简介：在激光，微波和类似的技术的进展导致了包含皮组织的热治疗的最近的开发。这些处理的有效性被管理由联合了影响织物的热、机械、生物、神经的回答：一个有利相互作用相对小的疼痛和没有持续副作用地导致一个过程。当前，尽管每个行为的方面到建立并且理解的某个程度，任何一个都不在学科交差的区域存在到日期。一条高度学科交差的途径为学习皮肤的biothermomechanical行为被要求，包含简历热转移，简历力学和生理学。对这个题目恰当的全面文学评论在这篇论文被介绍，盖住四个题目区域：(a)皮肤结构，(b)皮肤简历热转移和热损坏，(c)皮肤简历力学，和(d)皮肤biothermomechanics。为进一步的研究的主要问题，问题，和话题也被构画出。这评论发现在每这些方面的重要进展在最近的年里被完成了。尽管焦点被放在皮肤织物的biothermomechanical行为之上，在这篇论文考察的基本概念和方法论可能也为学习另外的软纸巾是适用的。

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简介：Anopen-endedcoaxiallinereflectionmethodespeciallysuitableformeas-uringthedielectricpropertiesofbiologicaltissueinvivoisdescribed.Thismethodofferstheadvantageofnotrequiringanyspecialpreparationofthesamplestobemeasuredbutaclosecontactwiththeopenendofacoaxialline.Itis,therefore,veryconvenienttoacquirealargenumberofmeasurementdatainbroadbandrapidly.Themethodmayalsobeusedtomeasurethepropertiesofothersubstances.ThemeasuringsystemconsistsofanetworkanalyzercontrolledbyamicrocomputerandcalibratedbyusingANAproceduretoelimi-hatetheinflunceoferrornetworkintroducedbytheadapter,someconnectors,etc.Inor-dertoreachhigheraccuracy,theiterativemethodisusedtodeterminetheparametersoftheequivalentcircuit.Measurementsofpermeativitiesofsomelivingtissueshavebeenper-formedinthefrequencybandof0.5-2GHz.Comparedwiththeresultsknowninsomepapers,thevalidityofthismethodhasbeenconfirmed.Thedifferenceindielectricproper-tiesbetweenlivinganddeadtissues,andthetissuepermeativites(ε)versusfrequencyanddurationofmeasurementafterdeathhavealsobeenmeasured.

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简介：对大脑和中央神经系统(CNS)的针的绳索的创伤的损害导致严重、永久的神经病学的赤字并且到日期，没有普遍接受的处理。由于深刻影响，广泛的研究被执行了瞄准减少煽动性的回答并且在损害以后在CNS克服禁止的环境以便提高新生。人工的脚手架可以为axonal新生和功能的恢复提供合适的环境，并且具有在损害在一个cavitary缺点导致了的情况中的特别重要性。在这评论，我们为CNS织物工程讨论脚手架的开发，集中于为设计并且制作脚手架的CNS损害，在研究被使用了的各种各样的biomaterials，和当前的策略的机制。

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简介：AbstractObjective:There has been a significant shift from open craniofacial resection of the anterior skull base to endoscopic approaches that accomplish the same outcomes in tumor ablation. However, when open resection is required, free flap reconstruction is often necessary to provide sufficient well-vascularized tissue for optimal wound healing as well as providing adequate tissue bulk for cosmesis. This articleaims to providea focused review of free flaps most commonly used in anterior skull base reconstruction.Methods:This is a state-of-the-art review based on expert opinion and previously published reviews and journal articles, queried using PubMed and Google Scholar.Results & conclusion:Anterior skull base reconstruction via free tissue transfer is imperative in limiting complications and promoting healing, particularly with large defects, post-radiation, and in at-risk patients. The type of free flap utilized for a particular anterior skull base reconstruction should be tailored to the patient and nature of the disease. This review offers insight into the numerous reconstructive options for the free flap surgeon.

简介：INTRODUCTIONTissueengineeringisapromisingapproachtolargesegmentalbonerepairfortrauma,replacementsurgery,skeletaldeficiencyorabnormaldevelopment.Thefabricationofboneregenerationscaffoldswithappropriateboneconductiveproperty,boneinductiveproperty,biodegradationpropertyandmechanicalpropertiesisthecruxofthisapproach.

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简介：INTRODUCTIONBonebiomaterialshavebeenwelldevelopedinrecentyearsandfrequentlyusedclinicallyinorthopedic,traumaticandodontologicalsurgeries.Amongst,bioceramicsissimilartothemineralconstituentsofourskeletonandhighlyappraisedduetoitsexcellentcharacteristicsinbio-compatibility,mechanicalandbio-degradableproperties,andbone-inductivity.

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简介：Tosharpentheimagingofstructures,itisvitaltodevelopaconvenientandefficientquantitativealgorithmoftheopticalcoherencetomography(OCT)sampling.InthispaperanewMonteCarlomodelissetupandhowlightpropagatesinbio-tissueisanalyzedinvirtueofmathematicsandphysicsequations.Therelations,inwhichlightintensityofClassIandClass2lightwithdifferentwavelengthschangeswiththeirpermeationdepth,andinwhichClassIlightintensity(signallightintensity)changeswiththeprobingdepth,andinwhichangularlyresolveddiffusereflectanceanddiffusetransmittancechangewiththeexitingangle,arestudied.TheresultsshowthatMonteCarlosimulationresultsareconsistentwiththetheorydata.

简介：Carotenepigmentsinflowersandfruitsaredistinctfeaturesrelatedtofitnessadvantagessuchasattractinginsectsforpollinationandbirdsforseeddispersal.Inpapaya,thefleshcolorofthefruitisconsideredaqualitytraitthatcorrelateswithnutritionalvalueandislinkedtoshelf-lifeofthefruit.Toelucidatethecarotenoidbiosynthesispathwayinpapaya,wetookacandidategeneapproachtoclonethelycopeneβ-cyclasegene,LCY-B.ApapayaLCY-Bortholog,cpLCY-B,wassuccessfullyidentifiedfrombothcDNAandbacterialartificialchromosome(BAC)librariesandcompletegenomicsequencewasobtainedfromthepositiveBACincludingthepromoterregion.ThiscpLCY-Bshared80%aminoacididentitywithcitrusLCY-B.However,fullgenomicsequencesfrombothyellow-andred-fleshedpapayawereidentical.Quantitativereal-timePCR(qPCR)revealedsimilarlevelsofexpressionatsixdifferentmaturingstagesoffruitsforbothyellow-andred-fleshedgenotypes.FurtherexpressionanalysesofcpLCY-Bshowedthatitsexpressionlevelswereseven-andthree-foldhigherinleavesand,respectively,flowersthaninfruits,suggestingthatcpLCY-Bisdown-regulatedduringthefruitripeningprocess.

简介：Thecombinationofradiotherapy(RT)andfunction-preservingsurgeryisthemostusualcontemporaryapproachinthemanagementofsofttissuesarcomas(STS).Pre-andpostoperativeRTresultinsimilarlocalcontrolrates,asshownbyalandmarktrialinextremitySTS.Inthisreview,theroleofRTinthemanagementofextremitySTSwillbediscussed,butSTSinothersites,includingretroperitonealSTS,willalsobeaddressed.ThefocuswillconsidervariousaspectsofRTincludingstrategiestoreducethevolumeoftissuebeingirradiated,dose,scheduling,andthepossibleofomissionofRTinselectedcases.Finally,technologyadvancesthroughtheuseofintensity-modulatedradiotherapy(IMRT),image-guidedIMRT,intraoperativeradiotherapy(IORT)andparticletherapywillalsobediscussed.

简介：基本上在在vitro和细胞外的矩阵种相关房间上面做的织物工程。织物工程的一个主要目标到preparate多孔为房间的三尺寸脚手架增殖，移居，differention并且形成理想的织物和机关的结构。在这研究，各种各样的内容的效果和到chitosan的木钉的macromolecular重量被调查并且评估。chitosan的毛孔形态学被改变集中控制，PEG.Chitosan多孔的支架的macromolecular重量有interconecting孔。毛孔形态学能与改变木钉集中和macromolecular重量被控制。毛孔尺寸在之间1050嗯，在水里胀大的度是85.70%。

简介：AbstractObjective:To investigate the effects of vitrification on the expression of the imprinted gene Snrpn in neonatal placental tissue.Methods:Neonatal placental tissue was collected from women with natural pregnancy (control group) and from women in assisted reproductive technology (ART) pregnancy group, following fresh and vitrified embryo transfer (fresh group and vitrified group, respectively). Snrpn mRNA expression and SNRPN protein levels in placental tissue from these three groups were assessed by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot, respectively. DNA methylation in the Snrpn promoter region was analyzed by bisulfite-pyrosequencing.Results:The expression of Snrpn mRNA and SNRPN protein was found to be higher in placental tissue from the fresh and vitrified ART groups, compared to the control group. There was no significant difference in SNRPN gene or protein expression between the fresh and vitrified groups. DNA methylation at the Snrpn promoter region was not significantly different between these three groups.Conclusions:Human ART may alter the transcriptional expression and protein levels of the imprinted gene Snrpn. However, compared to other ART methods, vitrification may not aggravate or reduce this effect. Moreover, the altered expression of Snrpn is likely not directly related to DNA methylation of the Snrpn promoter region.

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简介：Theeffectsofvariouscartilageextracellularmatrixontheconstructionofrabbitgrowthplatecartilagetissueinvitrowerestudied.Theresultsshowthatcollagen,proteoglycanandhyaluronicacidcanpromotethegrowthofculturedchondrocytesbuttheeffectsofvariouscartilageextracellularmatrix(ECM)onchondrocytedifferentiationaredifferent.Collagencanpromotethehypertrophyofchondrocyteswhileproteoglycanandhyaluronicacidinhibitthetransitionofmaturechondrocytesintohypertrophiedchondrocytes.