简介：Greenhousegasesandglobalwarminghavereceivedincreasingattentioninrecentyearsandgainedaprominentplaceonnationalandinternationalagendas.In1988theUnitedStatesCongressaskedtheU.S.NationalAcademyofSciencestoconductastudyonthepolicyimplicationsofgreenhousewarming.Oneofthetasksinthestudywastoexaminemitigationoptionsanddevelopanassessmentmethodologyforthem.Thistaskwasundertakenbyapanelof19scientists,economists,andengineers.TheauthorwastheChairmanofthatpanel.Inthispaper,themethodologydeveloped-the“technologicarcosting”method-isbrieflyreviewedandthereasonsforchoosingitovereconomicmodelingwerediscussed.Itconcludeswithadiscussiononhowthegreenhousewarmingproblemmayaffecttheenergyandpowersystemofthefuture.

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简介：Apressrelease,issuedbythegovernmentofthestateofNewSouthWales(NSW)inAustralia,sayswaterreleasesfromthestate'sdamscouldbeusedtoproviderenewable,pollution-freeelectricity,aswellaseliminatetheproductionofmorethan260,000tonnesofcarbondioxideeachyear.

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简介：Agriculturalgreenhousegasaccountsforalargeproportionofglobalanthropogenicgreenhousegasemission.ThepapercarriedonacalculationongreenhousegasemissionofChinaagriculturalgreenhousegasemission,andanalyzedinfluencingfactorsofagriculturegreenhousegasemissionwhichhasimportantsignificanceforthedevelopmentofChineseandgloballowcarbonagriculture.ThispapercalculatedtheemissionofCH4,N2OandCO2inChinafromtheyearof1993to2011,andanalyzedtheinfluencefactors.TheresultsshowedthatCH4emissionwasbasicallystable,whichmaintainedat2000tons.AnimalhusbandryCH4emissionwasthelargestcontributorofagriculturalsourceCH4emission.Takingtheyearof2011asanexample,whichaccountedfor53.08%;N2Oemissionwasincreasedfrom93.21tonsof1993to120.51milliontonsof2011,andtheaverageannualgrowthratewas1.63%.PlantingwasthemaincontributortoN2Oemission.Takingtheyearof2011asanexample,whichaccountedfor54.36%ofthetotalemission,landN2Oemissionwasthemost,andthericefieldwasfollowed;agriculturalsourceCO2emissionincreasedfrom15626.98to31258.10milliontons,andtheaverageannualgrowthratewas5.56%;fertilizersourcewasthelargestsourceofcarbon,in2011,forexample,fertilizersourceofCO2emissionwas18731.83milliontonsaccountedfor59.93%oftheagriculturalsourceCO2emission.CH4andN2OemissionsofChinaAgricultureweremainlycausedbyanimalhusbandryandchemicalfertilizers.AndpesticidesweremajorcontributorstoCO2emissionofagriculture.Attheendofthispaper,basedontheresultsofcorrelationanalysis,thepaperproposedcountermeasuresandsuggestionsforChina’slowcarbonagriculture,anddemonstratedthesignificanceofgloballowcarbonagriculturedevelopment.

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简介：温室白蝇，Trialeurodesvaporariorum(Westwood)，是在美国加利福尼亚的草莓的一个重要害虫。成年人和美女在叶子的韧皮部树液上喂移开相片吸收。这研究的目的是ofwhitefly测试影响有草莓水果质量上的杀虫药剂的管理。imidacloprid，thiamethoxam，buprofezin和pyriproxyfen的应用减少了由2.80-，2.17-,1.69-和1.39褶层的吝啬的成年白苍蝇数字分别地，与未经治疗的控制相比，同样，平均数第一数，第二，中间形态白色飞被减少4.36-，2.20-，1.90-fold,和2.02褶层，分别地当分别地，第三和第四中间形态的吝啬的数字在与imidacloprid，thiamethoxam，buprofezin和pyriproxyfen对待的植物是减少的5.48-2.28-，2.71-fold,respectively,和1.43褶层时。在imidacloprid，thiamethoxam，buprofezin和pyriproxyfen处理的Themean可溶的固体内容是1.04-，1.06-，1.03褶层和1.04褶层更大，分别地比那在控制。whiteflyreduction提高了吝啬的水果乳头在4%的可估价的酸味—6%。在imidaclopridandthiamethoxam处理的吝啬的葡萄糖层次比在另外的处理显著地高。然而，thewhitefly，管理没影响吝啬的fructose层次。Imidacloprid，thiamethoxamandpyriproxyfen处理在多达4%增加了抗坏血酸层次。草莓水果营养和抗氧化剂能力上的whiteflymanagement的影响被讨论。

简介：Theglobalmeantemperaturesoftheatmosphereandthesurfaceofvariousplanetsofthesolarsystemaredeter-minedbytakingthesystemasinradiativeequilibrium,withtheatmospheretakenastransparenttosolarradiationbutwithanalbedoα,andcomposedofNlayerseachofwhichabsorbsallinfraredradiationthatfallsonit,andatoplayerofpartialabsorptivitya,whilethesurfaceistakenasblack.Itisfoundthat,fortheearth’satmospherewithα=0.33,N=0,a=0.83,itgivesthecurrentobservedmeansurfacetemperatureT_s=15℃andtheeffectivemeanradiativetemper-atureoftheatmosphereT_a=242.6K.Ontheotherhand;theatmosphereofVenusischaracterizedbyα=0.70andN=70,whichyieldsasurfacetemperatureofabout700K.Itisalsofoundthatsurfaceevaporationandabsorptionofsolarradiationbytheatmospheretendtolowerthesur-facetemperature.

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简介：Thispapershallshowaneconomicfeasibleapproachtoimplementgreenhousegas（GHG）reductionmeasuresintosteelcompanies.ThegoaltoimproveenergyconsumptionisdirectlylinkedtothereductionofGHGemissionsandthereforedirectlyincorrelationwiththeeconomicviability.Abaselinescenariooftheconsideredreferencesystemandoftherespectivereferenceyearhastobedefined,mappedandanalysed.Inasecondstepananalysisofthesameoperationusingavailableandprospectedbestavailabletechnology（BAT）processesiscarriedouttogenerateabasisforabenchmarksystem.TheidentifiedreductionpotentialsarereportedandtheGHGemissionreductionsareputintorelationtotheinvestmentcostofthenewprocesstechnologies/processadaptiontobeimplemented.ThiseconomicfeasibilitycalculationisnecessarytorealiseacostefficientGHGreductionroadmapimplementationintothecompany’sbusinessoperations.TheGHGreductionroadmapisdevelopedusingtheabatementcurveconcepttogetanindicationof'lowhangingfruits'andforestablishingasequenceforimplementingcarbonemissionreductionsmeasures.ThescopeofthatapproachcanbeextendedbyincludingfurtherimportantenvironmentalparameterslikeNOx,SO2,CO,dust,heavymetalemissionsinairaswellasproductionresidues.ThatgivesintheendabroaderpictureandmorestartingpointstoimprovetheoverallenvironmentalperformanceofsteelproducingcompaniesbeyondtheGHGemissionsandenergyconsumption.

简介：化肥氮(N)的高率在东南的中国在温室蔬菜地里被使用最大化生产；然而，如此的集中的蔬菜生产的N预算尚待被探索。这研究的目标是以五N(脲)应用程序率(0，348，522，696，和870kgNha1year1)在西红柿，黄瓜，和芹菜的年度旋转的一个温室蔬菜系统决定年度N平衡和损失。到050厘米土壤层的全部的N输入从531～1053kgha1，并且N化肥是主要N来源，为全部的年度N输入的66%83%的财务。在比较，总共的灌溉水，湿免职，和种子占了不到1%全部的N输入。化肥N使用效率仅仅在870kgNha1的常规申请率下面是18%并且当申请率从522～870kgNha1增加了，减少了。明显的N损失是196201kgNha1，71%86%被以522870kgNha1的申请率沥滤失去。因此，沥滤是以高N申请率的主要N损失小径，N的数量沥滤与在黄瓜季节期间使用的N成正比。而且，溶解器官的N说明了10%沥滤的N，而NH3挥发仅仅在五N下面贡献了明显的N损失的0.1%0.6%，申请在这个温室蔬菜系统评价。

简介：Soilfoodwebstructureisfundamentaltoecosystemprocessandfunction;moststudiesonsoilfoodwebstructurehavefocusedonagro-ecosystemsunderdifferentmanagementpracticesandnaturalterrestrialecosystems,butseldomongreenhouses.ThisstudyexploredthestaticandtemporalvariabilityofsoilfoodstructureintwogreenhousesofShandongProvince,NorthChinaoveratwo-yearperiod.Thestaticpropertiesweremeasureddirectlybysurveyingfunctionalgroupcompositionandaseriesofparametersportrayingthespeciesproperties,linkproperties,chainpropertiesandomnivorypropertiesoftheweb,aswellasindirectlythroughcalculationofnematodeindices,enrichmentindex(EI),structureindex(SI),andchannelindex(CI).Thedynamicvariabilityofgreenhousesoilfoodstructurewasdescribedbythedynamicsoffunctionalgroups,Bray-Curtis(BC)similarityandclusteranalysis.Theresultsshowedthatthegreenhousesoilfoodwebcontained14functionalgroups,withmicrobeshavingthehighestmeanbiomass,followedbyprotozoa.Ofthethreefunctionalgroupsofprotozoa,flagellateswerethedominantgrouponmostsamplingdates,amoebaeonlybecamethedominantgroupduringthesummer,whileciliatesweretheleastprevalentgroup.Allnematodeswereassignedintooneofthefourfunctionalgroups,bacterivorous,fungivorous,herbivorousandomnivorous,andthefungivorousnematodeshadthelowestmeanbiomass.Miteswereassignedintothreefunctionalgroupsandtheomnivorousnoncryptostigmaticmiteswerethedominantgroup.Allthefunctionalgroupsshowedsignificantseasonalchanges.Thesoilfoodwebconnectancewas0.15,themaximumfoodchainlengthwas5,andtheaveragefoodchainlengthwas3.6.TheprofilesoftheEIandSIshowedthatthefoodwebwasresourcedepletedwithminimalstructure.TheresultsofCIindicatedthatthebacterialdecompositionpathwaywasthedominantpathwayinthefoodwebofthegreenhousesoilsstudiedandtheresultsofBCsimilarityshowedthatthesoilfoodwebhadhig

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简介：GreenhousehorticulturalproductioncurrentlyrepresentsanimportantandgrowdngsectorofCanada'sfoodandplantproducproductionsystems.Since2006,thevalueofgreenhousevegetablecropsinCanadaexceedsthatoffieldgrowncrops,signalinganimportantshiftinthew-ayfoodiscultivatedinthecountry.Whilemanyfactorshavecontributedtothischange,amajorareaofinnovationincludesthediscoveriesandadvancesmadeinthedevelopmentofcommercialgreenhouseproductionsystemsaswellastheintegrationofbiologicalcontrolstrategiesforsustainablepestmanagement.Withthisfocus,thisreviewoffersabriefoverviewoftheCanadiangreenhouseindustry,includingadescriptivelistofcommonlyusedbiologicalcontrolorganisms,aswellastheroleCanadianresearchhasplayedinthedevelopmentoftheseagents.WealsoaddressthethreatsthatCanadiangreenhouseproducersfacebyinvasivepestsandthecomplicationsthesehavecreatedforthecommercializationofnovelbiologicalcontrolagents.Thisinformationmayserveasaguideforthedevelopmentofparalleltechnologiesandtoolsinotherpartsoftheworldwheregreenhouseproductionisexpanding.

简介：Accordingtotheauthoritativedatainvolvingsocialeconomicindicatorsandgreenhousegas(GHG)emissionfromtheinternationaluniversaldatabase,thelevelsandprocessesofeconomicdevelopmentandGHGemissioninmajoreconomicgroups,nationsandregionsoftheworldaresimultaneouslyanalyzed.ObtainingGrossDomesticProduct(GDP)andemissionpercapitafromvariouscountriesandregionsinthepast40yearsasthestandard,countriesandregionsintheworldaredividedintosixgroups:countrieswithlowemissionpercapitaandloweconomiclevel(IA),countrieswithlowemissionpercapitaandmediumeconomiclevel(IIA),countrieswithlowemissionpercapitaandhigheconomiclevel(IIIA),countrieswithhighemissionpercapitaandmediumeconomiclevel(IIB),countrieswithhighemissionpercapitaandhigheconomiclevel(IIIB),countrieswithhighemissionpercapitaandloweconomiclevel(IB).CountriesbelongtoIBarequiterareinthestudyperiod,whilethefirstfivegroupscorrespondtothepoorregions,maindevelopingcountries,economicallytransitionalcountrieswithrapideconomicdevelopment,richislandsanddevelopedNorthAmericaandEuroperespectively.Dataanalysisshowsthatthereisacloserelationshipbetweenemissionandeconomicdevelopmentofdifferentcountriesandregions.Thecompositionrelationshipbetweeneconomicdevelopmentofdifferentcountriesandregionsisrelativelystableoveralongperiodoftime.From1970to2005,risingtrendsexistedintheeconomicdevelopmentofmostcountriesandregions.However,theemissionhadasignificantincreaseinasmallpartofcountriesandregions.Inotherwords,forthosewithhighemission,theemissionlevelisalwayshigh.ButforthosewithlowGHGemission,theemissiondoesnotincreasetoomuch.ThemainprocessesofthechangeofcountriespatternfromIAtoIIAandfromIIBtoIIIB,occurringinthe1970sandfromthelate1970stothe1980srespectively.Thatresulthasasignificantenlighteningeffectinunderstandingtherelat

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简介：Thesubtropicalmixedbroad-leavedandconiferousforest,atypicalsuccessionalmonsoonforest,isoneofthemajorforestsinthesubtropicsofChina.Therefore,itisveryimportanttoestimatethefluxesofthegreenhousegasesfromtheforestsoilinordertoevaluatetheimpactofsubtropicalforestsonthegreenhousegasemissionsorabsorptions.Thisstudyinvestigatedthediurnalvariationsoffluxesofthreegreenhousegases(CO2,CH4,andN2O)fromamixedbroad-leavedandconiferousforestsoil.Astaticchamber-gaschromatographtechniquewasusedtomeasurethefluxesofthreegreenhousegases.Byusingtheimprovedgaschromatographysamplingsystem,thefluxeswereanalyzedwithasingleinjection.Inordertofindouttheeffectsoflitterandseedlingontheemissionsorabsorptionsofthesegreenhousegases,threetreatmentsweresetinthefleld:(1)baresoilsurface(litterwasremovedpreviously);(3)litter+soil;(3)seedling+litter+soil.TheexperimentalresultsdemonstratedthattheforestsoilwasasourceofCO2,N2OandaweaksinkofCH4.ThedailyfluxesofCO2,CH4,andN2Ofromthesoilsurfacewereintherangeof488.99～700.57,0.049～0.108and-0.025～-0.053mg/(m^2·h),respectively.CO2fromthelitterdecompositionaccountedforabout1/3ofthetotalCO2emissionfromthesoilsurface,whilethelitterandseedlinghadnosignificanteffectonthefluxesofCH4andN2O.ThefluxesofCO2andN2Omeasuredat9:00-11:00a.m.weresignificantlydifferentfromtheirdailyaverages.Therefore,cautionmustbetakeniftheCO2andN2Ofluxesmeasuredwithin9:00-11:00a.m.areusedforextrapolation.

简介：作为常规授精的一种选择评估器官的修正案的使用，沃土土壤的一个10年的实验在在Guadalquivir河山谷与化肥(NPK)和植物的堆肥(器官的化肥)使用的温室和室外的阴谋在一个庄稼旋转系统下面被进行，西班牙。土壤上的这二不同授精政体的效果物理性质被评估。玷污器官的碳(OC)，土壤体积密度(BD)，土壤水保留(WR)，可得到的水内容(AWC)，总数稳定性(作为)，并且玷污物理质量(德克斯特的索引，S)被决定。器官的化肥的使用增加了OC并且导致了的重要增加作为并且在与在温室和室外的阴谋的矿物质化肥申请相比的BD的减少。而温室阴谋出现了，室外的阴谋显示出最低BD价值象价值最高。在10年的实验的最后年里，S参数在器官的化肥阴谋是显著地更高的，特别为温室阴谋。在学习经期的结束，在在在在两个系统的治疗之间的领域能力(FC)的WR没有重要差别；AWC在矿物质在温室阴谋，但是更高也是类似的室外的阴谋。在矿物质化肥处理，在物理性质的小改进也与以前的集中的收割系统相比由于不太好攻击的耕种的利用被观察。物理土壤性质与土壤OC被相关。持续管理技术象器官的修正案的使用那样并且低或没有耕种改进了土壤物理性质，尽管有在管理的差别，那显著地逻辑地影响了结果。