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简介：Helicoverpaarmigera是在许多重要庄稼的一个关键害虫，它被化学策略主要控制。为了设法，这个害虫对杀虫药剂由于它抵抗的能力和进化正在变得挑战性。进一步，它nonhost植物上的随后的传播在最近的时间是显著的。因此，对phytochemicals和合成杀虫药剂译码抵抗机制是主要挑战。现在的工作描述消化，辩护和豁免联系了酶，这在H与chlorpyrifos抵抗被联系。armigera。H的Proteomic分析。在在用nano液体层析团spectrometry包含饮食(CH)和人工的饮食(广告)的chlorpyrifos上喂之上的armigera内脏织物鉴别在CH的upregulated23蛋白质喂了幼虫。与基因本体论分析相结合的数据库搜索表明识别内脏蛋白质在消化，为免疫关键的蛋白质，强调的适应回答，和detoxification占去。候选人蛋白质的生物化学、量的即时聚合酶链反应分析显示昆虫正在努力在CH的存在得到营养素和精力，当同时努力使chlorpyrifos产生代射变化时。而且，我们在H建议了chlorpyrifos的一条潜在的处理小径。由用煤气的层析团spectrometry检验代谢物的armigera勇气。H。到由调整蛋白质的表示的杀虫药剂的吸引人的行为的、词法改编和电阻的一个范围在消化和detoxification机制包含了处理在上面的armigera展览与chlorpyrifos。在这些上下文，作为内脏是生物信息的一个富有的仓库；内脏纸巾的深刻分析能在昆虫给detoxification和抵抗机制的线索。

简介：Inthisstudy,wedeterminedthecytotoxicityandgenotoxicityofcarbamateinsecticidecarbaryltofloundergill(FG)cellsanditsteratogenicitytozebrafishembryos.ThecytotoxicityofcarbaryltoFGcellswasdeterminedwithmethodsincludingMTTandneutralreduptaking(NRU),lactatedehydrogenase(LDH)releasingandHoechst33342andpropidiumidodide(PI)doublestaining.Moderatecytotoxicityinaconcentration-dependentmannerwasobserved.The24h-IC50valueof53.48±1.21,59.13±1.19and46.21±1.24mgL-1carbarylwasobtainedthroughMTT,NRUandLDHassays,respectively.DoublefluorescencestainingdemonstratedthatcarbarylinducedthedeathofFGcellsmainlythroughnecrosis.TherewasnosignificantgenotoxicityfoundintheFGcellsexposedtothehighesttestingconcentrationofcarbaryl(20mgL-1,P>0.05)aswasdemonstratedbyCometassay.Zebrafishembryosexposedtocarbarylatconcentrations≥10mgL-1displayedmoderatetoxiceffectsonthesurvival,spontaneousmovement,hatching,heartratesoftheembryosandtheirdevelopment,whichwereevidencedbyyolkandpericardialsacedemas,bodylengthreductionandtailflexureintime-andconcentration-dependentmannersatspecificstages.The24h-,48h-and96h-LC50valuesofcarbaryltozebrafishembryoswere41.80±1.10,17.80±1.04and14.46±1.05mgL-1,respectively.TheseresultssuggestedthatcarbarylismoderatelytoxictoFGcellsculturedinvitroandzebrafishembryos,andtheFGcellsweresimilartozebrafishembryosintheirsensitivitytocarbarylas24h-IC50andLC50indicated.

简介：AbstractBackground:As of 2015 thousands of refugees are being hosted in temporary refugee camps in Greece. Displaced populations, travelling and living under poor conditions with limited access to healthcare are at a high risk of exposure to vector borne disease (VBD). This study sought to evaluate the risk for VBD transmission within refugee camps in Greece by analyzing the mosquito and sand fly populations present, in light of designing effective and efficient context specific vector and disease control programs.Methods:A vector/pathogen surveillance network targeting mosquitoes and sand flies was deployed in four temporary refugee camps in Greece. Sample collections were conducted bi-weekly during June-September 2017 with the use of Centers for Disease Control (CDC) light traps and oviposition traps. Using conventional and molecular diagnostic tools we investigated the mosquito/sand fly species composition, population dynamics, pathogen infection rates, and insecticide resistance status in the major vector species.Results:Important disease vectors including Anopheles sacharovi, Culex pipiens, Aedes albopictus and the Leishmania vectors Phlebotomus neglectus, P. perfiliewi and P. tobbi were recorded in the study refugee camps. No mosquito pathogens (Plasmodium parasites, flaviviruses) were detected in the analysed samples yet high sand fly Leishmania infection rates are reported. Culex pipiens mosquitoes displayed relatively high knock down resistance (kdr) mutation allelic frequencies (ranging from 41.0 to 63.3%) while kdr mutations were also detected in Ae. albopictus populations, but not in Anopheles and sand fly specimens. No diflubenzuron (DFB) mutations were detected in any of the mosquito species analysed.Conclusions:Important disease vectors and pathogens in vectors (Leishmania spp.) were recorded in the refugee camps indicating a situational risk factor for disease transmission. The Cx. pipiens and Ae. albopictus kdr mutation frequencies recorded pose a potential threat against the effectiveness of pyrethroid insecticides in these settings. In contrast, pyrethroids appear suitable for the control of Anopheles mosquitoes and sand flies and DFB for Cx. pipiens and Ae. albopictus larvicide applications. Targeted actions ensuring adequate living conditions and the establishment of integrated vector-borne disease surveillance programs in refugee settlements are essential for protecting refugee populations against VBDs.

简介：express the meaning of the original. Free translation is a skill which translators must know the culture of both source language and target language,translaors should use free translation. Free translation is a translation skill which is active. But free translation can not add personal emotion to the original works. Translation must be acceptable which use free translation. And free translation skill needs extensive knowledge and culture of both source language and target language. If a translator wants to use literal translation and free translation proficiently,Any source language which does not accord with the expressive way of target language should not use literal translation. For example

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简介：express the meaning of the original. Free translation is a skill which translators must know the culture of both source language and target language,Any source language which does not accord with the expressive way of target language should not use literal translation. For example摘要,translaors should use free translation. Free translation is a translation skill which is active. But free translation can not add personal emotion to the original works. Translation must be acceptable which use free translation. And free translation skill needs extensive knowledge and culture of both source language and target language. If a translator wants to use literal translation and free translation proficiently

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简介：Afreestandingfilmofpolyanilineaslargeas18cm×18cm×0.002cmcanbeobtainedbyevaporationofasolutionofthechemicallysynthesizedbaseinNMP.Itsstructurewasexaminedbytheelementalanalysis,IR,U.V.-visiblespectra,XPS,DSC,SEMandX-rayscatteringanditsconductingbehavioraswellaselectrochemicalpropertieswerestudied.Resultsshowthatthecomposition,structureofmainchain,physicalpropertiesofthefreestandingfilmofpolyanilmeissimilartothatofthepowder.However,somedifferencesinitselectronicstructure,conductivityatroomtemperatureandpotentialofredoxcouplebetweenthefleestandingfilmandpowderareobserved,whichmaybeduetocross-linkingofthefilmofpolyaniline.

简介：Any source language which does not accord with the expressive way of target language should not use literal translation. For example,There is also an idiom in China. It almost has the same meaning as"Break out of the pot that hold us in". It is "出人头地". So when translating that sentence translators should not use literal translation,Some source language sentences are very difficult to translate literally. It only though of the meaning of surface

简介：express the meaning of the original. Free translation is a skill which translators must know the culture of both source language and target language,use free translation.3.2 Don not add personal enmotion to the original works.3.3 Free translation skill needs extensive knowledge and culture of both source language and target language.,if possible.2.2 Literal translation≠word-for-word translation.2.3 Some sentences should not translate literally.3. How to use free translation properly

简介：translaorsshouldusefreetranslation.Freetranslationisatranslationskillwhichisactive.Butfreetranslationcannotaddpersonalemotiontotheoriginalworks.Translationmustbeacceptablewhichusefreetranslation.Andfreetranslationskillneedsextensiveknowledgeandcultureofbothsourcelanguageandtargetlanguage.Ifatranslatorwantstouseliteraltranslationandfreetranslationproficiently,slationshouldavoidtoaddpersonalemotiontotheoriginalworks.3.3Freetranslationskillneedsextensiveknowledgeandcultureofbothsourcelanguageandtargetlanguage.Freetranslationgivestranslatorssomeleeways.Translatorsshouldusethencorrectly.Notonlyshouldtranslatorscomprehenedthemeaningoftheoriginalmessage,也会说你的坏话.Freetranslationdoesnotstrachytheformoftheoriginal.Iftranslatorswanttousefreetranslationproficiently.You'dbettergraspextensiveknowledgeandcultureofbothsourcelanguageandtargetlanguage.CONCLUTION

简介：3.3 Free translation skill needs extensive knowledge and culture of both source language and target language.,Free translation gives translators some leeways. Translators should use then correctly. Not only should translators comprehened the meaning of the original message,Free translation is a skill in translation. Translators should first comprehend the original thoroughly