreceivedreservationofpartofsternumcombinedwithvacuum-assistedsuctiondrainageandbilateralpectoralismajormyocutaneousadvancementflaps.ResultsTheaverageintervalbetweencardiacsurgeryanddiagnosedDSWIwas10.9±6.5days(range5~21days).Timeofvacuum-assistedsuctiondrainagewas11.6±4.8days(range5~15days)andwoundhealingtimewas27.3±7.2days(range23~35days).Allpatientshadanuneventfulpostoperativerecoveryandgoodwoundhealing.Follow-uptimewas33.7±13.3months(range8~74months).Norecurrentinfectionwasobserved.ConclusionsReservationofpartofsternumcombinedwithvacuum-assistedsuctiondrainageandbilateralpectoralismajormyocutaneousadvancementflapsisasimpleandeffectivesurgicalstrategyforthetreatmentofDSWIaftercardiacsurgery.

简介：Thehydrogelwounddressingbasedonpolyvinylalcohol(PVA)waspreparedbythefreezing-thawingcyclicmethod.Thedehydrationkineticsofpreparedhydrogelswasdeterminedusingtheexperimentalmethodandmathematicalmodelingbasedondiffusionmechanism.TheresultsshowthatthedehydrationrateofPVAhydrogelwounddressinginverselydependsonthehydrogelthicknessaswellaswatercontentofthewound.Ontheotherhand,theinitialwatercontentofhydrogelandtheatmospherichumidityhavelittledirecteffectonthedehydrationrate.Thegoodagreementbetweenexperimentalandmathematicalmodelingresultsinearlystagesofdehydrationprocessshowsthatthepredominatefactordeterminingthedehydrationofthesewounddressingsisdiffusion.

简介：Wolbachia是感染大量节肢动物和丝虫的线虫的细胞内部的共生者。蚜虫从事与他们的endosymbionts的多样、复杂的关系。Wolbachia的四超群(A，B，M和N)以前在蚜虫和超群M被检测，N仅仅在蚜虫被发现。在这研究，我们在中国在蚜虫的自然人口检测了并且描述Wolbachia感染。三超群(A，B和M)在检验蚜虫种类被发现。超群M是优势的，而超群A和B仅仅在某些种类被检测。超群N没在这研究被发现。也就是，有在蚜虫的Wolbachia的四个感染模式有超群M的感染独自一个，有超群A和M，有超群B和M的合作感染，和有超群A，B和M的合作感染的合作感染。仅仅有超群M的感染的模式是通用的并且在所有评估亚科被发现。仅仅二个亚科，Aphidinae和Lachninae，表明了介绍所有四个感染模式。三个模式在Calaphidinae被观察(M，A&M，B&M)并且Eriosomatinae(M，B&M，A&B&M)。二个模式在Anoeciinae被观察(M，A&M)并且Greenideinae(M，B&M)，并且一仅仅模式(M)在Aphidoidea的留下的家庭或亚科被观察。这些结果显示在中国蚜虫的Wolbachia感染是普遍的。种系发生的分析建议超群M在中国在蚜虫的所有主人种类之中很快并且最近散布了的那Wolbachia。为这传播和它的机制的原因在他们的蚜虫主人上与Wolbachia的可能的效果一起被讨论。

简介：这五个单词都有“损害”、“伤害”的意思,但用法上又不尽相同。一、hurt普通用语,口语中常见。主要指有生命的东西的“受伤”。既可指肉体上的伤害,也可指精神上、感情上的伤害。如;1.Thedriverhurthimselfbadlyintheaccident.那位司机在这次事故中伤得很重。2.Shehurtherlegwhenshefell.她跌倒时,一只腿受了伤。3.Hefelthurtatyourwords.你的话使他很难过。注意:指肉体上的伤害时,hurt可与badly,slightly,seriously等连用;但若指精神上的创伤,只能说:verymuch/rather/deeplyhurt。

简介：Anovelintermediatefluidvaporization(IFV)technologyforLNGre-gasificationprocesswithspiral-woundheatexchangingtubesisproposed.ThenewIFVprojectcombinestheadvantageofrunningtheshellandtubeheatexchangersathighpressurewiththeadvantageofcompactspaceofheatexchangers.Thermalanalysisonthetwoprocessesofforcedconvectionandvaporizationtypeheattransferinthespiralwoundtubesandvaporcondensation/re-boilingtypeofheattransferviaintermediatefluidinshellsideshowsthefeasibilityofthispromisingtechnology.

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简介：AbstractIntraamniotic infection (IAI) or chorioamnionitis is a common cause of preterm birth and may cause adverse neonatal outcomes, including neonatal pneumonia, respiratory distress, meningitis, sepsis, and death. Maternal morbidities from intraamniotic infection include dysfunctional labor requiring increased intervention, cesarean birth, postpartum uterine atony with hemorrhage, endometritis, peritonitis, sepsis, adult respiratory distress syndrome and, rarely, death. Chorioamnionitis can result from an ascending infection, iatrogenic causes or transplacental passage from maternal blood-borne infections. The clinical findings of chorioamnionitis include maternal fever (≥38 °C), maternal (>100 beats per minute) and/or fetal tachycardia (>160 beats per minute), maternal leukocytosis on complete blood count (>15 000 cells/mm3), and uterine tenderness and/or purulent and/or foul-smelling amniotic fluid. The management of chorioamnionitis mainly includes antibiotic therapy and delivery. Women with previable preterm premature rupture of membranes should be offered realistic counseling from a multidisciplinary approach. The separation of the mother and the fetus to preserve the life of the mother should prioritize delivery methods that result in a living fetus if possible, with appropriate neonatal resuscitation available.

简介：AbstractBackground:The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic hit South America badly with multiple waves. Different COVID-19 variants have been storming across the region, leading to more severe infections and deaths even in places with high vaccination coverage. This study aims to assess the spatiotemporal variability of the COVID-19 pandemic and estimate the infection fatality rate (IFR), infection attack rate (IAR) and reproduction number (R0) for twelve most affected South American countries.Methods:We fit a susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered (SEIR)-based model with a time-varying transmission rate to the reported COVID-19 deaths for the twelve South American countries with the highest mortalities. Most of the epidemiological datasets analysed in this work are retrieved from the disease surveillance systems by the World Health Organization, Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center and Our World in Data. We investigate the COVID-19 mortalities in these countries, which could represent the situation for the overall South American region. We employ COVID-19 dynamic model with-and-without vaccination considering time-varying flexible transmission rate to estimate IFR, IAR and R0 of COVID-19 for the South American countries.Results:We simulate the model in each scenario under suitable parameter settings and yield biologically reasonable estimates for IFR (varies between 0.303% and 0.723%), IAR (varies between 0.03 and 0.784) and R0 (varies between 0.7 and 2.5) for the 12 South American countries. We observe that the severity, dynamical patterns of deaths and time-varying transmission rates among the countries are highly heterogeneous. Further analysis of the model with the effect of vaccination highlights that increasing the vaccination rate could help suppress the pandemic in South America.Conclusions:This study reveals possible reasons for the two waves of COVID-19 outbreaks in South America. We observed reductions in the transmission rate corresponding to each wave plausibly due to improvement in nonpharmaceutical interventions measures and human protective behavioral reaction to recent deaths. Thus, strategies coupling social distancing and vaccination could substantially suppress the mortality rate of COVID-19 in South America.

简介：AbstractObjective:To describe the issues related to the assignment of surgical wound classification as it pertains to Otolaryngology—Head & Neck surgery, and to present a simple framework by which providers can assign wound classification.Data Sources:Literature review.Conclusion:Surgical wound classification in its current state is limited in its utility. It has recently been disregarded by major risk assessment models, likely due to inaccurate and inconsistent reporting by providers and operative staff. However, if data accuracy is improved, this metric may be useful to inform the risk of surgical site infection. In an era of quality-driven care and reimbursement, surgical wound classification may become an equally important indicator of quality.

简介：BACKGROUND:Livedeliverylimitstheclinicalapplicationofmaggottherapy.TodateinChina,therearenoinvivoreportsregardingwoundhealingmechanismsofmaggottherapyortheeffectsofmaggothomogenateonwoundnerveregeneration.OBJECTIVE:Toavoidcomplicationsduetotheuseoflivemaggots,anasepticmaggothomogenatewasapplied.SubstanceP(SP)andgeneproteinproduct9.5expressioninacutaneouswoundwasanalyzedtoexplorepossiblemechanismsofneuralregenerationandwoundhealingintherat.DESIGN,TIMEANDSETTING:ArandomgroupingandcontrolledanimalstudywasperformedatthelaboratoryoftheDepartmentofOrthopedicSurgery,FirstAffiliatedHospital,DalianMedicalUniversityfromAugust2008toApril2009.MATERIALS:LivemaggotswereculturedandprovidedbythelaboratoryoftheDepartmentofOrthopedicSurgeryoftheFirstAffiliatedHospital,DalianMedicalUniversity,China.METHODS:Atotalof48adultratswereselectedandtwoacute,full-thicknesswounds(round,1.5cmdiameter)werecreatedonthebackofeachrat.Thetwowoundswererandomlyassignedtohomogenateproductandcontrolgroups.Followingtwo-stepdisinfectionofmaggots,ahomogenatewasproducedfrom10maggotsandappliedtothewoundareainthehomogenateproductgroup,whilethewoundsinthecontrolgroupweretreatedwithnormalsalinealone.MAINOUTCOMEMEASURES:Ondays1,3,7,10,14,and21followinginjury,thewoundtissuewasexcised.HistologicalexaminationofthewoundwasobservedbyhematoxylinandeosinstainingorMasson'sTrichromestaining.SPandproteingeneproduct9.5expressionswereexaminedbyimmunohistochemistrytoevaluatewoundneuralregeneration.RESULTS:Ondays7,10,and14,therateofwoundhealingwassignificantlygreaterinthehomogenateproductgroupcomparedwiththecontrolgroup(P<0.05),andhomogenatehealingwasbetterthanthatseeninthecontrolgroup.Ondays3,7,and10,SPexpressionincellsandregenerativenerveswassignificantlygreaterinthehomogenateproductgroupcomparedw

简介：OwingtorecentprogressoflongYBCOcoatedconductors,coilswoundofYBCOconductorswillbedevelopedinnearfuture.ComparedwithcoilswoundofLTSconductom,coilswoundofHTSconductorsoperatedathighertemperaturearehardtobequenched.However,measuresforquenchprotectionarestillnecessary.EspeciallyYBCOcoatedconductorsthataremadebydepositionofthinYBCOfilmonNibasedalloysubstratessuchasHastelloytapesarehighlyresistivewhentheyarequenched,Therefore,

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简介：AbstractBismuth-containing quadruple therapy (BQT) has long been recommended for Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication in China. Meanwhile, in the latest national consensus in China, dual therapy (DT) comprising an acid suppressor and amoxicillin has also been recommended. In recent years, the eradication rate of H. pylori has reached >90% using DT, which has been used not only as a first-line treatment but also as a rescue treatment. Compared with BQT, DT has great potential for H. pylori eradication; however, it has some limitations. This review summarizes the development of DT and its application in H. pylori eradication. The H. pylori eradication rates of DT were comparable to or even higher than those of BQT or standard triple therapy, especially in the first-line treatment. The incidence of adverse events associated with DT was lower than that with other therapies. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in the effects of dual and quadruple therapies on gastrointestinal microecology. In the short term, H. pylori eradication causes certain fluctuations in the gastrointestinal microbiota; however, in the long term, the gastrointestinal microbiota eventually returns to its normal state. In the penicillin-naïve population, patients receiving DT have a high eradiation rate, better compliance, lower incidence of adverse reactions, and lower primary and secondary resistance to amoxicillin. These findings suggest the safety, efficacy, and potential of DT for H. pylori eradication.

简介：ThisarticleisageneralreviewoftheevolvementofHIV/AIDS-relatedpublicpoliciesinChinasince1980's.Ittrackstheimportantlaws,regulationsandothergovernmentaldocumentsinregardtoHIV/AIDSpreventionmainlyatcentrallevel.

简介：新闻事件：2016年2月24日。26名在陕西省镇安县医院进行血液透析的患者被确认感染丙肝病毒。据有关部门初步调查，此次感染为医院医务人员违规操作所致。据了解，对26名已确诊的丙肝病毒感染者，医院将制订诊疗方案，对他们实行免费治疗。陕西省卫计委事件调查组已作出决定，对镇安县医院院长给予党内聱告，分管副院长给予行政记过处分，并免去二人职务。目前共有15人受到党纪政纪处分。

简介：ProteomicshasbeenwidelyusedinthelastfewyearstolookfornewbiomarkersanddecipherthemechanismofHIV-hostinteraction.Herein,wereviewtherecentdevelopmentsofHIV/AIDSproteomicresearch,includingthesamplesusedinHIV/AIDSrelatedresearch,thetechnologiesusedforproteomicstudy,thediagnosisbiomarkersofHIV-associateddiseaseespeciallyHIV-associatedneurocognitiveimpairment,themechanismsofHIV-hostinteraction,HIV-associateddementia,substanceabuse,andsoon.Intheendofthisreview,wealsogivesomeprospectsaboutthelimitationandfutureimprovementofHIV/AIDSproteomicresearch.

简介：AIM:Toinvestigatewhetherthesimultaneoustreatmentwithhumangrowthhormone(hGH)abolishesthenegativeeffectsofeverolimusonanastomotichealing.METHODS:Forty-eightmaleSprague-Dawley-ratswererandomizedtothreegroupsof16animalseach(Ⅰ:vehicle;Ⅱ:everolimus3mg/kgpo;Ⅲ:everolimus3mg/kgpo+hGH2.5mg/kgsc).AnimalswerepretreatedwithhGHand/oreverolimusdailyforsevendays.Thenastandardanastomosiswascreatedinthedescendingcolonandtreatmentwascontinuedforanothersevendays.Theanastomosiswasresectedintotoandtheburstingpressurewasassessedasamechanicalparameterofintestinalhealing.Moreover,biochemical(Hydroxyproline,PCNA,MPO,MMP-2andMMP-9)andhistological(celldensity,angiogenesis,amountofgranulationtissue)parametersofintestinalhealingwereassessed.RESULTS:AnastomoticburstingpressurewassignificantlyreducedbyeverolimusandasimultaneoustreatmentwithhGHresultedinconsiderablyhighervalues(Ⅰ:134±19mmHg,Ⅱ:85±25mmHg,Ⅲ:114±25mmHg;P<0.05,ⅠvsⅡ;P=0.09,ⅠvsⅢandⅡvsⅢ)HydroxyprolineconcentrationwassignificantlyincreasedbyhGHcomparedtoeverolimusalone(Ⅰ:14.9±2.5μg/mg,Ⅱ:8.9±3.6μg/mg,Ⅲ:11.9±2.8μg/mg;P<0.05,?ⅠvsⅡ/ⅢandⅡvsⅢ).ThenumberofMPO-positivecellswasreducedsignificantlybyhGHcomparedtoeverolimusalone(Ⅰ:10±1n/mm~2,Ⅱ:15±3n/mm~2,Ⅲ:9±2n/mm~2;P<0.05,ⅠvsⅡandⅡvsⅢ),whilethenumberofPCNA-positivecellswereincreasedbyhGH(Ⅰ:28±3/mm~2,Ⅱ:12±3/mm~2,Ⅲ:26±12/mm~2;P<0.05,?Ⅰ?vsⅡandⅡvsⅢ).Correspondingtothesebiochemicalfindings,HEhistologyrevealedsignificantlyincreasedamountofgranulationtissueinhGH-treatedanimals.CONCLUSION:InhibitionofintestinalwoundhealingbyeverolimusispartiallyneutralizedbysimultaeoustreatmentwithhGH.BothinflammationaswellascollagendepositionisinfluencedbyhGH.

简介：Angiogenesis在出生后的生命期间在胚胎的脉管的树的发展以及处于几个正常、病理学的条件起一个基本作用。Bloodsupply，由neovascularization建立了，在愈合弯屈期间为histogenesis是必要的以及变长的手足在骨胳的损伤sequalae的治疗广泛地适用。Butlittle注意对这个区域被给予了。这评论试图在机械应力下面总结angiogenesis规定，在愈合的创伤中的angiogenesis的过程和angiogenesis，特别地与紧张压力原则联合。

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