简介：本文对高中英语教学中常用的"Warmingup"形式进行一些归纳,如合作型热身,拟人型热身,情景型热身,任务型热身,并联系新教材的内容举例说明各种形式的运用.

简介：Globalwarminghasgreatlyconcernedthewholeworld.Owingtothelimitationwecurrentlyhave,itisstilldifficulttocompletelyunderstandthemechanismandphysicalscienceofclimatechange.Nowbothcertaintyanduncertaintycoexistintheunderstandingofclimatewarming.Thispaperaimstosummarizecertaintiesanduncertaintiesinclimate-warmingstudies,whichfocusonsevenkeyproblemsrelatedtohumanactivities,namely,globalwarming,atmosphericconcentrationsofgreenhousegases,relationshipbetweengreenhousegasemissionsandclimatewarming,climatemodels,futureclimatechange,2?warmingthresholdandtippingpointintheEarth’ssystem.Weshouldcomprehensivelytakeintoaccountthelevelofcertaintyanduncertaintyinourunderstandingofclimatechangewhileadaptingtoandmitigatingglobalwarmingandadjustingourindustrialstructuresaccordingly.Thiswouldallowustorespondtochangewithcertainty,whileavoidingtherisksassociatedwithuncertainty.

简介：Greenhousegasesandglobalwarminghavereceivedincreasingattentioninrecentyearsandgainedaprominentplaceonnationalandinternationalagendas.In1988theUnitedStatesCongressaskedtheU.S.NationalAcademyofSciencestoconductastudyonthepolicyimplicationsofgreenhousewarming.Oneofthetasksinthestudywastoexaminemitigationoptionsanddevelopanassessmentmethodologyforthem.Thistaskwasundertakenbyapanelof19scientists,economists,andengineers.TheauthorwastheChairmanofthatpanel.Inthispaper,themethodologydeveloped-the“technologicarcosting”method-isbrieflyreviewedandthereasonsforchoosingitovereconomicmodelingwerediscussed.Itconcludeswithadiscussiononhowthegreenhousewarmingproblemmayaffecttheenergyandpowersystemofthefuture.

简介：Invoking45-yrdailyEuropeanCentreforMedium-rangeWeatherForecasts(ECMWF)reanalysisdata,firstlyallthesuddenstratosphericwarming(SSW)eventsareselectedintheseyears,whichcanbeclassifiedintotwocategories:downward-propagatingeventandnon-downward-propagatingevent.Andthen,basedonpotentialvorticitydistributiononisentropicsurfaces(IPV),temperaturefield,andzonalwindfield,adetaileddescriptionoftheSSWoccurringduringthewinter-spring(DecemberandthefollowingJanuary,February,March)in2000-01and2001-02isgiven.Finally,theevolvementofpolarvortexduringwarmingprocessandtheimpactofwarmingontropospherearediscussed.Itisfoundthat(1)thereisinter-decadalvariationforstratosphericwarmingphenomenon;(2)theSSWeventlastingfromlateJanuarytillearlyMarchin2001canpropagatedownwardtotroposphere;(3)duringthisSSW,thereiszonal-meaneasterlywindsinbothstratosphereandtroposphere;(4)thetwowarmingeventsduringDecember2001andMarch2002cannotpropagatedownwardtotroposphere,whilezonaleasterlywindsonlyappearinstratosphere;and(5)intheprocessofthetwotypesofwarming,alongandnarrowhigh-valueIPV'tongue'extendsoutfrommainpolarvortex,whichbreaksoutthegradientofIPV.Comparedwiththenon-downward-propagatingstratosphericwarmingcase,thehighestvalueofIPVdepartsfartherfrompoleandthe'tongue'islongerandnarrowerduringthedownward-propagatingwarmingevent.Pinchedbyanticyclonefrommiddlelatitude,thestratosphericpolarvortexwilldisplace,distortorbreakdown.Bycontrast,thechangeofpolarvortexisgreaterinthecourseofdownward-propagatingwarmingevent.Also,tropospherecirculationandpolarvortexevolveindifferentdegree,andusuallybothofthemgowithblocking,buttheaboveevolvementinthedownward-propagatingwarmingismoredistinct.

简介：在由联合国环境规划署发起的“一人一年植一棵树，以抗击地球变暖”活动中，中国不仅积极响应，而且超额完成了任务，足见中国人的环保意识正在逐步提高。

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简介：Overthepast25years,anannualaverageof6to7tropicalcyclones(TCs)madelandfallonChinamainlandandHainanIslandwithanaverageintensityof29.9m/satlandfallandmaintainedatleasttropicalstormintensityfor15.6hoursoverland,leadingto505deathsand37billionyuanindirecteconomicloss,whichaccountedfor0.4%oftheannualGDPofChina.Althoughtherewaslittlechangeintheoveralllandfallfrequency,intensityatlandfallandoverlandduration,theannualtotaldirecteconomiclossincreasedsignificantlyduetotherapideconomicdevelopmentoverthepast25years.Underglobalwarming,theintensityofTCsthatmadelandfallonHainandecreasedbuttheoverlanddurationandfrequencyofTCsthatmadelandfallonFujianandZhejiangincreased.Atthenationalandprovinciallevels,theratioofthedirecteconomiclosstoGDPandcasualtiescausedbylandfalltropicalcyclonesdecreased,suggestingtheeffectivenessofdisasterpreventionandreductioninChina.

简介：在最近的十年期间，热带Indo和平的海洋变得逐渐地更温暖。同时，两个都，北、南部的半球的极的旋涡(NPV和SPV)在北方的冬季展出了一个加深的趋势。尽管以前的研究表明了温暖的热带印度洋(IOW)赞成加强的NPV和变弱的SPV，温暖的热带太平洋(战俘)怎么影响NPV和SPV，仍然保持不清楚。在这研究，比较分析通过大气的一般发行量模型(AGCM)试验的整体被进行了。当POW削弱了NPV时，结果证明为北半球，二温暖在北方的冬季施加了相反的影响，因为IOW加强了NPV。为南部的半球，IOW和战俘温暖了南部的极的空气并且削弱了SPV。诊断分析基于涡度预算表明在从在北方的冬季的IOW和战俘的影响的如此的interhemispheric差别与在半球之间的短暂旋涡动量流动集中的不同角色被联系。而且，这差别可能在北方的冬季被连接了到在半球之间的静止波浪活动的不同力量。关键词热带Indo和平的海洋温暖-北、南部的极的旋涡-大气的一般发行量模型-短暂旋涡-静止波浪

简介：ArtSceneWarehouse,ShanghaiSeptember1-September20AllimagescourtesyofArtSceneChina■Nowandagain,whennooneelseisgettingthemessageacross,groupsofartistsgettogethertoillustrateenvironmentalissuestothepublic.Art

简介：UsingtheECMWFreanalysisdaily200-hPawinddataduringthetwo20-yrperiodsfrom1958to1977andfrom1980to1999,thecharacteristicsandchangesofIntraseasonalOscillations(ISO)inthetwoperiodsassociatedwithglobalwarmingareanalyzedandcomparedinthisstudy.Itisfoundthatduringthelast20years,theISOhasweakenedinthecentralequatorialPacificOcean,butbecomesmoreactiveinthecentralIndianOceanandtheBayofBengal;underthebackgroundoftheglobalwarming,increaseintheamplitudeofISOintensitysuggeststhattheISOhasbecomemoreactivethanbefore,withanobviousseasonalcycle,i.e.,strongduringwinterandspring,butweakduringsummerandautumn;theenergyoftheuppertroposphericzonalwindshasmoreconcentratedinwavenumbers1-3,andthefrequencyofISOtendedtoincrease.ComparisonbetweentheresultsofcontrolexperimentandCO_2increase(1%peryear)experimentofFGOALS-1.0g(developedatLASG)withthefirstandsecond20-yrobservations,isalsoperformed.respectively.ThecomparativeresultsshowthatthespatialstructureoftheISOwaswellreproduced,butthestrengthofISOwasunderestimated.Onthebasisofspace-timespectralanalysis,itisfoundthatthesimulatedISOcontainstoomuchhighfrequencywaves,leadingtotheunderestimationofISOintensityduetothedispersionofISOenergy.However,FGOALS-1.0gcapturedthesalientfeaturesofISOundertheglobalwarmingbackgroundbytwocontrastexperiments,suchasthevitalityandfrequency-increasingofISOinthecentralIndianOceanandtheBayofBengal.

简介：Jiansanzhen,Tianzong(SI11),Jugu(LI16),Jianzhen(SI9),Binao(LI14)andQuchi(LI11)weregivenwarming-needlemoxibustiontotreatshoulderperiarthritisin78cases,andtheresultshowedtotaleffectiveratewas97.4%.

简介：AlaskanArcticwatershaveparticipatedinhemispheric-wideArcticwarmingoverthelasttwodecadesatovertwotimestherateofglobalwarming.During2008-13,thisrelativewarmingoccurredonlynorthoftheBeringStraitandtheatmosphericArcticfrontthatformsanorth-souththermalbarrier.ThisfrontseparatesthesoutheasternBeringSeatemperaturesfromArcticairmasses.ModelprojectionsshowthatfuturetemperaturesintheChukchiandBeaufortseascontinuetowarmatarategreaterthantheglobalrate,reachingachangeof＋4℃by2040relativetothe1981-2010mean.Offshoreat74~N,climatemodelsprojecttheopenwaterdurationseasontoincreasefromacurrentaverageofthreemonthstofivemonthsby2040.Theseratesareoccasionallyenhancedbymidlatitudeconnections.BeginninginAugust2014,additionalArcticwarmingwasinitiatedduetoincreasedSSTanomaliesintheNorthPacificandassociatedshiftstosoutherlywindsoverAlaska,especiallyinwinter2015-16.WhileglobalwarmingandequatorialteleconnectionsareimplicatedinNorthPacificSSTs,theendingofthe2014-16NorthPacificwarmeventdemonstratestheimportanceofinternal,chaoticatmosphericnaturalvariabilityonweatherconditionsinanygivenyear.ImpactsfromglobalwarmingonAlaskanArctictemperatureincreasesandsea-iceandsnowloss,withoccasionalNorthPacificsupport,areprojectedtocontinuetopropagatethroughthemarineecosystemintheforeseeablefuture.TheecologicalandsocietalconsequencesofsuchchangesshowaradicaldeparturefromthecurrentArcticenvironment.

简介：Thefocusofthisyear'sconferenceisGlobalExtremeEvents,characterizedaslarge-scaleclimaticeffectsthathavebeenincreasinginmagnitudeandfrequency.Prof.SinyanShen,ChairmanoftheGWInternationalProgramCommittee,hasbeenleadingtheworldonGlobalExtremeEventsandEmergencyResponse.InthelongtermclimatechangewillcausetheEarthtotransittoanotherequilibriumstatethroughmanyoscillationsinclimaticpattern.Globalwarmingcausesextremeeventsandbadweatherinthenearterm.Theimmediate

简介：在南部的中国把降水和每月的温度数据基于每天，在南部的中国的冬季极端降水变化被使用Mann-Kendall测试和概括Pareto分发的返回值调查了。结果证明在南部的中国的一场冬季气候大祸在1991附近发生了，并且冬季极端降水的紧张在温暖的气候以后被加强。在温暖的气候前后的异常发行量特征被为大气的研究分析数据的环境预言/公民中心使用美国国家中心进一步分析。在东亚上的热带冬季季风否定地在东南的中国与降水被相关，这被发现。在气候温暖以后，在中间、高的纬度的发行量的meridionality从北方增加空气，它为寒冷的向南方的运动是有利的。另外，在南部的中国上的温度的增加可以导致在大陆和海洋之间的微分加热的减少。因而，在东亚上的热带冬季季风被削弱，它为到东南的中国和潮湿流动的异常集中的形成的温暖、潮湿的空气的运输是有利的，导致在东南的中国上的大降水。作为结果，在在在温暖的气候以后的中间、高的纬度和更低的纬度的异常发行量之间的相互作用在东南的中国上在冬季降水紧张的增加起一个主要作用。

简介：在带的高潮植被上在东北中国和调查从210个气象学的车站基于数据，Kira的温暖索引(Wl)，寒冷索引(Cl)，并且徐文铎的湿度索引(Hl)被采用模仿并且在气候下面预言植被eco边界的动力学在东北中国温暖。带的高潮植被的未来植被eco边界改变类型能被划分成三种类型，例如扩大植被eco边界种类(为45鈥?的Wl价值范围5掳C路月)它将在温暖的气候下面向北移动，撤退植被eco边界种类(为25鈥?的Wl价值范围5掳C路月)它将从现在的地区，和绝灭的人口种类撤退(为5鈥?的Wl价值范围5掳C路月)它将被扑灭因为生态系统t在东北中国，为纬度的15掳和2600m有差别高度。基于我们的研究结果，edificators将向北移动大约400鈥?00km，大草原植被将移动eastwords900km，和人口将向上移动大约260鈥?在山的60m如果全球温度以后增加2掳C。然而，当纬度和高度增加了，动人的距离将变得越来越短。因此，在在Daxing'an山和Changbai山的高山的冻土带地区的人口可能消失。当他们放下了策略以后对气候变化作出回应时，结果被期望供应参考到本地管理。

简介：Adiscrepancyremainsinthefirsttwoleadingempiricalorthogonalfunction(EOF)modesofthetropicalPacificseasurfacetemperatureanomaly(SSTA)basedonobservationssincethe1980s.TheEOF1mode,representingtheElNino-SouthernOscillation(ENSO),isarobustresult.However,theEOF2featureseitherElNinoModoki(EM)orENSOevolutionduringdifferentperiods,whichisprobablyassociatedwiththeimpactsofglobalwarming.TheunderlyingquestioniswhattheEOF2modeofthetropicalPacificwouldbewithoutglobalwarming.UsingtheCMIP5preindustrialscenariotoexcludetheinfluenceofglobalwarming,wefindthattheEOF1modeofthetropicalPacificSSTArepresentsENSOandthattheEOF2modeisnotEM.Accordingtothelead–lagcorrelationbetweentheENSOandEOF2modes,thelinkagebetweenthesetwomodesisasfollows:…ElNino→EOF2→LaNina→–EOF2→ElNino….Byanalyzingtheevolutionofseasurfacetemperature,surfacewind,andsubsurfaceoceantemperatureanomalies,wefindthemechanismlinkingtheENSOandEOF2modesistheair–seainteractionassociatedwiththeENSOcycle.ThisresultsuggeststhattheEOF2moderepresentsanaspectofENSOevolutionunderpreindustrialconditions.Therefore,thisstudyfurtherindicatesthattheEMisprobablyduetotheinfluenceofglobalwarming.

简介：Basedonthedataupto1999fromhydroclimatologicaldepartments,thispaperanalyzestheclimaticdivideimplicationsoftheQinlingMountainsinregionalresponsetotheprocessofclimatewarming,duetowhichthegradesofdryness/wetness(GDW)in100yearsshowthatthenorthernregionhasenteredadroughtperiod,whilethesouthernisahumidperiod.Inacourseoftenyears,theD-valueofannualaverageairtemperatureoversouthernShaanxi(theHanjiangValley)andtheCentralShaanxiPlain(theGuanzhongPlain)hasnarrowed,i.e.,theformerwithaslightchangeandthelatterwithrapidincreaseintemperature.BothregionswerearidwiththedecreaseinprecipitationD-value,namelytheplainbecamewarmerwhilethesouthwasdrier.TheQinlingMountainsplayapronouncedroleintheclimaticdivide.Therunoffcoefficient(RC)oftheWeiheRiverdecreasessynchronouslywiththatoftheHanjiangduetoclimatewarming.TheRCofWeihedroppedfrom0.2inthe1950stolessthan0.1inthe1990s.TheWeiheValley(theGuanzhongPlain)ispracticallyanaridareaduetoshortageofwater.Thesuccessive0.5,1.0℃temperatureanomalyoverChinamarks,perhaps,theimportanttransitionperiodinwhichtheenvironmentbecomesmorevulnerablethanbefore.Thestudyshowstheobvioustrendofenvironmentalaridity,whichisofhelptotheunderstandingofregionalresponsetoglobalclimatechange.

简介：UtilizingtheJointTyphoonWarningCenter(JTWC)andTokyo-TyphoonCenteroftheJapanMeteorologicalAgency(JMARSMCTOKYO)best-tracktropicalcyclone(TC)datafortheperiod1951-2014,variationsinspatialandtemporalcharacteristicsofNorthwestPacificTCactivityforaglobalwarmingscenarioarediscussed.Theresultssuggestthatsincetheearly1960s,therehasbeenanoveralldecreasingtrendinthefrequencyofoccurrence,intensity,peakintensity,lengthofmovement,andlifetimeofTCs.However,globalwanninghasledtoalinearlyincreasingtrendinTCactivityineasternAsia,whichindicatesthatNorthwestPacificTCactivitydecreases,butthefrequencyoflandfallsandintensityarelikelystrengthened.Therefore,thethreatofTCstowardseasternAsiaisenhanced.TheincreaseinTCactivityineasternAsiaislikelytheresultofastrengthenedWalkercirculationduetoanincreasingtemperaturegradientbetweenthenorthwestPacificOceanandthecentralandeasternPacificOcean.ThestrengtheningWalkercirculationcouldincreasethemagnitudeoftheverticalwindshear,relativevorticity,andmeridionalwindshearoflow-leveleasterliesneartheequatorinthetropicalNorthwestPacific,whichaffectsthespatialandtemporalvariationsofTCactivityintheNorthwestPacific.

简介：ThisstudyaimstoexploretherelativeroleofoceanicdynamicsandsurfaceheatfluxesinthewarmingofsouthernArabianSeaandsouthwestIndianOceanduringthedevelopmentofIndianOceanDipole(IOD)eventsbyusingNationalCenterforEnvironmentalPrediction/NationalCenterforAtmosphericResearch(NCEP/NCAR)dailyreanalysisdataandGlobalOceanDataAssimilationSystem(GODAS)monthlymeanoceanreanalysisdatafrom1982to2013,basedonregressionanalysis,EmpiricalOrthogonalFunction(EOF)analysisandcombinedwitha21/2layerdynamicupper-oceanmodel.TheresultsshowthatduringtheinitialstageofIODevents,warmdownwellingRossbywavesexcitedbyananomalousanticycloneoverthewestIndianPeninsula,southwestIndianOceanandsoutheastIndianOceanleadtothewarmingofthemixedlayerbyreducingentrainmentcooling.AnanomalousanticycloneoverthewestIndianPeninsulaweakensthewindovertheArabianSeaandSomalicoast,whichhelpsdecreasetheseasurfaceheatlossandshallowthesurfacemixedlayer,andalsocontributestotheseasurfacetemperature(SST)warminginthesouthernArabianSeabyinhibitingentrainment.TheweakenedwindsincreasetheSSTalongtheSomalicoastbyinhibitingupwellingandzonaladvection.ThewindandnetseasurfaceheatfluxanomaliesarenotsignificantoverthesouthwestIndianOcean.DuringtheantecedentstageofIODevents,thewarmingofthesouthernArabianSeaiscloselyconnectedwiththereductionofentrainmentcoolingcausedbytheRossbywavesandtheweakenedwind.Withtheappearanceofanequatorialeasterlywindanomaly,thewarmingofthesouthwestIndianOceanisnotonlydrivenbyweakerentrainmentcoolingcausedbytheRossbywaves,butalsobythemeridionalheattransportcarriedbyEkmanflow.TheanomalousseasurfaceheatfluxplaysakeyroletodampthewarmingofthewestpoleoftheIOD.

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