简介：Forty-threepatientswithchronicspinalcordinjuryforover6monthsweretransplantedwithembryonicolfactoryensheathingcells,2–4×106,intomultiplesitesintheinjuredareaunderthesurgicalmicroscope.Thesympatheticskinresponseinpatientswasmeasuredwithanelectromyography/evokedpotentialinstrument1daybeforetransplantationand3–8weeksaftertransplantation.SpinalnervefunctionofpatientswasassessedusingtheAmericanSpinalInjuryAssociationimpairmentscale.Thesympatheticskinresponsewaselicitedin32casesbeforeolfactoryensheathingcelltransplantation,whileitwasobservedin34casesaftertransplantation.Concomitantly,sympatheticskinresponselatencydecreasedsignificantlyandamplitudeincreasedsignificantlyaftertransplantation.TransplantationofolfactoryensheathingcellsalsoimprovedAmericanSpinalInjuryAssociationscoresformovement,painandlighttouch.Ourfindingsindicatethatolfactoryensheathingcelltransplantationimprovesmotor,sensoryandautonomicnervefunctionsinpatientswithchronicspinalcordinjury.

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简介：BACKGROUND:PreparationofGinkgoleafhasbeenwidelyusedtoimprovecognitivedeficitsanddementia,inparticularinAlzheimer'sdiseasepatients.However,theprecisemechanismofactionofGinkgoleafremainsunclear.OBJECTIVE:ToexploretheeffectofGinkgoBilobaextract(Egb761),Ginaton,onβ-secretaseexpressioninrathippocampalneuronalculturesfollowingchronichypoxicandhypoglycemicconditions.DESIGN,TIMEANDSETTNG:Completelybyrandomized,groupingstudy.TheexperimentwasperformedattheLaboratoryofMolecularImaging,SoutheastUniversitybetweenAugust2006andAugust2007.MATERIALS:Atotalof128Wistarratsaged24hourswereselected,andhippocampalneuronswereharvestedforprimarycultures.METHODS:Onday7,primaryhippocampalneuronalculturesweretreatedwithEgb761(0,25,50,100,150,and200μg/mL)underhypoxic/hypoglycemicorhypoglycemiccultureconditionsfor12,24,and36hours,respectively.Hippocampalneuronsculturedinprimaryculturemediumservedascontrol.MAINOUTCOMEMEASURES:Cellviabilitywasassayedusing3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide(MTT);fluorescencedetectionofβ-secretaseactivitywasperformed;WesternBlotwasusedtomeasureβ-secretaseexpression.RESULTS:Cellviabilityunderhypoxic/hypoglycemicorhypoglycemiccultureconditionswassignificantlylessthancontrolcells(P<0.05).Underhypoxic/hypoglycemicorhypoglycemiccultureconditions,treatmentwith25μg/mLEgb761didnotaltercellviability.However,>25μg/mLEgb761inducedgreatercellviability(P<0.05).Nodifferenceswereobservedbetweenhypoxic/hypoglycemicorhypoglycemiccells(P>0.05).α-secretaseactivitywasincreasedafter12hoursinhypoxic/hypoglycemicculture(P<0.01).Therewerenosignificantdifferencesbetweenthe12-,24-,or36-hourEgb761groupsandthehypoxic/hypoglycemicgroups(P>0.05).β-secretaseactivitywasgreaterafter12,24,and36hoursinhypoxic/hypoglycemiccultureconditions,comp

简介：BACKGROUND:Drugaddictioninvolvestwomaincentralnervoussystems,namelythedopamineandnoradrenalinesystems.Thesesystemsareprimarilydistributedinfivebrainregions:theventraltegmentalarea,thenucleusaccumbens,theprefrontalcortex,thehippocampus,andthelocuscoeruleus.OBJECTIVE:Toinvestigateregionalchangesofguaninenucleotidebindingprotein-inhabitant2(Gi2)indopaminergicandnoradrenergicneuronsinbrainsofmorphine-tolerantand-dependentrats.DESIGN,TIME,ANDSETTING:ArandomizedcontrolstudywasperformedattheDepartmentofNeu-robiologyintheSecondMilitaryMedicalUniversityofChinesePLA(Shanghai,China)betweenSeptember2002andMarch2004.MATERIALS:Thirty-six,healthy,male,Sprague-Dawley(SD)ratswereusedtoestablishmorphine-dependentmodels.MorphinehydrochloridewasaproductofShenyangFirstPharmaceuticalFactory(China);naloxonehydrochloridewasaproductofBeijingFour-RingPharmaceuticalFactory(China);andαsubunitofGi2antibodywasofferedbySantaCruzBiotechnology,Inc(USA).METHODS:Thirty-sixSDratswererandomlydividedintosixgroups(n=6):(1)acutemor-phine-dependentgroup,(2)acuteabstinentgroup,(3)acutecontrolgroup,(4)chronicmorphine-dependentgroup,(5)chronicabstinentgroup,and(6)chroniccontrolgroup.Ratsintheacutemorphine-dependentandtheacutegroupswereinjectedwithmorphine(5mg/kg),oneinjectioneverytwohours,foratotalofeightinjections.Intheacuteandchronicmorphine-dependentratmodels,morphinewithdrawalsyndromewasprecipitatedbyaninjectionofnaloxone(5mg/kg).Ratsintheacutecontrolgroupweregivenaperitonealinjectionofphysiologicalsalineatthesameadministrationtimeastheabovetwogroups.Ratsinthechronicmorphine-dependentandchronicabstinentgroupswereinjectedwithmorphinethreetimesperday.Theadministrationdoseonday1wasinitially5mg/kgat20:00,whichincreasedby5mg/kgat8:00,12:00,and20:00untilday7.Onday

简介：SpinaldorsalhornN-Methyl-D-asparticacidreceptor2B(NR2B)overexpressionplaysanimportantroleintheproductionandmaintenanceofneuropathicpain.BecausesmallinterferingRNA(siRNA)caninhibitNR2Bexpression,siRNAmayprovideanovelapproachtotreatneuropathicpainandpossiblynerveinjury.However,anefficientandsafevectorforNR2BsiRNAhasnotbeendiscov-ered.Thisstudyshowsthatawatersolublelipopolymer(WSLP)comprisedoflowmolecularweightpolyethyleneimine(PEI)andcholesterolcandeliversiRNAtargetingNR2Bforthetreatmentofneuropathicpain.ResultsshowthatintrathecalinjectionofWSLP/siRNAcomplexesfor3daysin-hibitNR2BgeneexpressionwithreductionsinmRNAandproteinlevelsby59%and54%,respec-tively,comparedwithcontrolrats(P<0.01).InjectionofWSLPcomplexedwithscrambledsiRNA,orPEIwithsiRNAdidnotshowthisinhibitoryeffect.Moreover,injectionofWSLP/siRNAcomplexessignificantlyrelievedneuropathicpainat3,7,12,and21days,whileinjectionofWSLPwithscrambledsiRNAorPEIwithsiRNAdidnot.TheseresultsdemonstratethatWSLPcanefficientlydeliversiRNAtargetingNR2Binvivoandrelieveneuropathicpain.