简介：<正>Americanshaveneverbeforeexercisedanddietedaseagerlyastheyaredoingtoday.Asaresult,theydonotonlylookyoungerandslimmer,

简介：Purpose:Thisstudy’spurposewastoexaminewhetherestablishedriskcategoriesofwaistcircumference(WC)-normal,highrisk,andveryhighhealthrisk-reflectedsignificantdifferencesincardiorespiratoryfitness(CRF)andphysicalactivity(PA)level.Methods:CRFwasdirectlymeasuredasmaximaloxygenuptakeduringaprogressivegradedtreadmilltesttoexhaustionin722individuals(349women)aged20à85years.WCwasmeasuredbetweenthelowerribandtheiliaccrest.ObjectivelymeasuredPAwasassessedusinganaccelerometer.Results:Meninthenormalriskgroup(WC<94cm)hada31%higherCRFand43%higherlevelofmoderate-to-vigorousPAthanmenintheveryhighriskgroup(withaWC>102cm).Correspondingnumbersforwomenwithinnormal(WC<80cm)andveryhighriskgroup(WC>88cm)were25%and18%(p<0.05).TherewasahighnegativecorrelationbetweenCRFandWCinmen(r=-0.68),andamoderatecorrelationforwomen(r=-0.49;p<0.001).ForeachcmincreaseinWC,CRFwasreducedby0.48and0.27mL/kg/mininmenandwomen,respectively(p<0.001).Conclusion:TherecommendedWCthresholdsforabdominalobesityreflectedsignificantdifferencesinCRFforbothmenandwomen,andcouldserveasausefulinstrumentforestimatinghealth-relateddifferencesinCRF.

简介：美国经济学家阿瑟·德瓦尼根据远古人类的饮食习惯和生活方式，以人类进化天性为依据．创造了名为“进化健身法”的减肥和养生方法。德瓦尼说，他日常饮食的基本原则是：不吃碳水化合物和包装食品；提倡吃瘦肉；每天至少吃两种以上的蔬菜；多吃新鲜食物。这种方法有益健康，更会让人变得年轻。

简介：Ｃｈｉｎａ＇ｓＮａｔｉｏｎａｌＦｉｔｎｅｓｓＰｌａｎＥｘｅｒｃｉｓｉｎｇｏｎｅ＇ｓｗａｙｔｏｇｏｏｄｈｅａｌｔｈ：ｔｈｉｓｉｓａｎｅｗｃｏｎｃｅｐｔｉｎＣｈｉｎａ，ａｔｌｅａｓｔｆｏｒｔｈｅａｖｅｒａｇｅｐｅｒｓｏｎ．Ｔｈｅｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔｉｓａ...

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简介：<正>Thebeneficialeffectsofappropriatephysicalactivity(PA),physicalfitness,anddietduringadultlifearewell-documentedbutthepotentialofappropriatePA,physicalfitness,anddiettoconferbenefitsonhealthandwell-beingduringchildhoodandadolescencehasnotbeenexploredfully.Recognizingthevalueofcriticalreviewsoftheextantliteratureinprovidingafoundationforfutureresearch,theJournalofSportandHealthScience(JSHS)hascommissionedtwoSpecialIssuesdevoted

简介：Children(5-12years)andadolescents(13-19years)withDownsyndrome(DS)possessasetofhealth,anatomical,physiological,cognitive,andpsycho-socialattributespredisposingthemtolimitationsontheirphysicalfitnessandphysicalactivity(PA)capacities.Thepaucityofstudiesandtheirconflictingfindingspreventaclearunderstandingand/orsubstantiationoftheselimitations.Thepurposeofthisarticlewastoreviewthemeasurement,determinantsandpromotionofphysicalfitnessandPAforyouth(i.e.,childrenandadolescents)withDS.TheexistingbodyofresearchindicatesthatyouthwithDS:1)havelowcardiovascularandmuscularfitness/exercisecapacity;2)demonstrateagreaterprevalenceofoverweightandobesity;3)alargeproportiondonotmeettherecommendedamountofdailyaerobicactivity;and4)theirPAlikelydeclinesthroughchildhoodandintoadolescence.Futureresearchshouldfocuson:1)strengthtestingandtrainingprotocols;2)methodologiestodeterminePAlevels;and3)practicalinterventionstoincreasePA.

简介：1.IntroductionPhysicalinactivityhasbeenidentifiedasthefourthleadingriskfactorforglobalmortality.~1Globally,itaccountsforabout6%ofdeaths,21%–25%ofbreastandcoloncancers,27%ofdiabetes,and30%ofischemicheartdisease.~1InChina,theeconomiccostsofhealthdiseasesduetophysicalinactivityhadreached6.7billionUSdollarsin2007,whichaccountedfor

简介：在在一样的种类的分开的人口之中的重金属忍耐的差别经常作为本地改编被解释了。在移开stressor以后的差别的坚持显示为增加的忍耐负责的机制是遗传上坚定的。果蝇subobscuraCollin(双翅目：Drosophilidae)人口与重金属污染的不同历史从二个地区被取样，并且与铅(Pb)的不同集中在标准媒介上并且在媒介上在实验室为八代高耸了。为了决定从不同自然人口的苍蝇是否在实验室暴露了到污染Pb的媒介，显示人口在在代上的健康部件的特定的可变性，有铅的不同集中的试验性的组为肥沃，发展时间，和egg-to-adult生存能力是在三代(F2，F5，和F8)的assayed。在污染媒介上，肥沃在以后的代被减少，生存能力被增加，不管人口的环境起源。为两张人口，发展时间显示出与铅一起在媒介上慢下来的一个趋势。更快的开发在以后的代被观察。到到在所有的成年开发的污染，意味着的更高的肥沃，更高的生存能力，和更快的鸡蛋的Preadaptation学习了代，在D被发现。与重金属污染的高水平从地区发源的subobscura。

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简介：BasedontheEigenandCrow-Kimuramodelswithasingle-peakfitnesslandscape,weproposethefitnessvaluesofallsequencetypestobeGaussiandistributedrandomvariablestoincorporatetheeffectsofthefluctuationsofthefitnesslandscapes(noiseofenvironments)andinvestigatetheconcentrationdistributionanderrorthresholdofquasispeciesbyperforminganensembleaveragewithinthistheoreticalframework.Wefindthatasmallfluctuationofthefitnesslandscapecausesonlyaslightchangeintheconcentrationdistributionanderrorthreshold,whichimpliesthattheerrorthresholdisstableagainstsmallperturbations.However,forasizablefluctuation,quitedifferentfromthepreviousdeterministicmodels,ourstatisticalresultsshowthatthetransitionfromquasi-speciestoerrorcatastropheisnotsosharp,indicatingthattheerrorthresholdislocatedwithinacertainrangeandhasashifttowardalargervalue.Ourresultsarequalitativelyinagreementwiththeexperimentaldataandprovideanewimplicationforantiviralstrategies.

简介：Thehighprevalenceofchildhoodobesity,evidentgloballyinthepastdecade,ispartlyduetolowphysicalactivity(PA).1Obesityandlowcardiovascularfitnessinchildrenmayincreasetheriskofhypertensionandhypercholesterolemiaduringchildhoodandmaycontributetothedevelopmentofchronicdiseasesinadulthood,suchashypertensionanddiabetes.2ParticipatinginregularPAplaysasignificantroleinthepreventionofanddecreaseinchildhoodobesityandchronicdiseases,therebycontributingtothepreventionofchronicdiseaseslaterinadulthood.

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简介：Evolutionarygamedynamicsinfinitesizepopulationscanbedescribedbyafitness-dependentWrightFisherprocess.Weconsidersymmetric2x2gamesinawell-mixedpopulation.Inourmodel,twoparameterstodescribethelevelofplayer’srationalityandnoiseintensityinenvironmentareintroduced.Incontrastwiththefixationprobabilitymethodthatusedinanoiselesscase,theintroducingofthenoiseintensityparametermakestheprocessanergodicMarkovprocessandbasedonthelimitdistributionoftheprocess,wecananalysistheevolutionarystablestrategy(ESS)ofthegames.WeillustratetheeffectsofthetwoparametersontheESSofgamesusingthePrisoner’sdilemmagames(PDG)andthesnowdriftgames(SG).WealsocomparetheESSofourmodelwiththatofthereplicatordynamicsininfinitesizepopulations.Theresultsaredeterminedbysimulationexperiments.

简介：GA-hardnessandinterdependencebetweengenesinthechromosomeareimportantquestionsinthestudyofgeneticalgorithms(GA).Traditionalmethods,whichareusedtomeasuretheinteractionbetweengenes,canonlyreflecttheextentofepistasisbetweenallgenesinthechromosome.Therefore,thedefinitionofthefitnesslandscapeofschemataisproposedinthispaper,andepistasismeasuresonthislandscapeofschemataareusedtoanalyzethedegreeofinterdependencebetweensomecertaingenelociinstudy.Someinformationbetweenthesesitescanbereflectedbysomecharactersofthefitnesslandscapeofschematawhicharecomposedofthesefixedsites.Thestrongertheinteractionbetweenthesesites,thelargerthevariationofthefitnessofschematawhosefixedsitescorrespondtothosesitesinstudy,andthemoreruggedthefitnesslandscapeoftheseschemata.Accordingtothedegreeofinteractionbetweenthesegivengeneloci,buildingblocksofGAcanbeanalyzedanddetermined,andfurthergeneticoperatorsandthestructureofGAcanbedesignedandadjustedtoimprovetheperformanceofGA.Atlast,alotofexperimentsincludingNK-modelsaredone,andresultsofempiricalanalysisshowthatthismethodiseffective.

简介：Sitobionavenae(F.)是能在Poaceae在各种各样的植物上幸存的世界范围的一个重要谷物害虫，但是不同主人植物上的分叉的选择应该支持专业化遗传型或主人赛跑的进化。为了评估他们的资源，使用策略，S的克隆。avenae从燕麦和大麦被收集。为这些克隆的主人转移实验在实验室被进行比较他们的健康特点。我们的结果证明大麦克隆有显著地更低的肥沃并且趋于有从大麦转移到燕麦的更长发展的时间。然而，在他们被转移到大麦以后，燕麦克隆更快发展了。从燕麦和大麦的克隆以肥沃和美女的发展时间分叉到某个程度。大麦克隆的分离和S的燕麦克隆。avenae在主要部件分析也是明显的。大麦克隆趋于比燕麦克隆为健康特点有更高宽广感觉的可遗传性，显示在他们之间的区别的基因基础。大麦克隆从专门化的二项措施与燕麦克隆相比显示出专门化的显著地更高的程度(即，Xsp和Ysp)。因此，大麦克隆被专业化到某个程度，但是燕麦克隆看起来被概括。S的健康。avenae克隆趋于与专门化的更高的程度增加。向在S的生态的专门化的进化。avenae克隆，以及内在的基因基础，被讨论。

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简介：微生物引起的共生者是到喂韧皮部的昆虫的必要或重要的搭挡。抗菌素被用来有选择地从他们的主机昆虫消除共生者并且为调查共生者的函数建立主机线与或没有某些共生者。在这研究，用抗菌素rifampicin，我们试图有选择地Bemisiatabaci种类建筑群whitefly从中间的东亚未成年者1的一张人口消除某些共生者，它怀有主要共生者“CandidatusPortieraaleyrodidarum”并且二第二等的共生者“CandidatusHamiltonelladefensa”并且立克次休属微生物。既不主要第二等的共生者也完全没在在在1-100μg/mL的集中与rifampicin对待的节食为48h喂了的成年人(F0)被弄空。然而，两个都，主要、第二等的共生者将近完全在对待rifampicin的成年人的后代(F1)被弄空。尽管F1成年人生产了一些鸡蛋(F2)，大多数没有通过到他们的开口和没有的鸡蛋到达了第二中间形态，并且因而对待rifampicinwhitefly，殖民地消失在F2产生。有趣地，量的聚合酶链反应试金证明在对待rifampicin的whiteflies，主要共生者的密度比第二等的共生者以显然更慢的步被减少。当女性被抗菌素对待时，交配在对待rifampicin、未经治疗的成年人之间的实验证明主人健康上的rifampicin的否定效果被表示，并且男性们是否被抗菌素对待，有小贡献到否定效果。这些观察whitefly与这显示那它不是的人口可行为试验性的研究排队没有影响主要共生者，有选择地用rifampicin消除第二等的共生者并且建立主人。然而，扑灭whitefly，在在rifampicin处理以后的第二代的殖民地作为一个控制代理人显示抗菌素的潜力whitefly害虫。

简介：Background:Motorcompetenceandhealth-relatedfitnessareimportantcomponentsforthedevelopmentandmaintenanceofahealthylifestyleinchildren.Thisstudyexaminedcross-culturalperformancesonmotorcompetenceandhealth-relatedfitnessbetweenPortugueseandU.S.children.Methods:Portuguese(n=508;10.14±2.13years,mean±SD)andU.S.(n=710;9.48±1.62years)childrenperformedtestsofcardiorespiratoryfitness(ProgressiveAerobicCardiovascularEnduranceRun),upperbodystrength(handgrip),locomotorskillperformance(standinglongjump),andobjectprojectionskillperformance(throwingandkicking).PortugueseandU.S.childrenweredividedinto2agegroups(6à9and10à13years)fordataanalysispurposes.Atwoàfactoroneàwayanalysisofcovariance(ANOVA)wasconductedwiththeProgressiveAerobicCardiovascularEnduranceRun,handgrip,standinglongjumpscores,kicking,andthrowingspeed(km/h)asdependentvariables.Results:ResultsindicatedthatPortuguesechildren,irrespectiveofsex,presentedbetterperformancesinlocomotorandcardiorespiratoryperformance(standinglongjumpandProgressiveAerobicCardiovascularEnduranceRun)thanU.S.childreninbothagebands.U.S.childrenoutperformedPortuguesechildrenduringthrowingandhandgriptests.Kickingtestspresentedgenderdifferences:PortugueseboysandU.S.girlsoutperformedtheirinternationallymatchedcounterparts.Conclusion:Culturaldifferencesinphysicaleducationcurriculaandsportsparticipationmayimpactdifferencesinmotorcompetenceandfitnessdevelopmentinthesecountries.