简介：<正>From1949to1965,JapanesegovernmentimplementedstrictimportquotasystemtoprotectitsinfantindustrlesInAugust1945,Japanesegovernmentofficiallyannounceditsunconditionalsurrendertotheworld.JapaneseeconomywasgreatlydamagedintheSecondWorldWar.Torecoveritseconomy,Japanesegovernmentsetupaforeign-trade-orientedeconomicdevelopmentpolicy.Japanisex-

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简介：ZhangHonglian(pseudonym),36,doesn’trememberhowmanytimesherill-temperedex-husbandbeather.Butsheknowsherplightwoulddenitelycontinueifwomen’sorganizationsinhercity,QinghuangdaoofHebeiProvince,failedtostepintointerveneonherbehalf.

简介：n2000,theauthorscollectedagreatquantityofrelevantdatabyinvestigatingmorethan50naturereserves.BasedontheanalysisofdevelopmentandmanagementsituationoftheprotectedareasinChina,themainproblemswereputforward,suchas,nounifiedmanagementforincomeandmanagingactivities,lackofspecialguidelineandeffectivesupervision,lackofincomeandinvestment,investingfinancialdifferenceindifferentprovinces.Alltheseproblemscausedthelackoffundsforconstruction,aswellasthedamageofresourcesandenvironment.Furthermoretheconservingactivitieshavetotransmittotheprofitsinmanyprotectedareas.Combinedwiththeseproblems,theprimarysolutionprogrammersalsowereputforward.

简介：Duetotheuniquefunctionofprotectedareasinspeciesandnatureresourcesconservation,sustainabilityhasbecometheprimaryconsiderationinthedevelopmentofecotourisminprotectedareas.Thispaperfocusesonthisissue,andreviewsthecurrentliteraturesinthisfield,triestogiveacomprehensivereviewwhichcanalsobeorganizedinlogicalsense,classifiesthreemajorparadigmsaboutthecurrentresearch:researchonthedevelopmentofecotourisminprotectedareas,researchontheexternalindicatorswhichaffectthesustainabilityofecotourisminprotectedareas,researchesontheassessmentofsustainabilityofecotourisminprotectedareas,andfinallypointsoutthatthefurtherstudyinthisfieldmustbecarriedoutbyinter-disciplines,suchasculturaleconomicsandecologicaleconomics.

简介：输入用户名和密码对于经常上网的用户来说已是家常便饭，每天都要输入一大堆的密码，比如邮箱密码、论坛密码、聊天软件密码等，微软本着一切为用户“着想”的目的，非常“体贴”地在IE中为大家设置了“自动完成”的功能，使用该功能可以简化一些输入步骤，自动保存用户在登陆网页时输入的各种密码，这在一定程度上方便了用户快速打开网页。

简介：AsthecoreoftheInternationalHumanitarianLaw,theGenevaConventionsof1949havejustcelebratedtheir61stanniversary.Hereafterabriefhistoricbackgroundintroduction,thewriterdetailedanalyzedthedefinition

简介：Inthecontextofrenewedinterestincollaborationinnaturalresourcemanagement,thecollaborativegovernanceapproachhaslatelybeenintroducedtotheforestProtectedAreas(PAs)inBangladesh.Theadoptionofthisco-managementapproachisseenasanattempttoinfluencethegovernanceprocesstowardsatransformationfromtheconventionalcustodiansystemtoamoreparticipatorymanagementregime.Recognitionofrightsandresponsibilities,effectiveparticipation,andequitabledistributionofbenefitsamongstthekeystakeholdersworkingunderafacilitativepolicyandlegalframeworkarebelievedtoaddressthebroadergoalsofsustainabledevelopmentNotwithstandingtheresurgenceofinterestingovernanceofforestPAsthroughtheco-managementapproach,academicresearchonthesubjectremainslimited.ThisarticleattemptstoreviewselectedkeyinformationandmilestonesontheforestPAsgovernancewithspecialreferencetothemajorpoliciesandlegaldocuments.Withabriefintroductorysection,thisarticlefocusesonthegenesisandselectedmajorfeaturesoftheForestPAsinthecountry.Thediscussionthendwellsonthepolicyandlegalframeworkandprovidesacritiqueonitsrelevanceforpromotingcommunityparticipation.Theexistinginstitutionalarrangementsforcommunityengagementinprotectedareagovernancearealsoanalyzedinlightofthenationalandinternationalcommitmentandpolicyobligationsonthepartofthecountry.Thesalientobservationsandkeyfindingsofthestudyincludethefollowing:(1)despiteitslimitations,comanagementasconceptandpracticehasgraduallytakenrootsinBangladesh;(2)thedegreeandlevelofactivecommunityparticipationremainlowandlimited,andthereisalsoclearweaknessinconscientizingandorientatingthelocalcommunityonthekeylegalandpolicyissuesrelatedtoPAgovernanceinthecountry;and(3)policymakers,practitioners,andotherlocalstakeholdersrelatedtoPAgovernanceneedtobeorientedoninternationalcommitmentandnationalde

简介：Coastalerosionisaseriousproblemofconcernalongthesouthwest(SW)coastofIndia.Variouscoastalprotectionmeasureshavebeenappliedfortherecoveryofthecoast,butthedevastatingeffectoferosionstillcontinues.ThepresentstudyfocusesonacoastalstretchsituatedonthesouthernsectoroftheSWcoastofIndia,whereSundarandSannasiraj(2006)proposedagroynefieldalongwithanexistingseawalltocontrolsevereerosion.Inordertoconfirmthenetlittoraldriftofthisregionandforapreliminaryassessmentoftheperformanceofthegroynespriortoconstructionoftheproposedgroynefield,twogroyneswereinitiallyconstructedasapilotprogramin2008-09.Periodicmonitoringofshorelinepositionwiththetwogroynesinplacewascarriedoutduring2009-14.Ashorelineevolutionmodelforthestudyregionwassetup,calibrated,andvalidatedusingfieldobservationsduring2010-11.Inadditiontotraditionalshorelineevolutionmodellingprocedures,aprofilesimulationmodelwasappliedforsimulatingtheshorelinebehaviourduringextrememonsoonseasons.ThevalidatedLITPACKmodelhasbeenusedtoevaluatetheperformanceoftheproposedgroynefieldincontrollingerosion,andthestudyalsoconsideredtestingamodifiedtransitionalgroynefieldproposedasanalternativesolutiontotheexistingproblem,andthemodifiedtransitionalgroynefieldwasfoundtobemoreeffectivethanthepriordesign.Abeachisexpectedtodevelopabout30–50mwithinthegroynecellsduringthefairseasonwhichenhancesthepossibilityofretainingaminimumbeachwidthof10mduringmonsoonperiods.&2017InternationalResearchandTrainingCentreonErosionandSedimentation/theWorldAssociationforSedimentationandErosionResearch.PublishedbyElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved.

简介：遗传上修改的庄稼的环境影响mandatorily在他们的premarket阶段期间被估计。担心的区域之一是nontarget有机体上的可能的影响。表示叫喊毒素的庄稼可能影响在栽培的地外面生活的鳞翅目幼虫，通过野植物上的花粉免职，它组成他们的食物来源。当花粉毒性在不同事件之中变化时，nontarget种类的可能的暴露取决于agroenvironmental条件。这研究在意大利在二个保护的区域被进行，由不同气候的条件描绘了，在此许多鳞翅目种类在最近繁荣到玉米耕作。在实际stressor的缺席估计可能的暴露(例如，Cry1expressing玉米植物)，我们进行了蝴蝶和杂草的twoyear地调查。指示物种类在南部的siteand是在北地点和Vanessacardui的selectedAglais(Inachis)io他们的物候学被调查。来自玉米领域的花粉疏开被收集在Petri盘子中测量。暴露的持续时间和频率被在花粉排放和幼虫的存在之间的重叠在主人植物上定义。不同风险情形在二个区域被期望：最高的暴露为A被预见。在北地点的io，当最小的暴露为V被估计时。在南部的地点的cardui。在后者案例中，局部地为几蝴蝶种与一个夏眠时期在巧合在仲夏种玉米栽培变种花由于热、干燥的条件。而且，V的主人植物。cardui在他们因此限制食物可获得性的生命周期的结束。

简介：ＨＥＡＴＳ　ＯＦ　ＩＮＴＥＲＡＣＴＩＯＮ　ＯＦ　ＯＲＧＡＮＩＣ　ＢＡＳＥＳ　ＷＩＴＨ　ＰＯＬＹＭＥＲ　ＰＲＯＴＥＣＴＥＤ　ＣＡＴＡＬＹＳＴ　ＰＶＣ－ＡｌＣｌ＿３ＨＥＡＴＳＯＦＩＮＴＥＲＡＣＴＩＯＮＯＦＯＲＧＡＮＩＣＢＡＳＥＳＷＩＴＨＰＯＬＹＭＥＲＰＲ...

简介：Remote-sensingdataforprotectedareasinnorthernTogo,obtainedinthreedifferentyears(2007,2000,and1987),wereusedtoassessandmapchangesinlandcoverandlanduseforthisdroughtpronezone.Thenormalizeddifferencevegetationindex(NDVI)wasappliedtotheimagestomapchangesinvegetation.Anunsupervisedclassification,followedbyclassesrecoding,filtering,identifications,areacomputingandpost-classificationprocesswereappliedtothecompositeofthethreeyearsofNDVIimages.Maximumlikelihoodclassificationwasappliedtothe2007image(ETM+2007)usingasupervisedclassificationprocess.Sevenvegetationclassesweredefinedfromtrainingdatasets.Thesevenclassesincludedthefollowingbiomes:riparianforest,dryforest,floodedvegetation,woodedsavanna,fallows,parkland,andwater.Fortheseclasses,theoverallaccuracyandtheoverallkappastatisticfortheclassifiedmapwere72.5%and0.67,respectively.Dataanalysesindicatedagreatchangeinlandresources;especiallybetween1987and2000probablyduetotheimpactofdemocratizationprocesssocial,economic,andpoliticaldisorderfrom1990.Wide-scalelossofvegetationoccurredduringthisperiod.However,areasofvegetationclearingandregrowthweremorevisiblebetween2000and2007.Themainsourceofconfusioninthecontingencymatrixwasduetoheterogeneitywithincertainclasses.Itcouldalsobeduetospectralhomogeneityamongtheclasses.Thisresearchprovidesabaselineforfutureecologicallandscaperesearchandforthenextmanagementprograminthearea.

简介：IntheframeoftheSino-ItalianCooperationProgramforEnvironmentalProtection,jointlylaunchedintheyear2000bytheItalianMinistryforEnvironmentandTerritoryandSea(IMETS)andtheChinaStateEnvironmentalProtectionAdministration(SEPA),experimentaltrialswerecarriedoutinQingzhoucity(ShandongProvince,China)during2001-2003totestseveralmethylbromidealternativemethodstocontrolsoilbornediseasesingreenhousetomatoes.Graftingtomatoesonresistantrootstock(Lycopersiconlycopersicum×L.hirsutum),methamsodiumappliedundertraditionalpolyethyleneplasticfilms,methamsodiumappliedatlowrateundervirtuallyimpermeablefilmsandsoilsolarizationcombinedwithbiocontrolagentswerethealternativestestedandcomparedtomethylbromideappliedundervirtuallyimpermeableplasticfilmstoo.Collecteddatashowthatresistantrootstock(Lycopersiconlycopersicum×L.hirsutum)introducedfromItalyisapromisingalternativetomethylbromideforlocaltomatocultivars.Methamsodiumappliedundertraditionalpolyethyleneplasticfilmsisaneffectivealternative.Moreover,virtuallyimpermeablefilmsdemonstratethehelptoreducemethylbromideandmethamsodiumrates.Finally,soilsolarizationcombinedwithbiocontrolagentsdoesnotprovidesatisfactoryresultsintermsofdiseasecontrol.

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