简介：Thedevelopmentofpericarp,seedcoat,starchyendospermandaleuroneofthericecaryopsiswasinvestigated,histochemicallyandstructurally,fromthetimeoffloweringtomaturity.Theresultsshowedthatduringitsgrowth,themaximumlengthofthecaryopsiswasattainedfirst,followedbywidthandthenthickness.Histochemicalexaminationofthecaryopsisshowedthatstarchwasmainlyaccumulatedintheendosperm,buttheendospermshowednometabolicactivity,whileembryoandpericarpcontainedafewstarchgrains,andembryoandaleuronewerestronglyactive.Aleuroniccellscontainedmanyaleuronegrainsandspherosomes,andaleuroneinthedorsalregiondevelopedearlierandcontainedmorelayersofcells.Amyloplastsinendospermcontainedmanystarchgranulesandweresphericalatearlystagesbutpolyhedricatlatestages.Theproteinbodiesappearedlaterthanamyloplasts,andthenumberofproteinbodiesinsubaleuronewasgreaterthanthoseinthestarchyendosperm.Thewhite-bellyportionofendospermmightberelativetothestatusofamyloplastdevelopment.

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简介：Theeffectsofmoisturecontent(8%,10%and12%),variety(TaromandFajr)andparboilingonmillingqualityofriceasafunctionofmillingrecovery(MR),headriceyield(HRY),degreeofmilling(DOM)andwhitenesswereinvestigated.Theparboiledgrainswaspreparedwiththreesoakingtemperaturesof25oC,50oCand75oCandthreesteamingtimesof10,15and20min.Asaresultofparboiling,theincreasingratesofMRandHRYvalueswere7.8%and14.3%forTaromand9.8%and10.0%forFajr,respectively,andthedecreasingratesforDOMandwhitenesswere6.6%and10.8%forTaromand6.8%and10.5%forFajr,respectively.Moreover,decreasingmoisturecontentto8%maximizedMR(75.8%forTaromand74.3%forFajr)andHRY(65.8%forTaromand57.0%forFajr)whileincreasingthatto12%revealedmaximumvaluesofDOM(6.1%forTaromand6.2%forFajr)andwhiteness(24.8%forTaromand28.2%forFajr).

简介：Furtherimprovementofriceproductivityremainsachallenge.Breedingisperceivedasanimportantoptiontoincreasericeyield.However,thegeneticprogressofgrainyieldinmostricebreedingprogramswasslowinthelastdecades.Althoughgreatprogressinricegenomicsandmolecularbiologyhasbeenachieved,theeffectofsuchtechnologicalinnovationsonricebreedingisfarsmall.Markerassistedselection(MAS)forafewtargetquantitativetraitloci(QTLs)hassignificanteffectsinimprovingqualitativetraits,suchasdiseaseresistance.ThesuccessofMAShasthereforemotivatedbreederstoidentifyandusemajorQTLsforyieldandyieldcomponenttraits.Inthisreview,wesummarizedtherecentmethodsinQTLidentification,includingnovelstatisticalmethodsforlinkageandassociationmapping,specialpopulationtypes,andwhole-genomesequencing.Wereviewedthesuccessfulapplicationofmarker-assistedgeneintrogressionandgenepyramidingtoimprovegrainyieldanddiscussedthedesignofefficientMASschemestofurtherincreasethesuccessrateofbreedingprograms.Theuseofwell-characterizedmajorQTLsthroughintrogressionandgenepyramidingisproveneffectiveinimprovinggrainyield,particularlyyieldunderabioticstress.MajorQTLsthatarestableacrossgeneticbackgroundandgrowingenvironmentsareoftenfoundinlessadaptedgermplasms,suchaslandracesandwildrelatives.AdvancedbackcrossQTLanalysisandintrogressionlines,whichintegrateQTLdiscoveryandutilization,areimportantmethodsforexploitingmajorQTLscontainedinsuchgermplasms.NextgenerationsequencingsubstantiallyincreasesmappingresolutionandacceleratestheidentificationofcasualgenesunderlyingmajorQTLs.Practicalguidelinesderivedfromtheoreticalandempiricalstudiesaregiventoguidethedesignofefficientmarker-assistedgeneintrogressionandpyramidingschemes.

简介：Agronomictraitsareimportantdeterminantstoriceyield,whicharecontrolledbycomplexgeneticfactorsaswellasgenotypebyenvironment(G×E)interactioneffects.TheG×Eeffectsforagronomictraitsofricehavebeendissectedwithvariousapproaches,butnotwiththecurrentavailableapproach,theassociationstudies.Inthisstudy,atotalof32655singlenucleotidepolymorphismswereusedtocarryoutassociationswith14agronomictraitsamong20riceaccessionsintwoenvironments.TheG×Einteractioneffectsforalltheagronomictraitswereathighlysignificantlevels(P<0.01),accountingfor3.4%–22.3%ofthetotalsumofsquaresexceptforthelengthofbrownrice.Twentythreeputativequantitativetraitloci(QTLs),includingfivepreviouslyknownandseveralnewpromisingassociations,wereidentifiedfor10of14traits.AnalysisoftherelationshipsbetweenthetraitsforwhichQTLsandthegenotypeeffectscouldbeidentifiedsuggestedthatthehigherthegenotypiceffect,thehigherthepossibilitytoidentifyQTLsforthegiventrait.ThenewQTLsdetectedinthisstudywillfacilitatedissectionofthecomplexagronomictraitsandmaygiveinsightintotheG×Eeffectswithassociationmapping.

简介：ThecompleteopenreadingframeofOsPIN1awasamplifiedthroughreversetranscriptase-polymerasechainreaction(RT-PCR)basedonthesequencedepositedinGenBanktoexploretherelationshipbetweentheauxineffluxproteinOsPIN1aandthenegativephototropismofriceroots.SequencingresultsshowedthattheGCcontentofOsPIN1awas65.49%.ThefusionexpressionvectorpCAMBIA-1301-OsPIN1a::GFPcontainingtheOsPIN1ageneandacodinggreenfluorescentprotein(gfp)genewasconstructed.ThefusionvectorwastransferredintoonionepidermalcellsbyAgrobacteriumtumefacienstransformation.ThetransientexpressionofOsPIN1a-GFPwasmainlylocatedinthenucleusandcellmembrane.Moreover,thetransgenicplantswereobtainedbyAgrobacterium-mediatedgenetictransformation.MoleculardetectionperformedbyusingPCRandβ-glucuronidasestainingshowedthatthetargetconstructwasintegratedintothegenomeofrice.Thenegativephototropiccurvaturesofthetransgenicricerootswerehigherthanthoseofthewildtype.Similarly,theexpressionlevelsofOsPIN1ainthetransgenicplantswereconsiderablyhigherthanthoseinthewild-typeplants.TheseresultssuggestthatOsPIN1aiscrucialinthenegativephototropiccurvatureofriceroots.

简介：TheeasternHimalayanregionofNortheast(NE)Indiaishometoalargenumberofindigenousricevarieties,whicharetraditionallyclassifiedasOryzasativasubspeciesindica,japonicaorintermediatetypes.TheclassificationbasedontraditionalCheng'sindexisofteninconclusiveduetophenotypicplasticityofmorphologicalcharacters,whichareinfluencedbyenvironmentalconditions.WeusedmolecularmarkersspecificforindicaandjaponicasubspeciestoassessthedegreeofgeneticrelatednessofindigenousricevarietiesinNEIndia.Theresultsrevealedthatmajorityofupland(jum)andglutinousricevarieties,traditionallyconsideredasjaponica,weregeneticallyclosetothesubspeciesindica.Allvarietiesofboroecotypewerefoundtobeindicatype,andonlyafewvarietiescultivatedinlowlandanduplandareaswerejaponicatype.Someofthelowlandvarietiesofthesaliecotypewereintermediatebetweenindicaandjaponica,andtheyshowedaclosergeneticaffinitytoO.rufipogon.

简介：Informationonricephenologyisessentialforyieldestimationandcropmanagement.Totesttheabilityofremotesensingindetectingmultiplephenologicalstages,paddyricecanopyspectrumwasmeasuredbyahand-heldradiometer.Normalizeddifferencevegetationindex(NDVI)wascalculatedfromspectrum,andtheslopeofNDVIwasobtainedasitsdifference.WeevaluatedtheresponseofNDVIanditsslopetoricegrowthwithacomparisonoftwolate-seasonricecultivars.TheresultsshowedthatNDVIanditsslopecurveshaddistinctvariationcorrespondingtoricedevelopmentandtheycouldbeusedascultivar-independentphenologicalindicators.Thedatesoffloodingandtransplanting,tillering,panicledevelopment,headingandflowering,maturity,harveststages,andevenfieldmanagementpractices,couldbededucedfromtheseindicators.‘NDVI≤0'couldbeusedasasinglethresholdforthedetectionoffloodingandtransplanting.ThelargestspikeinthecurveoftheNDVIslopeindicatedthedurationoftilleringstage.Thenextspikecorrespondedtopanicledevelopment.TheheadingandfloweringstagewascharacterizedbythemaximumNDVIandthechangeofNDVIslopefrompositivetonegative.Atthematuritystage,NDVIdecreasedcontinuously,anditsslopefluctuatedjustbelowzero.Whenricegrainswerecompletelymatureandreadyforharvest,NDVIdeclinewasaccelerated.Atharvest,NDVIslopereacheditsminimumvalue.Thedistinctionbetweenheadingandmaturitystageswasobscure,mostlikelyduetoNDVIsaturationathighbiomass.Thestudymightprovidereferencesforpaddyricephenologydeterminationthroughremotesensingimages.

简介：Moleculardesignbreedingisoneofstraightforwardapproachestobreakyieldbarriersinrice.Inthisstudy,GW6geneforgrainlengthandwidthfromBaodaliwastransferredintoanindicarecurrentparent9311andajaponicavarietyZhonghua11(ZH11)usingmarker-assistedbackcross(MAB).Oneandthreeintrogressionlineswereselectedforphenotypicanalysisfrom9311andZH11geneticbackgrounds,respectively.SSL-1,animproved9311nearisogeniclinewithGW6performed11%,19%and6.7%higherofgrainlength,1000-grainweightandsingleplantyield,respectively,ascomparedwith9311.AllthethreeimprovedZH11-GW6lines,R1,R2andR3,hadmorethan30%increaseingrainweightandabout7%higheringrainyield.SeedplumpnessofR1,R2andR3wasimprovedsynchronouslybecausethethreeZH11-GW6linescontainedGIF1(GrainIncompleteFilling1),adominantgrainfillinggene.Thus,GW6hashighpotentialinincreasingtheyieldofinbredlinesthroughMAB,makingitanimportantgeneticresourceinsuperhybridricebreeding.ThisstudyprovidesinsightsintheutilizationofGW6forlargegrainandhighyieldricebreedingviamoleculardesignbreeding.

简介：温室实验被进行在在正常、含硒的土壤上种的二个米饭变化(PR116和PusaBasmati1121)调查硒累积和它的抗氧化剂反应。植物生长在早发展的阶段被减少，flowering被10d的一个时期在含硒的土壤上推迟。3–20和13–14增加的硒累积在叶子合拢，在从PusaBasmati1121和PR116变化的谷物的18和3褶层分别地。在从在含硒的土壤上种的大米植物的叶子的硒累积导致了叶绿素内容，氢过氧化物，脯氨酸，免费氨基酸，全部的酚和丹宁内容的重要增加。而过氧化氢酶活动显示出一个反向的趋势，在叶子的类脂化合物peroxidation层次和peroxidase活动增加了。硒累积减少了，这被结束在在庄稼期间，开发而是这些种的米饭的干燥的事内容能由在他们的防卫系统导致改变与硒毒性作斗争。

简介：到鞘老家(SB)的瑞斯抵抗被多基因或量的特点loci(QTL)控制并且由植物影响了词法特点。qSB-9TQ和TAC1分别地，控制SB抵抗和tiller角度(TA)的TQ,被采用测试二基因的联合是否将进一步改进米饭SB抵抗和还原剂收益损失而非仅仅他们或两个都不之一。用二根近的isogenic线(无)，TAC1TQ被证实贡献SB抵抗。然而，它的效果不比qSB-9TQ。随后，二基因被介绍进二个商业米饭变化开发一系列无。带两TAC1TQ和qSB-9TQ比仅仅包含他们之一的无显示出更多的抵抗。每植物比较谷物收益(欺骗)在三个不同SB疾病条件下面，也就是细微、中等、严重的条件，带显然失去的两基因的无降低没有带仅仅TAC1TQ。在细微疾病状况下面，没有重要差别在形态学上被发现，开发并且欺骗除了在带他们的基因和任何一个的无之间的TA联系了特点，显示二基因没在米饭上有劣等的效果农学的特点。结果显示了那TAC1TQ和qSB-9TQ有高繁殖的潜力，和节节上升的SB抵抗QTL和词法特点QTL是在改进米饭SB抵抗的一条潜在的途径。

简介：Homeoboxtranscriptionfactorsparticipateinthegrowthanddevelopmentofplantsbyregulatingcelldifferentiation,morphogenesisandenvironmentalsignalresponse.Torevealthefunctionsofthesetranscriptionfactorsinrice,weconstructedtheRNAivectorsofOsHox9,amemberofhomeoboxfamily,andanalyzedthefunctionofOsHox9usingreversegenetics.TheplantheightandtilleringnumberofRNAitransgenicplantsdecreasedcomparedwiththoseofwild-typeplants.Reversetranscription-polymerasechainreactionanalysisshowedthatOsHox9expressionreducedinthetransgenicplantswithphenotypicvariance,whereasthatinthetransgenicplantswithoutphenotypicvariancewassimilartothatinthewild-typeplants.ThisresultsuggeststhatthephenotypesofthetransgenicplantswerecausedbyRNAieffects.Thetissue-specificityofOsHox9expressionindicatedthatitwasexpressedindifferentorgans,withhighexpressioninstemapicalmeristemandyoungpanicles.SubcellularlocationofOsHox9demonstratedthatitwaslocalizedonthecellmembrane.

简介：Forthetwo-linehybridricesystem,pollensterilityisregulatedbyrecessivegenethatrespondstotemperature.Therecessivegenecontrollingthermo-sensitivegeneticmalesterility(TGMS)isexpressedwhentheplantsaregrowninconditionswithhigherorlowercriticaltemperatures.Totransfertgmsgene(s)controllingTGMStoThairicecultivarsbybackcrossbreedingmethod,amalesterilelinewasusedasadonorparentwhileThairicecultivarsChaiNat1,PathumThani1,andSuphanBuri1wereusedasrecurrentparents.TheBC2F2linesweredevelopedfrombackcrossingandselfing.Moreover,thesimplesequencerepeat(SSR)markersweredevelopedforidentifyingtgmsgeneandthelinkedmarkerwasusedforassistingselectioninbackcrossing.Theidentificationlineswereconfirmedbypollenobservation.TheresultsshowedthesuccessofintrogressionofthetgmsgeneintoThairicecultivars.TheselineswillbetestedforcombiningabilityandusedasfemaleparentinhybridriceproductioninThailand.

简介：Aerobicrice(OryzasativaL.)cultivationisconsideredanalternativeproductionsystemtocombatincreasedwaterscarcityandarsenic(As)contaminationinthefoodchain.PotexperimentswereconductedattheWheatResearchCentre,Dinajpur,Bangladeshtoexaminetheroleofwatermanagement(WM),Asandphosphorus(P)onyieldandyieldattributesofboro(varietyBRRIdhan29)andaman(varietyBRRIdhan32)rice.Atotalof18treatmentcombinationsofthethreelevelsofAs(0,20and40mg/kg)andP(0,12.5and25.0mg/kg)andtwoWMstrategies(aerobicandanaerobic)wereinvestigated.YieldattributesweresignificantlyaffectedbyincreasingAslevels.GrainyieldsofBRRIdhan29andBRRIdhan32werereducedfrom63.0to7.7and35.0to16.5g/potwithincreasingAsapplication,respectively,indicatingagreatersensitivityofBRRIdhan29thanBRRIdhan32.Moreover,AstoxicitywasreducedwithaerobiccomparedtoanaerobicWMforallPlevels.Duringearlygrowthstages,phytotoxicsymptomsappearedonBRRIdhan29andBRRIdhan32ricestemswithincreasingAslevelswithoutapplyingPunderanaerobicWM.UnderanaerobicandAs-contaminatedconditions,BRRIdhan29washighlysusceptibletostraighthead,whichdramaticallyreducedgrainyields.Thereweresignificantrelationshipsbetweenthenumberofeffectivetillersperpotandrootdryweight,grainyield,andnumberoffertileandunfertilegrainsperpotforbothBRRIdhan29andBRRIdhan32(P<0.001).OurfindingsindicatethatricecouldbegrownaerobicallyinAs-contaminatedareaswithareducedriskofAstoxicityandyieldloss.

简介：Apopulationofricebrownplanthopper(BPH)NilaparvatalugenscollectedfromapaddyfieldinHangzhouwassuccessivelyrearedonsusceptiblericeTaichungNative1(TN1)inalaboratoryfreefrominsecticidesformorethan14generations.Thechangesinsusceptibilitytoinsecticidesandecologicalfitnessondifferentresistantricevarietiesweremonitoredineachgeneration.Theresistanceratiotoimidaclopridsharplydeclinedwiththesuccessionofrearinggenerationswithoutinsecticidesfrom359.94-foldatF1to6.50-foldatF14comparedwiththesusceptiblestrain,andtheresistanceratiotochlorpyrifoswasfrom9.90-foldatF1to5.94-foldatF14.Nymphaldurationandweightsofnewlyhatchedfemaleadultsweresignificantlyaffectedbyricevariety,generationandtheirinteractions,butnymphalsurvivalwassignificantlyaffectedbythegenerationonly.Theratioofbrachypterousadultsinmaleswasaffectedbythegenerationandgeneration×varietyinteraction,whereasnodifferencewasfoundinfemales.Nymphaldurationextendedwithincreasinggenerations,andthefemalenymphaldurationwasshorterinthesusceptiblevarietyTN1thanthoseintheresistantvarietiesIR26andIR36.Inaddition,thefemaleadultweightinTN1washigherthanthoseinIR26andIR36.TheseresultsindicatedthattheresistanceoffieldBPHpopulationtoinsecticideswasreversedafterseveralgenerationsofno-exposuretoinsecticides,andtheecologicalfitnessinTN1washigherthanthoseinIR26andIR36.ThesefindingssuggestedtherationalandreduceduseofinsecticidesincombinationwiththemanipulationofresistantricevarietieswouldbeeffectiveforBPHmanagement.

简介：棕色的planthopperNilaparvatalugensStål(Homoptera：Delphacidae)由在米饭上并且也喂的罐头原因hopperburn能播送草多的绝技疾病。抵抗米饭变化被开发了，但是几N。lugens紧张能恢复他们的毒力到这些抵抗米饭变化。在现在的学习，在N与稳定的表达式层次引用基因。lugens人口显示出毒力的不同层次到易受影响、抵抗的米饭变化。在N的六候选人参考基因的表示。在易受影响、抵抗的米饭变化上喂的lugens被分析。这些基因在微分基因表示的分析为他们的潜在的使用被评估。聚合酶链反应数据从N被产生。lugens，包括二个不同处理(抵抗或易受影响的米饭)和三剧毒的N。lugens人口。三个软件程序(BestKeeper，Normfinder和geNorm)被用来估计候选人引用基因。geNorm和Normfinder作为最稳定的参考基因识别了基因18S，-ACT,澡盆和澡盆。而18S和澡盆分别地是第二和第三最稳定地表示的基因，BestKeeper与最少的全面变化作为最佳的参考基因识别了ETIF1。因此，我们断定基因18S和澡盆是在N的最合适的参考基因。lugens。这些结果将便于在N上介绍研究的未来抄本。在不同米饭变化上在毒力层次显示出变化的lugens人口。

简介：酸硫酸盐土壤是通常对庄稼生产不合适除非他们适当地被改善。一个实验在一个温室被进行提高大米的生长，变化MR219，用各种各样的土壤修正案在酸硫酸盐土壤上种了。土壤从Semerak被收集，Kelantan，马来西亚。地面镁石灰石(GML)，简历化肥，和暗岩(每4t哈−1)在壶独自或在联合被增加进土壤在移植前的15d。氮，P和钾碱在150，30，和60kg被使用哈−1,分别地。三棵seven-day-old米饭幼苗被移植进每个壶。土壤有3.8的pH并且包含了可得到的1.2gkg−1,的21gkg−1,N的器官的C192mg的Pkg−1,0.05的可交换的Kcmolckg−1,和4.30的可交换的艾尔cmol有低数量的ckg−1,可交换的Ca和Mg(0.60和0.70cmolckg−1)。在有GML的联合的简历化肥处理导致了5.4的最高的pH。在没有改正的控制土壤的高级艾尔或Fe集中的存在严重地影响了米饭的生长。当简历化肥与控制相比与GML个别地或在联合被使用时，在生长，更高的植物高度，tiller数字和叶的60d，叶绿素内容被获得。在简历化肥的有益的细菌的存在可能生产能提高植物生长并且随后由米饭增加滋养的举起的植物激素和器官的酸。因此，简历化肥和GML的增加由增加因而消除了在酸硫酸盐土壤流行的艾尔或Fe毒性的土壤pH改进了米饭生长，这能被结束。