简介：1Chemistryandsynthesis1.1ProductionandcontrolofmaterialsThesedaystherecanbefewpeoplewhodonotknowthatproteinsaredefinedbyDNA.DNAismadeoftwostrands,eachofwhichhasalongit,likeastringoffairylights,sidebranchesthatmeetbetweenthestrandsandholdthemtogether.

简介：MicroRNAs(miRNAs)areendogenouslyexpressednon-codingRNAsof20-24nucleotides,whichpost-transcriptionallyregulategeneexpressioninplantsandanimals.RecentlyithasbeenrecognizedthatmiRNAscompriseoneoftheabundantgenefamiliesinmulticellularspecies,andtheirregulatoryfunctionsinvariousbiologicalprocessesarewidelyspread.Therehasbeenasurgeintheresearchactivitiesinthisfieldinthepastfewyears.Fromtheverybeginning,computationalmethodshavebeenutilizedasindispensabletools,andmanydiscoverieshavebeenobtainedthroughcombinationofexperimentalandcomputationalapproaches.Inthisreview,bothbiologicalandcomputationalaspectsofmiRNAwillbediscussed.AbriefhistoryofthediscoveryofmiRNAanddiscussionofmicroarrayapplicationsinmiRNAresearcharealsoincluded.

简介：ＯＮＭＥＣＨＡＮＩＣＡＬＰＲＯＰＥＲＴＹＯＦＣＯＮＳＴＲＡＩＮＴＷｅｉＹａｎｇ（韦杨）；ＬｉａｎｇＬｉｆｕ（梁立孚）；ＬｉａｎｇＺｈｏｎｇｗｅｉ（梁忠伟）（ＲｅｃｅｉｖｅｄＳｅｐ．６，１９９４；ＣｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｅｄｂｙＣｈｉｅｎＷｅｉｚａｎｇ）Ａ...

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简介：Anacousticbasedinstrument,theABSAcousticBubbleSpectrometer??(ABS),wasinvestigatedforthedetectionandquantificationofbubblesinbiologicalmedia.Theseincludeviscoelasticmedia(blood),materialsofvaryingdensity(boneintissue),non-homogenousdistributionofbubbles(intravenousbubblyflow),andbubblesmigratingintissue(decompressionsickness,DCS).TheperformanceoftheABSwasdemonstratedinaseriesoflaboratoryexperiments.Validationofthecodewasperformedusingaviscoelasticpolymersolution,Polyox,inwhichthebubblesizedistributionandvoidfractionweredeterminedbyABSmeasurementsandwithimageanalysisofhighspeedvideos.ThesetestsshowedthattheaccuracyoftheABSwasnotsignificantlyaffectedbyviscoelasticityforbubblessmallerthan200microns.TheABSdetectionandmeasurementofnon-homogenousbubbledistributionswasdemonstratedusingabubblyflowthroughasimulatedveinsurroundedbytissue.Thescatterofacousticsignalsduetobonesintheacousticpathwaywasalsoinvestigated.Thesein-vitroexperimentsweredoneusingmeat(beef)asatissuesimulant.Decompressionexperimentsweredoneusingbeefmeatwhichwasheldunderwaterathighpressure(9.9atm)thenrapidlydecompressed.Bubblesizedistributionsandvoidfractioncalculationsintheseexperimentswerethenvalidatedusingimageanalysisofhighspeedvideo.Inaddition,preliminaryexperimentswereperformedwiththeUSNavyMedicalResearchCenter,demonstratingtheutilityofthemodifiedABSsystemindetectingtheevolutionofbubblesinswineundergoingdecompressionsickness(DCS).TheseresultsindicatethattheABSmaybeusedtodetectandquantifytheevolutionofbubblesin-vivoandaidinthemonitoringofDCS.

简介：Anopen-endedcoaxiallinereflectionmethodespeciallysuitableformeas-uringthedielectricpropertiesofbiologicaltissueinvivoisdescribed.Thismethodofferstheadvantageofnotrequiringanyspecialpreparationofthesamplestobemeasuredbutaclosecontactwiththeopenendofacoaxialline.Itis,therefore,veryconvenienttoacquirealargenumberofmeasurementdatainbroadbandrapidly.Themethodmayalsobeusedtomeasurethepropertiesofothersubstances.ThemeasuringsystemconsistsofanetworkanalyzercontrolledbyamicrocomputerandcalibratedbyusingANAproceduretoelimi-hatetheinflunceoferrornetworkintroducedbytheadapter,someconnectors,etc.Inor-dertoreachhigheraccuracy,theiterativemethodisusedtodeterminetheparametersoftheequivalentcircuit.Measurementsofpermeativitiesofsomelivingtissueshavebeenper-formedinthefrequencybandof0.5-2GHz.Comparedwiththeresultsknowninsomepapers,thevalidityofthismethodhasbeenconfirmed.Thedifferenceindielectricproper-tiesbetweenlivinganddeadtissues,andthetissuepermeativites(ε)versusfrequencyanddurationofmeasurementafterdeathhavealsobeenmeasured.

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简介：Thispaperdiscussesproblemsinbio-pulping,putsforwardtheresolutiontotheseproblems,andpointsouttheadvantagesofbio-pulpingandfuturedevelopmentpotential.

简介：Intheindustrializedcountriesthemaingoalatthenationalhealthcarepolicymakinglevelistocontaincostswithoutcompromizingthetwogoalsofhealthcare:accessandquality.Atthesametimemedicineisevolvingthroughinevntions,inno-vationsandimprovements.Technologieswhichcanbeusedtoprolonglifebutwhicharenotcurativehavealsoimprovedandbecomewidelyused.Withtheageingpopu-lationsoftheindustrializedcountriescontainingcostsisgettingextremelydifficult.

简介：Biologicalelementsusuallyexerttheirfunctionsthroughinteractionswithotherstoformvarioustypesofbiologicalnetworks.Theabilityofcontrollingthedynamicsofbiologicalnetworksisofenormousbenefitstopharmaceuticalandmedicalindustryaswellasscientificresearch.Thoughtherearemanymathematicalmethodsforsteeringdynamicsystemstowardsdesiredstates,themethodsareusuallynotfeasibleforapplyingtocomplexbiologicalnetworks.Thedifficultiescomefromthelackofaccuratemodelthatcancapturethedynamicsofinteractionsbetweenbiologicalelementsandthefactthatmanymathematicalmethodsarecomputationallyintractableforlarge-scalenetworks.Recently,aconceptincontroltheory--controllability,hasbeenappliedtoinvestigatethedynamicsofcomplexnetworks.Inthisarticle,recentadvancesonthecontrollabilityofcomplexnetworksandapplicationstobiologicalnetworksarereviewed.Developingdynamicmodelsisthepriorconcernforanalyzingdynamicsofbiologicalnetworks.First,weintroduceawidelyuseddynamicmodelforinvestigatingcontrollabilityofcomplexnetworks.Thenrecentstudiesoftheoremsandalgorithmsforhavingcomplexbiologicalnetworkscontrollableingeneralorspecificapplicationscenariosarereviewed.Finally,applicationstorealbiologicalnetworksmanifestthatinvestigatingthecontrollabilityofbiologicalnetworkscanshedlightsonmanycriticalphysiologicalormedicalproblems,suchasrevealingbiologicalmechanismsandidentifyingdrugtargets,fromasystematicperspective.

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简介：寻物启事(LostProperty)是一种应用文体：考试时不常出现。LostProperty有两个意思。一是寻物启事。即失主丢失东西后，写的寻物启事。通常是一个表格。下面写上Pleasecontacttheownerifyoufoundanyofthethingslisted或Pleasetelephonetheperson(s)listedifyouhavefoundanyofthethingsshownon

简介：Thispaperprovesthat,underthehypothesisg(t,0,0)≡0andsomenaturalassumptions,thegeneratorgofabackwardstochasticdifferentialequationcanbeuniquelydeterminedbythecorrespondingg-expectationswithallterminalconditions.ThemainresultofthispaperalsoconfirmsandextendsPengShige'sconjecture.

简介：Considerasystemcontainingatypeofndevices.Eachdeviceconsistsofmparts.Givenmnpartsforndeviceswithdifferentworkingprobabilities,howdowegroupthemintondevicessuchthatthesystemismostreliable.Amonotonicgroupingmeansthatthebestpartsareputtogether,thenthebestremainingpartsareputtogether,etc..Asufficientandnecessaryconditionforsuchgroupingbeingoptimalwillbegiveninthispaper.Asanapplication,weshowthatthemonotonicgroupingisoptimalforthetwo-stagek-out-of-nsystem.Whenm=2,wealsostudythegroupingthatthebestpairstotheworst,thesecondbestpairstothesecondworst,etc.,associatedwitharedundantdeviceproblem.

简介：Thechemicalcomposition,fibercharacteristics,crystallinestructure,mechanicalpropertiesandthermalbehaviorofthefivespeciesofbamboo(Phyllostachyseduliscv.Pachyloe,Bambusatootisk,Arundinaiaamabilis,B.vulgariscv.Vittata,andDendrocalamusaffinis)werestudiedwithIR,X-ray,DSCandchemicalanalyses.Theresultsindicatedthatthebenzene-ethanolextractivecontentofbamboowashigherthanthatofwood,thecontentofligninandthecontentofpentosanwere19.1%-25.3%and14.9%-...

简介：Thequantumvibrationalenergy-spectraincludinghighexcitedstatesoftheproteinmoleculeshavebeencalculatedbynewtheoryofbio-energytransportalongtheproteinmoleculesanditsdynamicequation,discretenonlinearSchrodingerequation,appropriatetotheproteinmoleculesonthebasisofthelevelofmolecularstructure.Thisenergy-spectraobtainedarebasicallyconsistentwiththeexperimentalvaluesbyinfraredabsorptionandradiatedmeasurementofperson'shandsandlaser-RamanspectrumfrommetabolicallyactiveE.Coli..Fromthisenergy-spectraweknowthattheinfraredlightswith(1-3)x1000nmand(5-7)x1000nmwavelengthcanbeabsorbedbytheproteinmoleculesinthelivingsystems.Inaccordancewiththenon-lineartheoryofthebio-energytransportweknowthattheenergyoftheinfraredlightabsorbedbytheproteinscanresultinvibrationsofamide-Iinaminoacidsandcanfacilitatethebio-energytransportalongtheproteinmolecularchainsfromoneplacetootherforthegrowthoflivingbodies.Thisprocesseisnon-thermal.Thisisjustnon-thermaleffectoftheinfraredlights.Accordingtothemechanismweexplainedfurtherthemedicalfunctionsoftheinfraredlightsabsorbed.

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