简介：Amodelforsimulatingcadmiumtransportinasoil-plantsystemwasbuiltusingacommercialsimulatingprogramnamedPowersimonthebasisofinput-outputprocesseshappeninginthesoil-plantsystem.COnvectiveanddispersivetransportprocessesofcadmiuminsoilprofileareembedded.Simulationsonadailybasehavebeendoneuptoatotalsimulatingtimeof250years,Resultsshowthatapplicationsofsewagesludgeandfertilizeratthesimulatedrateswouldonlycauseslightcadmiumaccumulationsineachlayerofthesoil,andcadmiumaccumulationwouldbelevellingoff,reachinganequilibriumconcentrationslayerbylayerdownwardaftercertaintime.Thetimescaletoreachanequilibriumconcentrationvariesfrom10yearsforthetopthreelayerstoover250yearsforthebottomlayers.Plantcadmiumuptakewouldincreasefrom52umm^-2underinitialsoilcadmiumconcentrationsto65ugm^-2underequilibriumsoilcadmiumconcentrations,whichwouldnotexceedthemaximumallowablecadmiumconcentrationinwheatgrains.Mainparameterswhichinfluencecadmiumaccumulationandtransportinsoilaretotalcadmiuminput,rainfall,evaporation,plantuptakeandsoilproperties.

简介：Chemicaltransformation,nutrientreleaseandchangesintheenergycontentofdecomposingrape,sunflowerandsoybeanresiduesconfinedinburiedfiberglassbagewereassessedinalaboratorystudyduringa340-dayincubationperiod.TheorganicCdecreasedbyabout70%whiletotalN,afterinitialdecay,remainedalmostconstantforeachtypeofresidue.TheNH4^+-Nwasprogressivelyoxidizedand,consequently,theNO3^-Nincreased.TheC/NrationarrowedwithlossofC.Hemicellulose,celluloseandlignindecreasedwithdifferenttrendsforeachcropresidue.Theenergycontent,wasreducedtoabout25%inrape,30%insunflowerand20%insoybeanresidues.TotalP,K,CaandMgcontentsdecreasedforeachtypeofresidueTheresultssuggestthatthethreeresiduescouldimporvethenutrientpoolofthesoil.

简介：酸Ultisol上的一些庄稼残余和他们的biochars的liming潜力用孵化实验被调查。瑞斯壳比米饭壳biochar显示出更大的liming潜力，当大豆和豌豆稻草比他们的biochars有更少的liming潜力时。由于他们的更高的碱度，从荚材料的biochars从非荚材料与biochars相比增加了土壤pH大部分。biochars的碱度是影响他们的liming潜力的一个关键因素，并且biochars的更大的碱度在土壤酸味导致了更大的减小。biochars的加入减少了玷污可交换的酸味和增加的土壤可交换的基础阳离子和基础浸透，因此改善的土壤富饶。

简介：TwentyeightspeciesofforagecropswereplantedonacidsoilsderivedfromQuaternaryredclay(pH4.16)andredsandstone(pH4.55)tostudygenotypicdifferencesoftheforagecropsintolerancetoacidsoilsasaffectedbyliming,phosporusandpotassiumfertilizerapplication.Eightforagespecies,LoliumnultiflorumL.,Brachiariadecumbens,Digitariasumtisii,Melinisminutiflora,Paspalumdilatatum,Paspalumwettsteinii,SatariaviridisBeanvandShcep'sFestuca,werehighlytolerantoacidsoils,andgrewrelativelywellinthetestedsoilswithoutlimeapplication,whereasmostoftheother20testedforagespeciessuchasLoliumperenneL.,MeadowFestucaandTrifoliumpraenseL.wereintoleranttoacidsoil,showingretardedgrowthwhenthesoilpHwasbelow5.5andsignificantincreaseindrymatteryieldsbyphosphrusfertilizerapplicationatsoilpH6.0Resultsshowedthatlargedifferencesintolerancetoacidsoilsexistedamongtheforagespecies,andtoleranceofthefroagespeciestoacidsoilsmightbecloselyassociatedwiththeirtolerancetoAlandPefficiency.

简介：Effectofintermittentirrigationontheproductionofpaddyricewasstudiedinawell-puddledpaddyfieldwithfourtreatmentsand2replicates:continuoufloodingirrigation(CFI),andintermittentirrigationⅡ-0，Ⅱ-1andⅡ-2,inwhichplantswerere-irrigatedwhenthesoilwaterpotentialfellbelow0,-10,and-20toabout-10or-20kPadidnotsignificantlyaffectthenumberofgrainsandthepercentageofripenedgrains.While,alowercropgrowthrate(CGR)resultedfromadecreaseinthenetassimilationrate(NAR)duringintermittentirrigationⅡ-1andⅡ-2,andtherewasalsoareductionintheleafareaindex(LAI)durinindtermittentirrigationⅡ-2.SenescenceoflowerleavesonstemswaspromotedintreatmentsⅡ-1andⅡ-2attheripeningstage.Earlysenescenceatripeningstageandwaterstressaroundmiddaydecreasedtherateofphotosynthesisinleaves,causingthelowerNAR,Thesephysiologicalresponsesoftheplantswereresponsibleforthereductioninthedrymatterproductionandgrainyieldintheintermmittentirrigationtreatments.

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简介：Threepatternsofpotashapplicationwereusedinthecorn-wheatandrice-wheatrotationexperiments,whichwereconductedintheuplandandwetlandofSiyangCounty,northernJiangsuProvuince,andthewetlandofLiyangCity,southernJiangsuProvince.Theresultsof5croppingseasons(2seasons/year)showedthatthedirectresponseofcorntoKwaslargerthanthatofwheat,butnodifferencewasfoundbetweenriceandwheatinSiyangwhenthetotalannualamountofKwasappliedonlyinonecroppingseason.However,theresponseofwheatwasmuchgreaterthanthatofriceinLiyang.Ifpotashwasappliedintheprecedingseason,theresidualeffectofKonwheatwaslargerthanthatonricebothinSiyangandLiyang,butlessthanthatoncorn,Thetotaleffect(directandresidualeffects)ofKappliedtocornorricewasgreaterthanthattowheatinSiyang,butthattowheatwasgreaterinLiyang.ThedirectandtotaleffectsofKapplicationintheuplandwerelargerthanthoseinthewetlandofsiyang;butfrothewetland,theeffectswerelargerinLiyangthaninSiyang,especiallyinthewheatseason.Theresultsdemonstratedthatthemostprofitablepracticetoberecommendedtothelocalfarmerswastoapplyalimitedamountofpotashtoonlyriceorcornbutnottowheat.EquallyapplyinghalfofthetotalannualamoutofKtoeachofthecropsmaybeadvisableinordertolessenpossiblefertilizationrisks.

简介：苍蝇灰的利用，煤燃烧的一个副产品尽最大努力种，是为发电的废物的持续使用。当垃圾堆/灰池溏里的废物不能仅仅被认为是珍贵土地和必要营养素的损失，而且由于好在空中的粒子提出重要健康危险，丢弃苍蝇灰并且重金属沥滤。必要的宏的存在--并且微量元素和它的孔作为器官的氮(N)和碳(C)补充为植物生长使苍蝇灰成为一个优秀土壤修正案。当有害重金属为农学使苍蝇灰不安全，从生物资源的不同thermochemical变换的bioenergy庄稼种植园和精力产生将是为碳中立的燃料能从石块燃料通过被产生的煤苍蝇灰利用的一个理想的方法，因此减少气候变化影响。这评论与一条综合phyto-bio-rhizo-mycoremediation途径在苍蝇灰dumpsites总结bioenergy种植园和造林的发展并且与SWOT分析的包括为热精力，电，和biofuel产生估计珍贵生物资源的利用(一种战略技术典型地过去常帮助识别力量，软弱，机会，和威胁)。通过综合phytomanagement的Bioenergy庄稼生产能从废物产生财富的十亿美元并且为苍蝇灰管理提供一个持续答案，与环境、经济、社会的好处。

简介：当前的学习建议一个新奇方法用胜过解答者估计从有限数据，在稻的庄稼系数(Kc)在断断续续的灌溉(II)下面回答。建议方法在在Karang莎丽服村庄进行的一个地实验被检验，Bekasi，韦斯特Java，印度尼西亚在在雨季的2007/2008(到2008年4月的2007年12月)的第一个米饭季节期间。作为控制，连续泛滥灌溉(CF)被用于常规米饭耕作领域。基于观察的水存储，为佼佼者解答者被用来估计庄稼土壤水分蒸发蒸腾损失总量。估计的庄稼土壤水分蒸发蒸腾损失总量被用来计算Kc价值，当时，在每个生长阶段的平均Kc价值为CF处理与那相比。评价方法被比较土壤水分蒸发蒸腾损失总量由很好确定的粮农组织过程导出的估计的庄稼土壤水分蒸发蒸腾损失总量和庄稼评估。胜过估计的庄稼土壤水分蒸发蒸腾损失总量精确地比0.81高与R2珍视的解答者。因此，超过81%粮农组织庄稼土壤水分蒸发蒸腾损失总量被建议方法描述。因此，Kc价值能很好从那些估计的庄稼土壤水分蒸发蒸腾损失总量被决定。在II处理下面，平均Kc值是0.70，1.06，1.24和1.22为起始，庄稼开发，繁殖、迟了的阶段分别地。这些价值是比在CF处理为下面的那些低的起始并且因为最小的土壤蒸发和强烈的干，在这些阶段期间收割发展阶段。然而，在II处理下面的平均Kc价值比在在繁殖、迟了的阶段的CF处理下面的那些高，显示II处理支持了特别地为由每山的很多tillers显示了的干燥生物资源生产的更多的植物活动。

简介：为杂草的成功理解原因，我们调查了叶建设，和米饭和它的主导的杂草的某些ecophysiological特点的精力充沛的费用。在在所有杂草之中的生理的基础上，CaesuliaaxillarisRoxburgh被发现最严肃，由Echinochloacruss-galliL列在后面。Beauv和EchinochloacolonumL。连接，当时FimbristylismiliaceaeL。Vahl和CyperusiriaL。是稻田的中等杂草。C。axillaris在一个集体基础(1.15g/g)上并且在一个联合起来的区域基础(22.93g/m2)上有最低的叶构造费用(LCC)。比较地更高的特定的叶区域，光合的率，光合的氮使用效率，叶区域比率和叶区域索引提供的C。有进一步的竞争优势的axillaris。低LCC建议杂草比庄稼更高效地利用碳资源并且潜在地在另外的竞争策略viz上花节省的精力。种子生产，生物资源生产和高相对的生长评价，它导致在杂草种子银行的低庄稼产量和增加。

简介：A15-yearfertilizationexperimentwithdifferentapplicationsofinorganicN,PandKfertilizersandfarmyardmanure(M)wasconductedtostudytheyieldandsoilresponsestolong-termfertilizationatQiyang,HunanProvince,China.Averagegrainyieldsofwheatandcorn(1672and5111kgha-1,respectively)forthetreatmentNPKMweresignificantlyhigherthanthose(405and310kgha-1)oftheunfertilizedcontrolandsingleinorganicfertilizertreatments.Comparedwiththecorrespondinginitialvaluesoftheexperiment,alltreatmentsshowedayielddeclineof9to111kgha-1year-1inwheatand35to260kgha-1year-1incorn,respectively,andasignificantpHdeclineof0.07to0.12pHyear?1,exceptforthetreatmentsPKandNPKM.Afterlong-termfertilization,thesoilorganicC,soilavailableP,exchangeableCa2+andMg2+andavailableCu2+andZn2+contentswerehigherinthetreatmentNPKMthaninthetreatmentsappliedwithinorganicfertilizeronly.ComparedtothetreatmentNPK,thetreatmentNPKM,wheremanurepartiallyreplacedinorganicN,hadapositiveimpactonarrestingthedeclineofsoilpH.Thisimprovedgrainyieldsofwheatandcorn,suggestingthatapplicationofNPKfertilizerincombinationwithfarmyardmanureisimportanttomaintainsoilfertilityandbufferingcapacityinredsoil.

简介：为绿粪肥被栽培的钩子庄稼在改进土壤性质起一个重要作用。一个3年的地实验被进行调查钩子庄稼的效果(豌豆，PisumsativumL.)管理，即，在10月/11月(秋天)和三月(春天)的钩子庄稼的加入，并且没有钩子庄稼(控制)，在土壤上器官的碳(SOC)，微生物引起的生物资源碳(MBC)和碳(C)周期酶，包括的绗维素酶(Cel)，-glucosidase(Glu)和转化酶(Inv)的活动。另外，玷污全部的氮(TN)和pHKCl被调查。钩子庄稼每年在20082010期间从8月被栽培到10月。土壤样品从在钩子庄稼以后被种了的春天大麦(HordeumvulgareL.)的地被收集。为微生物引起的活动决心的土壤样品在2009，2010和2011在三月，5月，6月和8月被拿，当SOC和TN象pH一样满足KCl在三月和8月被决定。性质学习了的化学药品没显示出由试验性的因素影响了的重要变化。钩子庄稼的使用显著地与控制相比增加了MBC内容和C周期酶的活动。当钩子庄稼在春天被合并时，一个显著地更高的MBC内容与秋天加入相比在三月和5月被注意。而且，钩子庄稼的春天加入显著地增加了Glu活动(除了三月)，当时象基础呼吸通常是的土壤的率一样的Cel和Inv的活动未受影响等到钩子庄稼加入。在钩子的更大的微生物引起的生物资源和更高的酶活动与控制相比，当绿粪肥能被推荐为一种有希望的技术增加土壤的生物活动，对待庄稼的土壤显示钩子的申请收割。因为没有重要效果或没有一致结果与钩子庄稼加入的时间有关被获得，春天和秋天应用能被推荐为一个管理工具在随后的庄稼的生长期间改进土壤性质的地位。

简介：Afieldexperimentwasconductedfortwoconsecutiveyearsinafarmer'sfieldatHajiMoraVillage,DeraIsmailKhan(D.I.Khan)intheNorthwestFrontierProvince(NWFP)ofPakistantocomparevariousmanagementpractices,suchastheeffectofvariousorganicmanuresandgypsuminarice-wheatcroppingsystemonasaline-sodicEntisol(Zindanisoilseries).Thetreatmentsconsistedof1)acontrol(rice-wheat),2)gypsum,3)farmyardmanure(FYM),4)berseem(TrifoliumalexandrinumL.)asgreenmanure(GM),and5)dhancha(Sesbaniasp.)asGM.Alltreatmentsincreasedyieldsofbothriceandwheatsignificantly(P＜0.01)overthecontrol,withthegreenmanuretreatmentsprovingmoreeconomicalthantheothers;whiletheydecreasedpH,electricalconductivity(EC),andsodiumadsorptionratio(SAR)ofthesoil.Saturationpercentageandavailablewaterofthesoilwereraisedforalltreatmentsduetoanincreaseinorganicmattercontentofthesoil.

简介：因为它的高收益潜力，到边缘的地点的改编，和忍耐，Switchgrass(PanicumvirgatumL.)作为持续bioenergy庄稼被建议了到水和滋养的限制。生物资源精力庄稼生产的潜在的效果的更好的理解在土壤上练习生物性质，有机物动力学对它的生产批评。我们的目的在学院车站，达拉斯，和Stephenville是与成长得典型地的庄稼相比在不同土壤在温暖季节的长期的switchgrass下面在C水池评估变化镇定的，在2001年2月的TX。采样深度是05，515，和1530厘米。Switchgrass增加了土壤器官的C(SOC)，玷污微生物引起的生物资源C(SMBC)，mineralizableC，和与常规收割相比的微粒有机物C(POM-C)系统。土壤C集中在顺序：长期的沿海的bermudagrass[Cynodondactylon(L.)Pers.]switchgrass1997>常规收割系统。土壤C集中趋于与增加泥土内容增加。更大的微生物引起的生物资源C跟随了达拉斯的顺序>学院车站>Stephenville，并且在达拉斯在Stephenville从约180mgCkg1土壤到1900mgCkg1土壤。微粒器官的C比对管理的另外的部分更敏感，像在与常规收割系统相比的长期的沿海的bermudagrass下面的6褶层一样增加。我们的学习显示进switchgrass生产的常规收割系统的变换能扣押更多的SOC并且改进土壤在南部的美国的生物性质。

简介：不同树庄稼协会的结构的差异在2006期间是缓冲区和外部地区上的MadhupurGarh的学习atGachabari柳安森林区域。totaldensity，在缓冲区和外部地区的树的基础区域是155.5树·hm~(-2),795.4trees·hm~(-2)和3.9m~2·hm~(-2),5.8m~2·hm~(-2),分别地。没有新生和naturaltrees在外部地区被发现，地区被theBuffer地区自然、异国情调的树包括了的异国情调的种类完全占据。而缓冲区地区属于混合，外部地区属于更年轻的andsmaller树更小，更高，更年轻并且maturetrees同时。为两个都练习不同agroforestry系统，地区有柳安森林的losttheir原版人物。

简介：Organicamendmentssuchasvermicompostandbiocharhavebeenreportedtoenhancesoilfertilityandcropproductivity.However,whethertheco-applicationofbothamendmentshassynergisticeffectsorwhethersuchbenefitsareaccompaniedbytheriskofgaseousnitrogen(N)lossinanagroecosystemremainsunknown.Asoilcolumnexperimentwithafullyfactorialdesignwasconductedusingthreelevelsofvermicompost(nodose,lowdose(1%,weight:weight),andhighdose(3%,weight:weight))withoutorwithbiochar(1%,weight:weight)toinvestigatetheireffectsonricegrowthandgaseousNlossacrossthecropgrowingseason.Ourresultsdemonstratedthatsynergisticinteractionsexistedbetweenvermicompostandbiocharinpromotingcropyield.Comparedwithbiocharamendmentalone,biocharcombinedwithvermicompostsignificantly(P<0.01)increasedriceyieldby26.5%–35.3%.However,highdoseofvermicompostsignificantly(P<0.01)increasedthecumulativeammonia(NH3)andnitrousoxide(N2O)emissions.Inthepresenceofvermicompost,theincorporationofbiocharamendmentsignificantly(P<0.01)decreasedthecumulativeN2Oemissionby14.1%–18.6%.ThelowestemissionfactorvalueofNH3andN2Owasachievedusingbiocharincombinationwithlowdoseofvermicompost.Thisstudyrevealedthatthecombinationofbiocharandmoderatedoseofvermicompostoffersanovelapproachtopromotecropproductivitywhilereducingtheenvironmentalrisk.