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简介：WENXiangcaiisonthestaffofChinaNationalEnvironmentalMonitoringCenter.Herjobiscollectingandaggregatingdata,whichisgreatforher-she’sascientist.ButinrecentyearsWenfeelslikeshe’sturnedintosomethingofamediapersonality.Sheisaskedquestionsonavarietyoftopicswhensheattendsconferences,andsheisofteninterviewedbyjournalistsforherexpertopinion.AsenvironmentalconsciousnesshasgrowninChinaoverthepastfewyears,moreandmorepeoplewanttoknow

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简介：AbstractThere is considerable epidemiological evidence indicating that air pollution has adverse effects on human health and is closely related to respiratory diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). These effects, which can be divided into short- and long-term effects, can manifest as an exacerbation of existing symptoms, impaired lung function, and increased hospitalization and mortality rates. Long-term exposure to air with a high concentration of pollutants may also increase the incidence of COPD. The combined effects of different pollutants may become more complex in the future; hence, there is a need for more intensive research on specific at-risk populations, and formulating corresponding protective strategies is crucial. We aimed to review the epidemiological evidence on the effect of air pollution on COPD, the possible pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this effect, as well as protective measures against the effects of air pollutants in patients with COPD.

简介：AbstractExposure to outdoor air pollution has been consistently associated with asthma. In this study, we reviewed the epidemiological studies published within the last 5 years on the association between outdoor air pollution and exacerbation and onset of asthma. A large number of studies have been published within the last 5 years. Short-term exposure to outdoor air pollution is associated with exacerbation of pre-existing asthma, manifested as worsening of symptoms and increasing of asthma-related emergency room visits and hospital admissions. Furthermore, increasing evidence suggests that long-term exposure to outdoor air pollution can result in onset of asthma. Children are more susceptible to outdoor air pollution. Future studies should be conducted to explore the mechanisms underlying the association between air pollutants and onset of asthma, including gene involvement. In addition, disentangling the effect of a mixture of air pollutants and identifying the key components of air pollution will complete the existing evidence. More importantly, a better understanding is required on the future impact of air pollution on asthma under a changing climate.

简介：Byanalysisofobservationdata,thispaperdemonstratesthatpollutionparticlescouldreducesurfacewindspeedthroughblockingsolarradiationtotheground.ThecomparationbetweentemperatureatthelowlandmeteorologicalstationXi’anandthatoverthenearbyhighlandstationMt.HuasuggeststhatsurfacesolarradiationatXi’anisreducedduetotheincreasinganthropogenicaerosols.Thereducedsurfaceenergysuppressestheatmosphericinstabilityandconvectiveflows,andthusthedownwardtransferoffasterwindsaloftisreduced.Consequently,windspeedsnearsurfaceareweakened.Thisreductionofsurfacewindsisshownbythesignificantreversetrendsofwindspeedsoverthetwostationsatdifferentelevations.Theaerosols’effectsonwindsarealsomanifestedinthetrendsofradionsondewindspeed.ThedecreasedsurfacewindsinXi’anhavealsoreducedlocalpanevaporation.

简介：AbstractObjective:To summarize the main updated evidence about the health effects of air pollution, with a special focus on Southern Europe.Data sources:Literature was obtained through PubMed Central and the official websites of European Agencies and Scientific Societies.Study selection:Recent shreds of evidence about the health effects of air pollution coming from international reports and original research were collected and described in this review.Results:Air pollution is an avoidable risk factor that causes a huge burden for society, in terms of death, health disorders, and huge socio-economic costs. The southern European countries face a more threatening problem because they experience the effects of both anthropogenic pollutants and natural dusts (particulate matter [PM]). The European Environment Agency reported the number of premature deaths in the 28 countries of the European Union attributable to air pollutant exposure in the year 2016: 374,000 for PM2.5, 68,000 for nitrogen dioxide, and 14,000 for ozone. In Italy, time series and analytical epidemiological studies showed increased cardiorespiratory hospital admissions and mortality, as well as increased risk of respiratory diseases in people living in urban areas.Conclusions:Based on abundant evidence, the World Health Organization, which hosts the Global Alliance against Chronic Respiratory Diseases (GARD), the scientific respiratory societies, and the patients’ associations, as well as others in the health sector, must increase their engagement in advocacy for clean air policies.

简介：Thestudyofairemissioninmaritimetransportationisnew,andtherecognitionofitsimportancehasbeenrisingintherecentdecade.TheemissionsofCO2,SO2,NO2andparticulatemattersfrommaritimetransportationhavecontributedtoclimatechangeandenvironmentaldegradation.Scientifically,analystsstillhavecontroversiesregardinghowtocalculatetheemissionsandhowtochoosethebaselineandmethodologies.Threemethodsaregenerallyused,namelythe'bottomup'approach,the'topdown'approachandtheSTEEM,whichproduceverydifferentresults,leadingtovariouspaperswithgreatuncertainties.This,inturn,resultsingreatdifficultiestopolicymakerswhoattempttoregulatetheemissions.Arecenttechnique,theSTEEM,isintendedtocombinetheformertwomethodstoreducetheirdrawbacks.However,theregulationsbasedonitsresultsmayincreasethecostsofshippingcompaniesandcausethecompetitivenessoftheportstatesandcoastalstates.Quiteafewpapershavefocusedonthisareaandprovidedanotherfreshperspectivefortheairemissiontobeincorporatedinmaritimetransportationregulations;thesefactsdeservemoreattention.Thispaperistoreviewtheliteratureonthedebatesoverairemissioncalculation,withparticularattentiongiventotheSTEEMandtherefinedestimationmethods.Italsoreviewsrelatedliteratureontheeconomicanalysisofmaritimetransportationemissionregulations,andprovidesaninsightintosuchanalysis.Attheendofthispaper,basedonareviewandanalysisofpreviousliterature,weconcludewiththepolicyindicationsinthefutureandworkthatshouldbedone.AstherelatedregulationsinmaritimetransportationemissionsarestillattheirbeginningstageinChina,thispaperprovidesspecificsuggestionsonhowChinashouldregulateemissionsinthemaritimetransportationsector.

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简介：AbstractA 1-day symposium before the annual meeting of the Global Alliance against Chronic Respiratory Diseases, gathered authorities and researchers from around the world to discuss the impact of air pollution on human and planetary health. Air quality is a high priority for Global Alliance against Chronic Respiratory Diseases and China, the host country. This article presents a summary, commentary, and amplification of the 17 presentations. Air pollution is closely linked with global warming and harms most body systems even at levels below international standards. Information about the genetic, cellular, and metabolic effects of exposure to air pollution is important for better understanding of individual responses and even potential therapeutic mediation. Reducing air pollution at its source leads to prompt and important benefits and should be the first priority for political and public action.

简介：AbstractRising emissions of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have warmed the planet substantially and are also accompanied by poor air quality. The increased prevalence of allergic airway disease worldwide can be partially attributed to those global environmental changes. Climate change and air pollution pose adverse impacts on respiratory allergies, and that the mechanisms are complex and interactive. Adverse weather conditions, such as extreme temperatures, can act directly on the respiratory tract to induce allergic respiratory illnesses. Thunderstorms and floods can alter the production and distribution of aeroallergens while wildfires and dust storms increase air pollution, and therefore indirectly enhance health risks. Concentrations of particulate matter and ozone in the air have been projected to increase with climate warming and air stagnation, and the rising temperatures and CO2 increase pollen, molds, and spores, which escalate the risk of allergic respiratory diseases. The synergistic effects of extreme heat and aeroallergens intensify the toxic effect of air pollutants, which in turn augment the allergenicity of aeroallergens. With the Earth’s climate change, migration of humans and plants shift the living environments and allergens of susceptible people. Urban residents are exposed to multiple factors while children are sensitive to environmental exposure. Since climate change may pose many unexpected and persistent effects on allergic respiratory diseases, health professionals should advocate for effective mitigation and adaptation strategies to minimize its respiratory health effects.

简介：AbstractThis review analyzes the state and recent progress in the field of information support for pollen allergy sufferers. For decades, information available for the patients and allergologists consisted of pollen counts, which are vital but insufficient. New technology paves the way to substantial increase in amount and diversity of the data. This paper reviews old and newly suggested methods to predict pollen and air pollutant concentrations in the air and proposes an allergy risk concept, which combines the pollen and pollution information and transforms it into a qualitative risk index. This new index is available in an app (Mobile Airways Sentinel NetworK-air) that was developed in the frame of the European Union grant Impact of Air POLLution on sleep, Asthma and Rhinitis (a project of European Institute of Innovation and Technology-Health). On-going transformation of the pollen allergy information support is based on new technological solutions for pollen and air quality monitoring and predictions. The new information-technology and artificial-intelligence-based solutions help to convert this information into easy-to-use services for both medical practitioners and allergy sufferers.

简介：AbstractGrowing evidence suggests pollution and other environmental factors have a role in the development of tuberculosis (TB), however, such studies have never been conducted in Peru. Considering the association between air pollution and specific geographic areas, our objective was to determine the spatial distribution and clustering of TB incident cases in Lima and their co-occurrence with clusters of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and poverty. We found co-occurrences of clusters of elevated concentrations of air pollutants such as PM2.5, high poverty indexes, and high TB incidence in Lima. These findings suggest an interplay of socio-economic and environmental in driving TB incidence.

简介：Outdoorairpollutionisaknownriskfactorformortalityandmorbidity.Thetypeofairpollutantmostreliablyassociatedwithdiseaseisparticulatematter(PM),especiallyfinerparticulatematterthatcanreachdeeperintothelungslikePM_(2.5)(particulatematterdiameter<2.5μm).SomesubpopulationsmaybeparticularlyvulnerabletoPMpollution.Thisreviewfocusesononesubgroup,long-termstrokesurvivors,andtheemergingevidencesuggestingthatsurvivorsofastrokemaybeatahigherriskfromthedeleteriouseffectsofPMpollution.Whilethemechanismsformortalityarestillunderdebate,long-termstrokesurvivorsmaybevulnerabletosimilarmechanismsthatunderliethewell-establishedassociationbetweenPMpollutionandcardiovasculardisease.Thefactthatlong-termstrokesurvivorsofischemic,butnothemorrhagic,strokesappeartobemorevulnerabletotheriskofdeathfromhigherPMpollutionmayalsobolstertheconnectiontoischemicheartdisease.SurvivorsofanischemicstrokemaybemorevulnerabletodyingfromhigherconcentrationsofPMpollutionthanthegeneralpopulation.TheclinicalimplicationsofthisassociationsuggestthatreducedexposuretoPMpollutionmayresultinfewerdeathsamongststrokesurvivors.

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简介：Longlongago,ourworldwasverybeautiful,thereweretrees,flowers,rivers...theywereverycleanandtidy.Butnow,thehillsarenrtgreen,theriversaren'tclean,thefishhasdied.Pollutionisbecomingmoreandmoreseriousallovertheworld.Wearelivinginapollutedenvironmentwhichisbadforourhealth.

简介：AlthoughtheimpactofroadtransportonurbanairqualityhasachievedahighprofileinChina,stillgreaterattentionisrequiredasithasnotyetbeenconsideredfullyeveninrelationtotheroadnetworklinkingcitiesandurbanareas.Strategicenvironmentalassessment(SEA)isasystematicandcomprehensiveprocessforevaluatingtheenvironmentalimpactsofapolicy,planorprograminpubliclyaccountabledecision-making.AirpollutionhasbeenrecognizedasasignificantissueinmosttransportSEApractices.TheStrategicEnvironmentalAssessmentoftheHubeiRoadNetworkPlan(2002-2020)(HRNP)wasintroducedasoneoftheWorldBank'spilotSEAprojects.Aneffectiveframeworkwasdevelopedtoinvestigatethefunctionalrelationshipbetweentheroadnetworkanditspotentialairpollutantemissions.Inthisstudy,twoindicatorswereidentified:emissionintensity/inventoryofpollutantsandthespatialdistributionofthemostpollutedareas.Becausestrategicactionsareinherentlynebulousanddataqualityisoftendisappointing,threealternativescenarioswereemployedtoaddressuncertaintiesanddata/scaleissues.Calculationsweremadeusingemissionmodelsandresultswereanalyzedwiththehelpofstatisticaltoolsandthegeographicinformationsystem(GIS).TheresultsfromtheprojectimplementationandthefeedbackfromtheWorldBankhavebothshownthattheproposedframeworkiseffectiveinthetransportSEAprocess.

简介：Lifetodayhasbroughtnewproblems.Asweknow,therearefourterriblepollutionsintheworld:waterpollution,noisepollution,airpol-lutionandrubbishpollution.Waterpollutionkillsourfishandpollutesourdrinkingwater.Noisepollutionmakesustalklouderandbecomeangrymoreeasily.Airpollutionmakesusholdourbreathlongerandbebadtoalllivingthingsintheworld.Rubbishpollutionoftenmakesourlivingenvironmentmuchdirtier.ButIthinkthattheInternetpollutionisanothernewpollutionintheworld.

简介：AfieldexperimentwasconductedtostudytheeffectsofPb,Cd,Cu,ZnandAscoexistinginredsoilongrowthofrice(OryzasativaL.)mungbean(Vignarabiata(Linn.)Wilczek),alfalfa(MedicagosativaL.),Slashpine(PinuselliottiiEngelm.)andaspen(PopulusL.).Resultsshowedthatrice,mungbeanandalfalfaweresignificantlyinfluencedbycombinedpoollutionoftheheavymetals,thecontentsofPb,CdandAsinricegrainsgreatlyexceededtheNationalStandardsforFoodHygieneofChina.Heavymetalsatahighconcentrationseriouslyretardedgrowthofmungbeanandalfalfa,butnotsoobviouslywithslashpineandaspen.Thecompositeindexissuggestedforevaluatingtherelativityofcombinedpollutionwithheavymetalsinsoil.