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简介：Greenhousegasesandglobalwarminghavereceivedincreasingattentioninrecentyearsandgainedaprominentplaceonnationalandinternationalagendas.In1988theUnitedStatesCongressaskedtheU.S.NationalAcademyofSciencestoconductastudyonthepolicyimplicationsofgreenhousewarming.Oneofthetasksinthestudywastoexaminemitigationoptionsanddevelopanassessmentmethodologyforthem.Thistaskwasundertakenbyapanelof19scientists,economists,andengineers.TheauthorwastheChairmanofthatpanel.Inthispaper,themethodologydeveloped-the“technologicarcosting”method-isbrieflyreviewedandthereasonsforchoosingitovereconomicmodelingwerediscussed.Itconcludeswithadiscussiononhowthegreenhousewarmingproblemmayaffecttheenergyandpowersystemofthefuture.

简介：Asacomplicatedconceptwithethicalimplications,equityorfairnessinthefieldofclimatechangemitigationconcernstherelationsnotonlybetweenindividualhumanbeingsbutalsobetweenhumanbeingsandthenature.Inthispaper,afterthereviewofequitybetweenindividuals,marketandnon-marketattributesofemissionsrightsaredistinguishedanddiscussed.Basedontheargumentofequalpercapitaemissionsrights,threetypesofemissionsrightsandtheconceptofminimumemissionsrightsassocialsecurityareproposed.

简介：Earthquakesareaseriousnaturaldisasterfacedbycountriesallovertheworld.ResearchonearthquakehazardmitigationareimportantpartsofearthquakescienceandisafeatureofChina'sdevelopmentofearthquakescience.Inrecentyears,theMinistryofScienceandTechnology(MOST)ofthePeople'sRepublicofChina,theNationalNaturalScienceFoundationofChina(NSFC)andtheChinaEarthquakeAdministration(CEA)haveattachedgreatimportancetobasicresearchonearthquakehazardmitigation,andnewopportunitiesandchallengeshaveemerged.ThispapercollectstheapplicationsandapprovalsoftheNationalKeyR&DProgramandtheNSFCprojectsundertakenbytheresearchinstitutesoftheCEAsysteminrecentyears.TheCEAsystemhasreceivedfundinginthe13th“Five-yearPlan”for“Monitoring,EarlyWarningandPreventionofMajorNaturalDisaster”.TheimplementationoftheseprojectsisexpectedtoprovidesupportforthebasicscienceandappliedresearchoftheCEAsystem.IntheNSFC,thenumberofapplicationsfromtheCEAsystemisrelativelystable,andthefundingrateisslightlyhigherthantheaverageforthedepartmentofearthscience.Althoughnodetailedstatisticalanalysishasbeenperformed,theCEAsystemstillhasroomforimprovementintheapplicationoftalentandmajorprograms.Ihopethatthebriefreviewofnewopportunitiesthathavearoseinrecentyearsdescribedinthisarticlecanprovidesomebackgroundandnewthinkingforfuturechallenges.

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简介：Tomitigatescouraroundbridgepiers,sacrificialpilesareeconomicmethodwherenaturalprocessesareinvolved.Thearrangementshouldbesuchthatscouredmaterialsfromthesacrificialpilesshouldhaveenoughvolumetofillthescourholecreatedupstreamofthepierinsuchawaythatsedimentsaretrappedinsidethescourhole.Thisconceptdiffersfromearlierstudymadewithsacrificialpilesthatmainlydealstoreducethestrengthofhorseshoevortex.Todeterminetheeffectofsacrificialpilesforscourmitigation,alternativearrangementsofpilesweretestedinfrontofarectangularpierunderclear-waterconditionandfoundthatwhenthegroupofpilesisplacedatadistanceoftwicetheprojectedwidthofthepier,forwhichpercentageofblockageofthepierwidthis60%,thescourvolumecanbereducedupto61%whilethemaximumscourdepthcanbereducedupto50%.

简介：Thispaperproposesatechniquetomitigatethevoltageunbalanceissuecausedbythehighpenetrationofphotovoltaic(PV)systemsintothelowvoltagedistributionnetworks(LVDN)usingasinglephaseenergystoragesystem(ESS).TheESScomprisesabi-directionalpowerflowinverterandabatterybank.Thesystemiscapableofabsorbingtheexcesspoweranddeliveringpowertothenetworkinordertokeepthevoltageunbalancefactor(VUF)belowthestatutorylimitof1%.Investigationsarecarriedoutintheexperimentalsmall-scaleenergyzone(SSEZ).TheexperimentalresultsdemonstratethattheESSiscapableofmitigatingtheVUFofthenetwork.

简介：南部的山麓陆地受苦当时，节制到严重侵蚀在单身者下面的farmed?庄稼，到由犁板耕作，disking或耙地组成的系统为止常规。这主要由于高土壤侵蚀度，高精力春天?夏天暴风雨，低残余盖子，和差的管理因素。没有庄稼的一个冬季季节经常从降雨影响让土壤没有防卫。最小化耕种并且在夏天和冬季两个都把成长庄稼和庄稼残余留在表面的保存收割系统保护土壤免受腐蚀效果的伤害并且支撑生产率。在这篇论文我们在场并且讨论土壤损失，流量和残余生产数据从26年一2.71哈典型地代表小南部的山麓分水岭的集水。集水首先从1972～1974在夏天大豆(Glycine最大(L.)Merrill)和冬季休闲的常规耕种系统被管理。它然后被变换成收割夏天大豆的系统的保存，蜀黍(蜀黍二色(L.)Moench)，或棉花(Gossypiumhirsutum(L.))和冬季大麦(Hordeumvulgare(L.))，小麦(Triticumaestivum(L.))，或继续了到礼品的苜蓿(Trifoliumincarnatum(L.))。立即的有的保存收割系统和在在夏天和冬季控制侵蚀和流量的剩余效果。破坏土壤侵蚀，从高精力，暴风雨显著地被减少。在保存收割下面在常规耕种下面从大约2Mgha-1yr-1增加到9.88Mgha-1yr-1的残余生产在20年的系统。

简介：Manyglobalemissionreductionstrategieshavebeenproposed,butfewhavebeenassessedquantitativelyfromtheviewofequality,efficiencyandeffectiveness.Integratedassessmentmodels(IAM)isoneoftheeffectivewaystomakeclimatepolicymodeling.SointhispaperwedevelopedtheMRICES(Multi-regionalintegratedmodelofclimateandeconomywithGDPspillovers)model,whichisanIAMbutextendstoincludeGDPspillovermechanism,tomakeassessmentonseveralstrategiesforglobalemissionreduction,includingtheegalitarianismstrategy,theUNDPstrategyandtheCopenhagenAccord.Using1990asabaselineforhistoricalemissionlevels,theegalitarianstrategyarguesthatdevelopedcountriesshouldimplementurgentemissionreductions,whereasdevelopingcountriesareallowedrelativelyhigherfutureemissionquotas.TheUNDPstrategyaddressestheissueofsubstantialchangesinglobaltemperaturebutacknowledgesthatdevelopingcountriesarenotabletoaffordmorecostsformitigationmeasures,whichisinequitablefromtheperspectiveofacountry’srighttodevelop.WealsosimulatedtheCopenhagenAccordtodeterminetheconsequencesbytheyear2100ifeachcountrycontinuestheircurrentemissionmitigationactions,andresultsindicatedthattheincreaseinglobaltemperaturewillbe2.8℃by2100;consequently,muchstrongeremissionreductioneffortsmustbeimplementedafter2020.Basedonanalysisonmitigationstrategies,itisrecognizedthatthecommonbutdifferentiatedresponsibilityprinciplemustbeinsistedwhenmakingglobalmitigationstrategy.Tocomplywiththisprinciple,theemissionreductionbaselineofdevelopedanddevelopingcountriesshouldbediscriminated,so1990and2005canbetakenasthebaseyearfordevelopedanddevelopingcountriesrespectively.

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简介：Aprobabilisticriskassessmentprocedureisdevelopedwhichcanpredictrisksofexplosiveblastdamagetobuiltinfrastructure,andwhencombinedwithlife-cyclecostanalysis,theprocedurecanbeusedtooptimiseblastmitigationstrategies.Thepaperfocusesonwindowglazingsincethisisaload-capacitysystemwhich,whensubjectedtoblastloading,hascausedsignificantdamageandinjurytobuildingoccupants.Structuralreliabilitytechniquesareusedtoderiveblastreliabilitycurvesforannealedandtoughenedglazingsubjectedtoexplosiveblastforavarietyofthreatscenarios.Theprobabilisticanalysesincludetheuncertaintiesassociatedwithblastmodelling,glazingresponseandglazingfailurecriteria.Damagerisksarecalculatedforanindividualwindowandforwindowsinthefacadeofamulti-storeycommercialbuilding.Thepapershowsanillustrativeexampleofhowthisinformation,whencombinedwithrisk-baseddecision-makingcriteria,canbeusedtooptimiseblastmitigationstrategies.

简介：Asamegacitywiththrivingeconomy,Shanghaiisexperiencingrapidmotorisationandconfrontedwithtrafficcongestionproblemsdespiteitslowcarownership.Itisofvaluetolookintothepoliciesonemissioncontrolofmotorvehicleandcongestionreductioninsuchacitytoexplorehowtoreconcilemobilityenhancementwiththeenvironment.ResultsofadynamicsimulationdisplayedtimepathsofemissionsfrommotorvehiclesinShanghaiovertheperiodfrom2000to2020.Thesimulationresultsshowedthatearlypoliciesonemissioncontrolofmotorvehiclecouldbringaboutfar-reachingeffectsonemissionreduc-tion,andtakeadvantageofavailablelow-pollutingtechnologiesandtechnicalinnovationovertime.Traveldemandmanagementwouldplayanimportantroleincurbingcongestionandreducingmotorvehiclepollutionbycalmingdowncarownershipriseanddeterringinefficienttripsaswellasreducingfuelwastecausedbycongestion.

简介：Asloshingmitigationconcepttakingadvantageoffloatinglayersofsolidfoamelementsisproposedinthepresentstudy.Physicalexperimentsarecarriedoutinaliquidtanktoinvestigatethehydrodynamicmechanismofthisconcept.Effectsofthefoam-layerthickness,excitationamplitude,andexcitationfrequencyonthesloshingpropertiesareanalyzedindetail.Itisfoundthatthefloatinglayersofsolidfoamelementsdonotevidentlyaffectthefundamentalnaturalsloshingfrequencyoftheliquidtankevidentlyamongtheconsideredcases.Attheresonantcondition,themaximumwaveheightanddynamicpressurearegreatlyreducedasthefoam-layerthicknessincreases.Higher-orderpressurecomponentsonthetanksidegraduallyvanishwiththeincreaseofthefoam-layerthickness.Caseswithdifferentexcitationamplitudesarealsoanalyzed.Thephenomenonisobservedwhenthewavebreakinginthetankcanbesuppressedbysolidfoamelements.

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简介：CO2emissionofthesteelindustrytakesupagreatproportionofthetotalemissionoftheworld.ItisnecessarytoreducetheCO2intensityofsteelproductsinordertosaveenergy,protecttheenvironmentandkeepasustainabledevelopmentinthesteelindustry.Basedontheresearchofsteelproducts'lifecycleinventory,thosewhoconductedthisresearchhavefocusedontheanalysisofCO2emissionfactorsandmeasures.Adoptingthelifecycleinventorymodelofacertainsteelmakingsite,togetherwiththeTornadoChart,theresearchershaveidentifiedsignificantfactors,providedsomeexplanation,andsuggestedsomepossiblemeasurestoreduceCO2emission.TheresultshaveshownthatthemostimportantfactorsaretheCO2intensityofblastfurnacegas(BFG),hotmetalratioofbasicoxygenfurnace(BOF)andthematerialutilizationefficiency.Accordingly,somemeasuressuchasremovingCO2inBFG,decreasingthehotmetalproportioninBOF,andimprovematerialutilizationefficiencyineachprocess,maybetakentodecreaseCO2emission.

简介：ZpinchisaverycompactandefficientdeviceinwhichtheelectromagneticimplosionofZpinchesformedbygaspuffs,cylindricalfoils,andwirearrayscanproducehigh-tem-peraturehigh-densityplasmas.Thereforeithaspotentialapplicationstocontrolledfusionandintensex-raysources.

简介：液化缓解的石头专栏改进地面的评估和设计是为实践的状态的挑战性的期。在这份报纸，一个shear波浪基于速度的途径基于液化抵抗(CRR)的明确的关联被建议砍波浪速度(V沙的土壤的s)-void比率(e)，并且当时，在这条途径的参数的价值为初步的设计目的被推荐地点特定的价值不是可得到的。改进前和改进以后的液化评估和石头专栏设计的详细过程被给。根据这条途径，地面改进的要求的水平将被遇见一次目标V土壤的s高足够被提起(即，不亚于批评速度)抵抗根据CRR-Vs关系，然后这个要求被转移到目标虚空比率的控制(即，批评e)根据Vs-e关系。当这条途径依靠包围土壤的densification而不是完全改进的地面并且从本质上讲是保守的，densification机制和效果的特定的考虑被给，并且排水的效果和石头列的加强也被讨论。在印度尼西亚的一个热发电厂的案例研究被介绍，在改进的列扎根了的石头的有效性被建议Vs-based方法并且与基于SPT的评估相比。这改进地面表现了很好并且没在随后的强烈地震期间经历液化。

简介：WeproposeaschemeformitigatingRayleighbackscatteringnoiseanddemodulatingdifferentialphaseshiftkeying(DPSK)signalsinwavelength-division-multiplexedpassiveopticalnetworks(WDM-PONs)withinjection-lockedFabry-Perotlaserdiodes(FP-LDs).SignaldemodulationandwavelengthconversionaresimultaneouslyrealizedonthebasisofthefrequencydeviationandredshiftoflongitudemodesintheFP-LDs.Experimentalresultsdemonstratethatthedemodulationandwavelengthconversionof2.5-Gb/sDPSKsignalsareachieved.Apowerpenaltyofabout1.6dBatabiterrorrateof109ismeasuredaftertransmissionover25-kmsinglemodefiber.

简介：Pulse-pairs(PP)generatedbydistancemeasuringequipment(DME)causesevereinterferencetotheL-banddigitalaeronauticalcommunicationsystems.UnlikepreviousworksthatmainlyimprovedreceiverstructureformitigatingtheDMEinterference,thispaperproposesanovelandpracticaltimedomainPPmitigationmethodwithoutchangingtheexistingreceiverstructure.Ourmethodiscomposedofthreepartsandutilizesaspecificproperty,i.e.,arelativelyfixedwaveformofDMEPP.First,thecomplex-valuedwaveformofPPisautomaticallydetectedthroughaniterativeweightedaveragemethod.Then,onthebasisofthedetectedPPwaveform,eachPPisreconstructedaccordingtoitsamplitude,position,andinitialphase,whichareestimatedthroughasparserepresentationalgorithm.Finally,thereconstructedPPsaresubtractedfromthecontaminatedsignal.Numericalexperimentsshowthatcomparedwithrecentlypublishedmethodsthebiterrorrateobtainedbyourmethodisapproximately5dBbetter,whilethecomplexityismaintainedatthesamelevel.

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