简介：Micropropagationmostlyleadstotheproductionofinnumerabletrue-to-typeplants.However,establishingpathogen-freeexplantsthroughinvitroculturerequiresaprecisemanagementoftimefortheexposureofexplantstoantimicrobialchemicals.Theapplicationofantimicrobialchemicalsmustalsobemanagedtoimposetheleastinjuryonexplants.Thisreviewdiscussesthecontributionsofmicropropagationprocedures,explanttypes,subcultureduration,mediaingredientsandplantgrowthregulatorstotheinvitroresponseofconiferexplants.Eventhoughregenerationfrommatureconiferexplantssuchasmatureshootsarelaborious,thechancesofvariation,inducedinvitro,areunlikely.

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简介：<正>Yugoslavia’saccessiontoGATThadundergoneseveralstages:in1950,GATTacceptedYugoslaviaasanobserver;onMay16,1959,YugoslaviaproclaimedtoacceptthegeneralprinciplesandguidingprinciplesofGATTandagreedtodeveloptraderelationshipwithotherGATTmembersonthisbasis,andrequestedthepreferentialtreatmentasGATTmembers

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简介：Objective:Toestablishedmethodsforcryopreservingperipheralbloodmononuclearcells(PBMCs)andproducingDCsfromcryopreservedPBMCs.Methods:MatureDCsweregeneratedfromcryopreservedPBMCsbyusingIL-4,GM-CSF,TNF-(,IL-1(,IL-6,pgE2andLPS.ThephenotypeoftheresultantDCswasinvestigatedbyflowcytometry.ThefunctionsoftheresultantDCswereverifiedbyElispotassay.Results:TheresultantDCsexpressedhighlevelsofHLAABC,HLADR,costimulatorymoleculesandtheDCmaturationmarkerCD83.ThematureDCswegeneratedfromfrozenPBMCswereabletoprimeCD8TcellsintolongtermIFN-(producingpeptidespecificCTL.Conclusion:TheDCswedevelopedfromcryopreservedPBMCwerefullymatureandhadthecapabilitytostimulateimmunereaction.Thus,wedevelopedamethodtogeneratefunctionalmatureDCfromcryopreservedPBMC.

简介：瞄准：同时决定本地化嘘在内的和鱼精朊人的精原核。方法：核心的Immunofluorescence嘘和鱼精朊和染色体16的端粒区域的荧光原位杂交在decondensed被估计人的精原核。结果：Immunofluorescent本地化嘘，鱼精朊1(PRM1)并且(PRM2)鱼精朊2在精原核与染色体16telomeric序列的荧光原位杂交本地化一起揭示了分离分布。对以后的戒指区域局部性的Histones(即精子原子体环)，而PRM1和PRM2看起来在整个全部原子核被驱散。结论：人的核心精子的合作本地化嘘有染色体16的telomeric区域的与进一个少些压缩的状态的特定的非鱼精朊区域的重组一致。

简介：BothAustraliaandIndiaaremajorplayersontheAsia-Pacificgeopoliticalchessboard.SinceJapan's2007initiativetoestablishaQuadrilateralrelationshipbetweentheUS,Japan,

简介：降雨，throughfall和stemflow被测量，华盖拦截损失在一个成熟衰退混血儿以内从6月22日为14个降雨事件被导出到2008年8月30日白云杉(Piceaglauca(Moench)Voss

简介：有建议激活的apoptosis在呼喊的人的精子发信号否定地影响他们的授精潜力的证据的基本身体。然而，发信号的这apoptotic是否是与精子发生有关的未成功的apoptosis的一件遗物，仍然是争论的或如果它应该在导致stereotypical的成熟精子被认为是一条功能的preformed小径词法变化思考原子拆卸。探讨这个问题，apoptosis在密度坡度centrifugation充实的成熟、不成熟的呼喊的人的精子用betulinic酸被导致。apoptosis的执行被经由传播电子显微镜学观察极端词法的变化监视。在体的房间的apoptosis的典型词法符号与apoptotic身体，损害mitochondrial正直，原子信封的缺点，和原子破碎的形成包括血浆膜blebbing；这些形态学也在人的精子被观察了。另外，这些apoptotic特征在与成熟精子相比的不成熟的精子是更经常的。后面的betulinic酸处理，apoptosis相关的词法变化从健康施主在成熟精子被导致。这效果更不在不成熟的精子被读。而且在两部分，betulinic酸处理增加了反应acrosome的精子的百分比。我们的极端词法的学习的结果在成熟呼喊的人的精子证明apoptosis的功能的胜任。一个唯一的未成功的过程的理论可能为不成熟的精子仅仅是有效的。由刺激apoptosis的acrosome反应的正式就职可能使精子apoptosis的生物关联清楚些。

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简介：由利用兔子模型，以前的研究发现了好证据显示那导致输精管切除术的spermatogenic损坏是调停压力的：当堵塞的繁殖的道是不能的提供睾丸生产的另外的精子时，损坏发生。然而，与更通常使用的老鼠模型一起的更多的研究显示出损坏是否并且为什么发生的争论结果。在这研究，12只成熟男Sprague-Dawley老鼠受到单方的输精管切除术：两倍结扎(没有切断)管，deferens经由一个小腹股沟的切口暴露了；在操作，睾丸，epididymides，vasadeferentia(juxta-epididymal片断)，和精子granulomas以后的37天(在输精管切除术地点)被移开获得嵌入树脂的节和morphometric研究与光执行了的methacrylate显微镜学。有spermatids和spermatocytes的显著spermatogenic损坏在43%生精的小管侧面在生精的上皮弄空在vasectomized方面上在12个睾丸中的5个被表明，并且损坏与更小或不在的精子granulomas被联系；在有实质上正常的精子发生的另外的7个睾丸，有增加(在111%平均)在小管腔的体积，与包含更多的精子的更大的granulomas或granulomas联系了。有全面增加(在66%)在在12个睾丸的网睾丸的厚度；epididymis或管deferens没显示出扩张。它因此似乎输精管切除术在老鼠导致的spermatogenic损坏也是调停压力的，并且处于损坏的那个变化主要取决于精子granuloma的手术后的发展。

简介：Background:Climatechangetriggeredmanystudiesshowingthattrendsandeventsofenvironmentalconditionscanreducebutalsoaccelerategrowthatthestandandindividualtreelevel.However,itisstillratherunknownhowclimatechangemodifiesthegrowthpartitioningbetweenthetreesinforeststands.Methods:Basedonlong-termgirth-tapemeasurementsinmaturemonospecificandmixed-speciesstandsofNorwayspruce(Piceaabies(L.)Karst.)andEuropeanbeech(FagussylvaticaL.)wetracedtheeffectoftheseveredroughtsin2003and2015fromthestand-downtothetreelevel.Results:StandgrowthofNorwaysprucedecreasedbyabout30%intheonce-in-a-centurydrought2015,whileEuropeanbeechwasmuchmoredroughtresistant.Wateravailabilitygenerallyamplifiedsize-asymmetricgrowthpartitioning.EspeciallyincaseofNorwaysprucewateravailabilityprimarilyfosteredthegrowthofpredominanttrees,whereasdroughtfavouredthegrowthofsmalltreesattheexpenseofthepredominantones.Wecouldnotdetectsignificantdifferencesbetweenmixedandmonospecificstandsinthisregard.Conclusions:Thedrought-inducedreallocationofgrowthinfavourofsmalltreesincaseofsprucemayresultfromitsisohydriccharacter.Wehypothesizethatassmalltreesareshaded,theycanbenefitfromthereducedwaterconsumptionoftheirsun-exposedtallerneighbours.Incaseofbeech,asananisohydricspecies,talltreessufferlessandsmallertreesbenefitlessunderdrought.Thediscussionelaboratestheconsequencesofthewaterdependentgrowthallocationforforestmonitoring,growthmodelling,andsilviculture.

简介：人的pluripotent干细胞代表功能的胰腺的内分泌的系房间的潜在地无限的来源。这里，我们报导一条高度有效的途径导致人的胚胎的茎(ES)细胞和导致的pluripotent茎(iPS)在一个定义化学药品的文化系统区分进成熟生产胰岛素的细胞的细胞。这条途径获得的区分的人的ES房间由流动cytometry分析作为assayed包括了将近25%胰岛素积极的房间，它以比得上成年人的小岛的一种方式响应葡萄糖刺激释放了insulin/C-peptide。大多数这些生产胰岛素的房间共同表示成熟尾房间特定的标记象NKX6-1和PDX1那样，在vivo显示一个类似的基因表示模式到成年小岛尾房间。在这研究，我们也证明EGF便于PDX1积极的胰腺的祖先的扩大。而且，我们的协议也成功了高效地导致人的iPS房间区分进生产胰岛素的房间。因此，这个工作不仅提供一个新模型在vitro学习人的胰腺的专门化和成熟的机制，而且提高为糖尿病的处理利用病人特定的iPS房间的可能性。

简介：Thispaperpresentsahigh-resolutionsimulationofaremarkablepolarlowobservedovertheSeaofJapanon21January1997byusinga5-kmmeshnon-hydrostaticmodelMRI-NHM(MeteorologicalResearchInstituteNon-HydrostaticModel).A24-hoursimulationstartingfrom0000UTC21January1997successfullyreproducedtheobservedfeaturesofthepolarlowsuchasthewrappingofwesternpartofaninitialEWorientationvortex,thespiral-shapedbands,thecloud-free'eye',andthewarmcorestructureatitsmaturestage.The'eye'ofthesimulatedpolarlowwasrelativelydry,andwasassociatedwithastrongdowndraft.Athermodynamicbudgetanalysisindicatesthatthe'warmcore'inthe'eye'regionwasmainlycausedbytheadiabaticwarmingassociatedwiththedowndraft.Therelationshipamongthecondensationaldiabaticheating,theverticalvelocity,theconvergenceofthemoistureflux,andthecirculationaveragedwithina50km×50kmsquareareaaroundthepolarlowcentershowsthattheyformapositivefeedbackloop,andthisloopisnotinconsistentwiththeCISK(ConditionalInstabilityoftheSecondKind)mechanismduringthedevelopingstageofthepolarlow.

简介：气候变化形成的威胁使从温度变化潜在地威胁的产地在stenothermal种类有关寒冷和热忍耐扩展知识重要。热限制和基础新陈代谢变化在Pseudodiamesabranickii被调查(双翅目：Chironomidae)在在-20之间的热应力下面并且37????甠汮杯敧??????????????????Δ

简介：HyoscyamiSemen,thematuredriedseedofHyoscyamusnigerL.,haslongbeenusedasatraditionalChinesemedicinetotreathumandiseases.HyoscyamiSemenisfoundinlocalmarketsinChina.Inmarkets,sellersandbuyerscommonlyinadvertentlymixtheseedsofH.nigerwiththeseedsofrelatedspeciessuchasHygrophilasalicifolia(Vahl)Nees,AstragaluscomplanatusR.Br.,CuscutaaustralisR.Br.,CuscutachinensisLam.,andImpatiensbalsaminaL.becauseoftheirsimilarmorphologiesorsimilarnames.Thus,developingareliablemethodfordiscriminatingH.nigerseedsfromitsadulterantsisnecessarytoreduceconfusionandensurethesafeuseofHyoscyamiSemen.Thepresentstudywasdesignedtoevaluatetheefficiencyofhigh-resolutionmeltinganalysiscombinedwithDNAbarcoding(Bar-HRM)withinternaltranscribedspacer2todiscriminateH.niger.OurresultsshowthatBar-HRMsuccessfullyidentifiedtheadulterantsanddetectedtheproportionofH.nigerDNAextractwithinanadmixture.Inparticular,HRMdetectedH.nigerDNAextractinA.complanatusDNAextractatconcentrationsaslowas1%.Inconclusion,theBar-HRMmethoddevelopedinthepresentstudyforauthenticatingH.nigerisrapidandcost-effective.ItcanbeusedinthefuturetoguaranteethepurityofHyoscyamiSemenfortheclinicaluse.

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简介：在成熟期间，鼠科的myeloid树枝状的房间(DC)upregulatedCD11c，CD25，CD40，CD80，CD86，MHCII和规划死亡的表情1ligands1和2(PD-L1和PD-L2)。当DC被CD40ligand和TNF-触发时，PD-L1和PD-L2的微分表示模式被发现。PD-L1表示被镇压，PD-L2表示在成熟绑扎CD40的DC仍然保持未改变，而TNF-刺激了使PD-L1的表示高并且显著地在DC上提高了PD-L2表示的DC。不成熟的DC刺激的T淋巴细胞的增长被PD-1和PD-1ligand相互作用的封锁提高。但是禁止的效果在淋巴细胞由绑扎CD40的DC刺激了的T被发现。与PD-L1和PD-L2的调整表情，绑扎CD40的DC能支撑一个更长的激活时期并且得到更有效的T淋巴细胞激活。