简介：Micropropagationmostlyleadstotheproductionofinnumerabletrue-to-typeplants.However,establishingpathogen-freeexplantsthroughinvitroculturerequiresaprecisemanagementoftimefortheexposureofexplantstoantimicrobialchemicals.Theapplicationofantimicrobialchemicalsmustalsobemanagedtoimposetheleastinjuryonexplants.Thisreviewdiscussesthecontributionsofmicropropagationprocedures,explanttypes,subcultureduration,mediaingredientsandplantgrowthregulatorstotheinvitroresponseofconiferexplants.Eventhoughregenerationfrommatureconiferexplantssuchasmatureshootsarelaborious,thechancesofvariation,inducedinvitro,areunlikely.

简介：Background:Climatechangetriggeredmanystudiesshowingthattrendsandeventsofenvironmentalconditionscanreducebutalsoaccelerategrowthatthestandandindividualtreelevel.However,itisstillratherunknownhowclimatechangemodifiesthegrowthpartitioningbetweenthetreesinforeststands.Methods:Basedonlong-termgirth-tapemeasurementsinmaturemonospecificandmixed-speciesstandsofNorwayspruce(Piceaabies(L.)Karst.)andEuropeanbeech(FagussylvaticaL.)wetracedtheeffectoftheseveredroughtsin2003and2015fromthestand-downtothetreelevel.Results:StandgrowthofNorwaysprucedecreasedbyabout30%intheonce-in-a-centurydrought2015,whileEuropeanbeechwasmuchmoredroughtresistant.Wateravailabilitygenerallyamplifiedsize-asymmetricgrowthpartitioning.EspeciallyincaseofNorwaysprucewateravailabilityprimarilyfosteredthegrowthofpredominanttrees,whereasdroughtfavouredthegrowthofsmalltreesattheexpenseofthepredominantones.Wecouldnotdetectsignificantdifferencesbetweenmixedandmonospecificstandsinthisregard.Conclusions:Thedrought-inducedreallocationofgrowthinfavourofsmalltreesincaseofsprucemayresultfromitsisohydriccharacter.Wehypothesizethatassmalltreesareshaded,theycanbenefitfromthereducedwaterconsumptionoftheirsun-exposedtallerneighbours.Incaseofbeech,asananisohydricspecies,talltreessufferlessandsmallertreesbenefitlessunderdrought.Thediscussionelaboratestheconsequencesofthewaterdependentgrowthallocationforforestmonitoring,growthmodelling,andsilviculture.