简介：最近的研究揭开了激活主人的二个发信号小径对病毒的感染的天生的免疫。小径之一利用像使用费的受体(TLR)的成员检测通过endocytosis进入内涵体的病毒的家庭。TLR小径通过最终导致抄写因素NF-kappaB，IRF3和IRF7的激活的几发信号的蛋白质导致干扰素生产。另外的抗病毒的小径为细胞内部的病毒的双strandedRNA把RNAhelicaseRIG-I用作受体。RIG-I通过最近识别的适配器蛋白质MAVS激活NF-kappaB和IRF，包含居住在mitochondrial膜的蛋白质的一个卡片领域。MAVS为抗病毒的天生的免疫是必要的，但是它也用作丙肝病毒(HCV)的一个目标，它采用病毒的朊酶劈开MAVS离开线粒体，从而允许HCV逃离主人免疫系统。

简介：1Chemistryandsynthesis1.1ProductionandcontrolofmaterialsThesedaystherecanbefewpeoplewhodonotknowthatproteinsaredefinedbyDNA.DNAismadeoftwostrands,eachofwhichhasalongit,likeastringoffairylights,sidebranchesthatmeetbetweenthestrandsandholdthemtogether.

简介：效法传统的发展遗传，在最后15年的研究证明了对细菌和真菌的天生的免疫主要被二条NF-B信号转导小径，使用费和IMD管理。抗病毒的免疫看起来源自RNA干扰，而对parasitoids的抵抗被使用费发信号授与。规章的机制和大多数果蝇免疫基因的注解从功能的genomic导出的这些post-transcriptional的鉴定用“模型”学习病原体，未经触动的动物和房间线。D。当他们变得识别，melanogaster主人因此提供了能被用来学习回答到自然微生物引起、后生动物的病原体，以及测试选择和进化变化的想法的核心信息。这些分析具有到在主人抵抗理解另外的昆虫主人病原体相互作用的机制和变化的决定因素的一般重要性。

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简介：MicroRNAs(miRNAs)areendogenouslyexpressednon-codingRNAsof20-24nucleotides,whichpost-transcriptionallyregulategeneexpressioninplantsandanimals.RecentlyithasbeenrecognizedthatmiRNAscompriseoneoftheabundantgenefamiliesinmulticellularspecies,andtheirregulatoryfunctionsinvariousbiologicalprocessesarewidelyspread.Therehasbeenasurgeintheresearchactivitiesinthisfieldinthepastfewyears.Fromtheverybeginning,computationalmethodshavebeenutilizedasindispensabletools,andmanydiscoverieshavebeenobtainedthroughcombinationofexperimentalandcomputationalapproaches.Inthisreview,bothbiologicalandcomputationalaspectsofmiRNAwillbediscussed.AbriefhistoryofthediscoveryofmiRNAanddiscussionofmicroarrayapplicationsinmiRNAresearcharealsoincluded.

简介：天生的免疫系统认识到通过编码germline的模式识别受体(PRR)入侵病原体，它得到天生的抗菌剂和煽动性的回答并且开始适应免疫控制或消除感染。像使用费的受体(TLR)和retinoic酸可诱导的基因(RIG-I)我是关键天生的有免疫力的PRR并且被精致的机制紧调整响应外国侵略者保证有益的结果。尽管许多在文学的焦点在发炎的蛋白质管理者的学习上，microRNAs(miRNAs)作为煽动性的过程的某些特征的重要控制器出现了。几miRNAs被TLR和RIG-I激活作为TLR并且RIG-I发信号的反馈管理者在myeloid房间和行为导致。在这评论，我们包括地讨论miRNA网络怎么对TLR并且RIG-I在煽动性的回答的开始和结束发信号和他们的角色作出回应的最近的理解。增加的证据也显示编码病毒的miRNAs和细胞的miRNAs在病毒的复制有重要功能并且招待抗病毒的豁免。

简介：Cancerisgenerallyregardedastheresultofabnormalgrowthofcells.AccordingtoWorldHealthOrganization,canceristheleadingcauseofmortalityworldwide.Mothernatureprovidesalargesourceofbioactivecompoundswithexcellenttherapeuticefficacy.Numerousphytochemicalsfromnaturehavebeeninvestigatedforanticancerproperties.Inthisreviewarticle,wediscussseveralnaturalcompounds,whichhaveshownanti-canceractivity.Naturalcompoundsinducecellcyclearrest,activateintrinsicandextrinsicapoptosispathways,generateReactiveOxygenSpecies(ROS),anddown-regulateactivatedsignalingpathways,resultingininhibitionofcellproliferation,progressionandmetastasisofcancer.Severalpreclinicalstudieshavesuggestedthatnaturalcompoundscanalsoincreasethesensitivityofresistantcancerstoavailablechemotherapyagents.Furthermore,combiningFDAapprovedanti-cancerdrugswithnaturalcompoundsresultsinimprovedefficacy.Onthebasisoftheseexcitingoutcomesofnaturalcompoundsagainstseveralcancertypes,severalagentshavealreadyadvancedtoclinicaltrials.Inconclusion,preclinicalresultsandclinicaloutcomesagainstcancersuggestpromisinganticancerefficacyofagentsfromnaturalsources.

简介：转变生长因素--尾除了Smads利用大量的细胞内部的发信号小径调整细胞的功能的一个宽数组。这些不在经典中，non-Smad小径被占据ligand的受体直接激活到增强，稀释，或不那样调制下游地细胞的回答。这些non-Smad小径包括地图kinase小径，象Rho一样GTPase发信号小径，和phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/AKT小径的各种各样的分支。这评论在non-Smad小径的分子、生物化学的机制的理解集中于最近的进展。另外，这些non-Smad小径的功能也被讨论。

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简介：Anacousticbasedinstrument,theABSAcousticBubbleSpectrometer??(ABS),wasinvestigatedforthedetectionandquantificationofbubblesinbiologicalmedia.Theseincludeviscoelasticmedia(blood),materialsofvaryingdensity(boneintissue),non-homogenousdistributionofbubbles(intravenousbubblyflow),andbubblesmigratingintissue(decompressionsickness,DCS).TheperformanceoftheABSwasdemonstratedinaseriesoflaboratoryexperiments.Validationofthecodewasperformedusingaviscoelasticpolymersolution,Polyox,inwhichthebubblesizedistributionandvoidfractionweredeterminedbyABSmeasurementsandwithimageanalysisofhighspeedvideos.ThesetestsshowedthattheaccuracyoftheABSwasnotsignificantlyaffectedbyviscoelasticityforbubblessmallerthan200microns.TheABSdetectionandmeasurementofnon-homogenousbubbledistributionswasdemonstratedusingabubblyflowthroughasimulatedveinsurroundedbytissue.Thescatterofacousticsignalsduetobonesintheacousticpathwaywasalsoinvestigated.Thesein-vitroexperimentsweredoneusingmeat(beef)asatissuesimulant.Decompressionexperimentsweredoneusingbeefmeatwhichwasheldunderwaterathighpressure(9.9atm)thenrapidlydecompressed.Bubblesizedistributionsandvoidfractioncalculationsintheseexperimentswerethenvalidatedusingimageanalysisofhighspeedvideo.Inaddition,preliminaryexperimentswereperformedwiththeUSNavyMedicalResearchCenter,demonstratingtheutilityofthemodifiedABSsystemindetectingtheevolutionofbubblesinswineundergoingdecompressionsickness(DCS).TheseresultsindicatethattheABSmaybeusedtodetectandquantifytheevolutionofbubblesin-vivoandaidinthemonitoringofDCS.

简介：Anopen-endedcoaxiallinereflectionmethodespeciallysuitableformeas-uringthedielectricpropertiesofbiologicaltissueinvivoisdescribed.Thismethodofferstheadvantageofnotrequiringanyspecialpreparationofthesamplestobemeasuredbutaclosecontactwiththeopenendofacoaxialline.Itis,therefore,veryconvenienttoacquirealargenumberofmeasurementdatainbroadbandrapidly.Themethodmayalsobeusedtomeasurethepropertiesofothersubstances.ThemeasuringsystemconsistsofanetworkanalyzercontrolledbyamicrocomputerandcalibratedbyusingANAproceduretoelimi-hatetheinflunceoferrornetworkintroducedbytheadapter,someconnectors,etc.Inor-dertoreachhigheraccuracy,theiterativemethodisusedtodeterminetheparametersoftheequivalentcircuit.Measurementsofpermeativitiesofsomelivingtissueshavebeenper-formedinthefrequencybandof0.5-2GHz.Comparedwiththeresultsknowninsomepapers,thevalidityofthismethodhasbeenconfirmed.Thedifferenceindielectricproper-tiesbetweenlivinganddeadtissues,andthetissuepermeativites(ε)versusfrequencyanddurationofmeasurementafterdeathhavealsobeenmeasured.

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简介：Thispaperdiscussesproblemsinbio-pulping,putsforwardtheresolutiontotheseproblems,andpointsouttheadvantagesofbio-pulpingandfuturedevelopmentpotential.

简介：Intheindustrializedcountriesthemaingoalatthenationalhealthcarepolicymakinglevelistocontaincostswithoutcompromizingthetwogoalsofhealthcare:accessandquality.Atthesametimemedicineisevolvingthroughinevntions,inno-vationsandimprovements.Technologieswhichcanbeusedtoprolonglifebutwhicharenotcurativehavealsoimprovedandbecomewidelyused.Withtheageingpopu-lationsoftheindustrializedcountriescontainingcostsisgettingextremelydifficult.

简介：Biologicalelementsusuallyexerttheirfunctionsthroughinteractionswithotherstoformvarioustypesofbiologicalnetworks.Theabilityofcontrollingthedynamicsofbiologicalnetworksisofenormousbenefitstopharmaceuticalandmedicalindustryaswellasscientificresearch.Thoughtherearemanymathematicalmethodsforsteeringdynamicsystemstowardsdesiredstates,themethodsareusuallynotfeasibleforapplyingtocomplexbiologicalnetworks.Thedifficultiescomefromthelackofaccuratemodelthatcancapturethedynamicsofinteractionsbetweenbiologicalelementsandthefactthatmanymathematicalmethodsarecomputationallyintractableforlarge-scalenetworks.Recently,aconceptincontroltheory--controllability,hasbeenappliedtoinvestigatethedynamicsofcomplexnetworks.Inthisarticle,recentadvancesonthecontrollabilityofcomplexnetworksandapplicationstobiologicalnetworksarereviewed.Developingdynamicmodelsisthepriorconcernforanalyzingdynamicsofbiologicalnetworks.First,weintroduceawidelyuseddynamicmodelforinvestigatingcontrollabilityofcomplexnetworks.Thenrecentstudiesoftheoremsandalgorithmsforhavingcomplexbiologicalnetworkscontrollableingeneralorspecificapplicationscenariosarereviewed.Finally,applicationstorealbiologicalnetworksmanifestthatinvestigatingthecontrollabilityofbiologicalnetworkscanshedlightsonmanycriticalphysiologicalormedicalproblems,suchasrevealingbiologicalmechanismsandidentifyingdrugtargets,fromasystematicperspective.

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简介：Masterdevelopmentalpathways,suchasNotch,Wnt,andHedgehog,aresignalingsystemsthatcontrolproliferation,celldeath,motility,migration,andstemness.Thesesystemsarenotonlycommonlyactivatedinmanysolidtumors,wheretheydriveorcontributetocancerinitiation,butalsoinprimaryandmetastatictumordevelopment.Thereactivationofdevelopmentalpathwaysincancerstromafavorsthedevelopmentofcancerstemcellsandallowstheirmaintenance,indicatingthesesignalingpathwaysasparticularlyattractivetargetsforefficientanticancertherapies,especiallyinadvancedprimarytumorsandmetastaticcancers.Metastasisistheworstfeatureofcancerdevelopment.Thisfeatureresultsfromacascadeofeventsemergingfromthehijackingofepithelial-mesenchymaltransition,angiogenesis,migration,andinvasionbytransformingcellsandisassociatedwithpoorsurvival,drugresistance,andtumorrelapse.Inthepresentreview,wesummarizeanddiscussexperimentaldatasuggestingpivotalrolesfordevelopmentalpathwaysincancerdevelopmentandmetastasis,consideringthetherapeuticpotential.EmergingtargetedantimetastatictherapiesbasedonNotch,Wnt,andHedgehogpathwaysarealsodiscussed.

简介：我们为在人的线粒体与氨基酸新陈代谢联系的新陈代谢的小径的鉴定和重建使用了一条生物信息学途径。试验性、计算的方法决定的人的mitochondrial蛋白质从KEGG数据库在参考小径上被迭加识别mitochondrial小径。在为每条重建的小径的入口和出口点的酶被识别，并且mitochondrial溶质搬运人蛋白质是坚定的在哪儿适用。在mitochondrial小径的中间的酶基于从公共数据库，在当前的文学的证据，或我们的MITOPRED程序可得到的注解被识别，它预言蛋白质的mitochondrial本地化。通过从试验性、文献、计算的来源导出的数据的集成，我们重建了氨基酸在人的线粒体的新陈代谢的小径，它帮助能更好处于人的健康理解mitochondrial新陈代谢和它的角色。

简介：Thequantumvibrationalenergy-spectraincludinghighexcitedstatesoftheproteinmoleculeshavebeencalculatedbynewtheoryofbio-energytransportalongtheproteinmoleculesanditsdynamicequation,discretenonlinearSchrodingerequation,appropriatetotheproteinmoleculesonthebasisofthelevelofmolecularstructure.Thisenergy-spectraobtainedarebasicallyconsistentwiththeexperimentalvaluesbyinfraredabsorptionandradiatedmeasurementofperson'shandsandlaser-RamanspectrumfrommetabolicallyactiveE.Coli..Fromthisenergy-spectraweknowthattheinfraredlightswith(1-3)x1000nmand(5-7)x1000nmwavelengthcanbeabsorbedbytheproteinmoleculesinthelivingsystems.Inaccordancewiththenon-lineartheoryofthebio-energytransportweknowthattheenergyoftheinfraredlightabsorbedbytheproteinscanresultinvibrationsofamide-Iinaminoacidsandcanfacilitatethebio-energytransportalongtheproteinmolecularchainsfromoneplacetootherforthegrowthoflivingbodies.Thisprocesseisnon-thermal.Thisisjustnon-thermaleffectoftheinfraredlights.Accordingtothemechanismweexplainedfurtherthemedicalfunctionsoftheinfraredlightsabsorbed.

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