简介：MicroRNAs(miRNAs)是他们在植物和动物的目标基因的重要post-transcriptional管理者。miRNAs通常长是20-24核苷酸。尽管有他们的不平常地小的尺寸，miRNA基因家庭的进化历史似乎类似于编码theirprotein对应物。与在动物染色体的小却丰富的miRNA家庭相对照，植物有少数但是更大的miRNA基因家庭。植物miRNA基因家庭的成员经常是高度类似的，建议经由双人脚踏车基因复制和部分复制事件的最近的扩大。尽管许多miRNA基因越过植物种类被保存，一样的基因家庭在不同种类在尺寸和genomic组织显著地变化，它可以在目标基因规定引起剂量效果和空间、时间的差别。在这评论，我们在理解植物miRNA基因家庭的进化总结当前的进步。

简介：Duetoconcernsregardingtheoverlappingfiguresinthisreviewthatareidenticaltothosecontainedinareviewarticlethatwehaveco-authoredandpublishedearlier,weretracttheabovepaperwepublishedinCellResearch.Weapologizeforanyconfusionthatmaybecausedbythismatter,althoughwestandbythescientificcontentscontainedintheCellResearchpaper.

简介：<正>Acutepromyelocyticleukaemia(APL)hasbeenattractingawideinterestfarbeyondhematologicalfieldinthelastdozenyearsduetothepresenceofspecificchromosometranlocationsandclinicalresponsibilitytoall-transretinoicacid(ATRA)bydifferentiationinductionaswellastoarsenictrioxide(ATO).Most(>95%)APLpatientscarryspecificchromosometranslocationt(15;17),whichleadstodiscoveryofPMLgeneonchromosome15.SuchatranslocationcausesthefusionofPMLtoretinoicacidreceptor-alpha

简介：Nanogproteinisexpressedintheinteriorcellsofcompactedmorulaeandmaintainedtillepiblastsbutdownregulatedbyimplantationstage.Itisalsoexpressedinembryonicstemcells,embryoniccarcinomacellsandembryonicgermcellsbutdisappearedindifferentiatedEScells.Inthisstudy,wehaveisolated,sequenced,andperformedthefirstcharacterizationoftheNanogpromoter.Thetranscriptionstartsitesweremappedbyprimerextensionanalysis.TwopromoterregionswerefoundupstreamthetranscriptionstartsitesandtheexpressionofmajorNanogpromoter/reportergeneconstructisabolishedindifferentiatedF9ECcellsascomparedtotheundifferentiatedcounterpart.Wealsoshowedthataputativeoctamermotif(ATGCAAAA)isnecessaryforthemajorpromoteractivity.GelshiftandsupershiftassaysshowedthatOct-1,Oct-4andOct-6proteinselectivelybindtotheoctamermotif.

简介：Carotenepigmentsinflowersandfruitsaredistinctfeaturesrelatedtofitnessadvantagessuchasattractinginsectsforpollinationandbirdsforseeddispersal.Inpapaya,thefleshcolorofthefruitisconsideredaqualitytraitthatcorrelateswithnutritionalvalueandislinkedtoshelf-lifeofthefruit.Toelucidatethecarotenoidbiosynthesispathwayinpapaya,wetookacandidategeneapproachtoclonethelycopeneβ-cyclasegene,LCY-B.ApapayaLCY-Bortholog,cpLCY-B,wassuccessfullyidentifiedfrombothcDNAandbacterialartificialchromosome(BAC)librariesandcompletegenomicsequencewasobtainedfromthepositiveBACincludingthepromoterregion.ThiscpLCY-Bshared80%aminoacididentitywithcitrusLCY-B.However,fullgenomicsequencesfrombothyellow-andred-fleshedpapayawereidentical.Quantitativereal-timePCR(qPCR)revealedsimilarlevelsofexpressionatsixdifferentmaturingstagesoffruitsforbothyellow-andred-fleshedgenotypes.FurtherexpressionanalysesofcpLCY-Bshowedthatitsexpressionlevelswereseven-andthree-foldhigherinleavesand,respectively,flowersthaninfruits,suggestingthatcpLCY-Bisdown-regulatedduringthefruitripeningprocess.

简介：Majoradvanceshavebeenmadeoverthelastdecadeinourunderstandingofthemolecularbasisofseveralcardiacconditions.Hypertrophiccardiomyopathy(HCM)wasthefirstcardiacdisorderinwhichageneticbasiswasidentifiedandassuch,hasactedasaparadigmforthestudyofaninheritedcardiacdisorder.HCMcanresultinclinicalsymptomsrangingfromnosymptomstosevereheartfailureandprematuresuddendeath.HCMisthecommonestcauseofsuddendeathinthoseagedlessthan35years,includingcompetitiveathletes.Atleasttengeneshavenowbeenidentified,defectsinwhichcauseHCM.Allofthesegenesencodeproteinswhichcomprisethebasiccontractileunitoftheheart,i.e.thesarcomere.Whilemuchisnowknownaboutwhichgenescausediseaseandthevariousclinicalpresentations,verylittleisknownabouthowthesegenedefectscausedisease,andwhatfactorsmodifytheexpressionofthemutantgenes.StudiesinbothcellcultureandanimalmodelsofHCMarenowbeginningtoshedlightonthesignallingpathwaysinvolvedinHCM,andtheroleofbothenvironmentalandgeneticmodifyingfactors.Understandingthesemechanismswillultimatelyimproveourknowledgeofthebasicbiologyofheartmusclefunction,andwillthereforeprovidenewavenuesfortreatingcardiovasculardiseaseinman.

简介：基因治疗为癌症的治疗提供一条新途径。编码immunostimulatorycytokines的基因的转移与显著成功被使用了在动物消除癌症。然而，在有这策略的病人的临床的试用限制了功效。因此，基因转移向量系统的改进是必要的。混合病毒的向量，与鼠科的IL-12或记者LacZ基因由SFVreplicon组成，被构造。这混合向量在vitro并且在vivo在HCC显示出表示的特性和高水平。在一个老鼠orthotropic肝肿瘤模型，没有伴随毒性，由有mIL-12基因的混合向量的确定的肿瘤的治疗导致了一项强壮的反肿瘤活动。随后，助手依赖者侵入人体气管粘膜的病菌包含mifepristone(RU486)的向量可诱导的系统被构造为控制并且人的interleukin的肝特定的表示12(hIL-12)(HD-Ad/RUhIL-12)并且鼠标IL-12(mIL-12)(HD-Ad/RUmIL-12)。数据证明hIL-12的高、支撑的浆液层次能被继续RU486的管理达到每12或24h。hIL-12的重复正式就职能被获得在上，至少在HD-Ad/RUhIL-12的单个注射以后的48个星期的一个时期。肝转移与的处理HD-Ad/RUmIL-12，正RU846在所有动物导致了完全的肿瘤回归。然后，不同cytokine基因被插入到有条件的replicative侵入人体气管粘膜的病菌向量(也叫的oncolytic侵入人体气管粘膜的病菌)。在肿瘤房间的侵入人体气管粘膜的病菌的复制将杀死肿瘤房间和版本病毒，它感染包围肿瘤房间。由oncolytic侵入人体气管粘膜的病菌的cytopathic效果和transgene的生物效果的联合将施加强壮的反肿瘤活动。向量的这些新类型可以为癌症基因治疗提供一个有势力和安全工具。

简介：CT120,anovelmembrane-associatedgeneimplicatedinlungcarcinogenesis,waspreviouslyidentifiedfromchromosome17pl3.3locus,ahotmutationspotinvolvedinhumanmalignancies.Inthepresentstudy,wefurtherdeterminedthatCT120ectopicexpressioncouldpromotecellproliferationactivityofNIH3T3cellsusingMTSassay,andmonitoredthedownstreameffectsofCT120inNIH3T3cellswithAtlasmousecDNAexpressionarrays.Among588knowngenes,133geneswerefoundtobeupregulatedordownregulatedbyCT120.Twomajorsignalingpathwaysinvolvedincellproliferation,cellsurvivalandanti-apoptosiswereoverexpressedandactivatedinresponsetoCT120:OneistheRaf/MEK/ErksignalcascadesandtheotheristhePI3K/Aktsignalcascades,suggestingthatCT120mightcontribute,atleastinpart,totheconstitutivelyactivationofErkandAktinhumanlungcanercells.Inaddition,sometumormetastasisassociatedgenescathepsinB,cathepsinD,cathepsinL,MMP-2/TIMP-2werealsoupregulatedbyCT120,uponwhichCT120mightbeinvolvedintumorinvasivenessandmetastasis.Inaddition,CT120mightplayanimportantroleintumorprogressionthroughmodulatingtheexpressionofsomecandidate“LungTumorProgression”genesincludingB-Raf,Rab-2,BAX,BAG-1,YB-1,andCdc42.

简介：WeclonedcDNAsforXenopusaldolasesA,BandC.Thesethreealdolasegenesarelocalizedondifferentchromosomesasasinglecopygene.Intheadult,thealdolaseAgeneisexpressedextensivelyinmuscletissues,whereasthealdolaseBgeneisexpressedstronglyinkidney,liver,stomachandintestine,whilethealdolaseCgeneisexpressedinbrain,heartandovary.InoocytesaldolaseAandCmRNAs,butnotaldolaseBmRNA,areextensivelytranscribed.Thus,aldolaseAandCmRNAs,butnotBmRNA,occurabundantlyineggsasmaternalmRNAs,andstrongexpressionofaldolaseBmRNAisseenonlyafterthelateneurulastage.WeconcludethataldolaseAandCmRNAsaremajoraldolasemRNAsinearlystagesofXenopusembryogenesiswhichproceedsutilizingyolkastheonlyenergysource,aldolaseBmRNA,ontheotherhand,isexpressedonlylaterindevelopmentintissueswhicharerequiredfordietaryfructosemetabolism.WealsoisolatedtheXenopusaldolaseCgenomicgene(ca.12kb)andfoundthatitspromoter(ca.2kb)containsregionsnecessaryfortissue-specificexpressionandalsoaGCrichregionwhichisessentialforbasaltranscriptionalactivity.

简介：Thebindingofnuclearproteinspreparedfrommouseerythroidtissueindifferentdevelopmentalstagestothe5'-flankingregulatoryelementsofhumanβ-globingene,twonegativecontrolregions(NCR1,-610to-490bp;NCR2,-338,to-233bp),wasidentified.TwostagespecificproteinfactorscorrespondingtoembryonicandfetalstageswerefoundtobecapableofbindingtoNCR2.Thesedataprovidedevidencethatthecisactingelementsofthe5'-flankingregionmightbeinvolvedinthedevelopmentalcontrolofβ-globingeneandNCR2mightberesponsibleinartforthesilenceofβ-glolbingeneintheembryonicandfetalstages.

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简介：Meiotic前期我是一个长、复杂的阶段。相应再结合是在meiotic前期期间发生在相应染色体之间的一个重要过程我。chiasmata的形成，它一起保持相应染色体直到中期我到后期，我转移，为合适的染色体分离是批评的。最近的研究建议了SPO11蛋白质在产生被认为是相应再结合的起点的双strandedDNA裂缝(DSB)的地点在很多个有机体保存了功能。DSB的这些地点处理要求RecA相当或相同的事物的功能，例如RAD51，DMC1，和其它，由变异的研究建议了；因此，修理这些meioticDSB的失败导致反常chromosomal引申，导致破坏成熟分裂。这些RecA相当或相同的事物的功能上的最近的发现改进了位于meiotic下面的机制的理解相应再结合。

简介：Peptidenucleicacids(PNAs)aresyntheticoligonucleotideswithchemicallymodifiedbackbones.PNAscanbindtobothDNAandRNAtargetsinasequence-specificmannertoformPNA/DNAandPNA/RNAduplexstructures.Whenboundtodouble-strandedDNA(dsDNA)targets,thePNAmoleculereplacesoneDNAstrandintheduplexbystrandinvasiontoformaPNA/DNA/PNA[or(PNA)2/DNA]triplexstructureandthedisplacedDNAstrandexistsasasinglestrandedD-loop.PNAhasbeenusedinmanystudiesasresearchtoolsforgeneregulationandgenetargeting.TheDloopsgeneratedfromthePNAbindinghavealsobeendemonstratedforitspotentialininitiatingtranscriptionandinducinggeneexpression.PNAprovidesapowerfultooltostudythemechanismoftranscriptionandaninnovativestrategytoregulatetargetgeneexpression.AnunderstandingofthePNA-mediatedgeneregulationwillhaveimportantclinicalimplicationsintreatmentofmanyhumandiseasesincludinggenetic,cancerous,andage-relateddiseases.

简介：Xenopusorganizerspecificgenenogginpossessesnearlyallthecharacteresticpropertiesoftheactionoforganizertospecifytheembryonicbodyacis.Toanalyzehowthematernalinheritedfactorscontrolitsexpressionpattern,weclonedthe5'regulatoryregionofnoggingene.The1.5kbupstreamsequensecoulddirectreportergenetoexpressinvivoanddatafromdeletionanalysisindicatedthata229basepairfragmetisessentialforactivatingnogginexpression.WefurtherdemonstratedthattheresponseelementswithinthisregulatoryregionwereindeedunderthecontrolofgrowthfactoractivinandWntsignalingpathwaycomponents.

简介：组蛋白deacetylases(HDAC)并且嘘一乙酰转移ases(帽子)是其酶的活动控制蛋白质离氨酸残余的乙酰化状态的二抵抗酶家庭，尤其是在核心histones.Acetylation的N终端扩展包含的那些嘘通过它对染色质符合构造的影响影响基因表示。Inaddition，几non-histone蛋白质由特定的离氨酸残余的乙酰化状态在他们的稳定性或生物功能被调整。HDAC在大量的生物学过程干涉并且是部分一多每个成员在有它的专业化功能的蛋白质家庭。另外，HDAC活动紧通过指向的招募，protein-proteininteractions和translational以后修正被控制。房间周期前进，房间幸存和区别的控制在这些酶的最重要的角色之中。因为这些过程被恶意的转变影响，HDAC禁止者作为反被开发在癌症病人的肿瘤的药和areshowing鼓励功效。

简介：Trichosanthin(TCS)isapotentallergentomice.Accordingtoourpreviousexperiments,itcouldbringouttheIgEresponsetoovabumin(OVA)ifTCSwasgivenonedaybeforeOVAimmunization,whileOVAalonecouldnotinduceIgEtoit.Inthiswork,thekineticsofinterleukin4(IL-4)andinterferonγ(IFN-γ)geneexpressioninthemesentericlymphnode(MLN)ofTCS-immunizedmicewasinvestigatedusingasemi-quantitativeRT-PCRmethod.ItindicatedthatTCSinducedsignificantIL-4geneexpressionandthepeaksofIL4geneexpressionwereondayoneafterTCSimmunizationinbothprimaryandsecondaryresponse.Incontrast,theIFN-γgeneexpressionwassuppressed.Furthermor,theIL-4geneexpressioninthesecondaryresponsewaslowerthanthatintheprimaryresponse.ThusthepresenceofIgEmemoryBcellswerestudied.ResultsshowedthattheamountofmatureIgEmRNAarosesignificantlyandrapidlyonedayafterTCSrestimulation,whileintheMLNofthemiceprimed30daysbeforeandwithoutboost,itwasalmostasthesameamountoftheunimmunizedcontrol.ThesefindingssuggesttheexistenceoftheIgEmemoryBcellsinthemiceaftertheprimaryTCSimmunization.

简介：理解扩大多拷贝microRNA(miRNA)在植物的家庭，我们局部性从到他们的染色体的Arabidopsis和米饭的报导miRNA基因，分别地并且从Arabidopsis观察了117miRNA基因中的那37%个，从米饭的173miRNA基因中的35%个是在染色体的部分复制。为了描绘表示多样化是否多发生在植物之中，拷贝miRNA家庭成员，我们设计了在Arabidopsis和米饭从10个家庭指向48位预言的miRNA先锋的PCR教材。从RT-PCR数据的结果建议在一样的miRNA家庭以内的成员的抄录先锋在不同表示层次是在场的。另外，尽管miR160和miR162序列在Arabidopsis和米饭被保存，我们发现这些基因的表示模式在二种之间不同。这些数据建议那表达式多样化发生了在多拷贝miRNA家庭，在植物增加我们miRNAs的表达式规定的理解。

简介：Monoclonal(mAb)成功地被用于长期的疾病的治疗，例如癌症，发炎和有免疫力的疾病。与在抗体工程的技术进展，当有减少的immunogenicity的高亲密关系治疗学在聚光灯下面变得，小重组体抗体的开发碎裂。设计重组体抗体碎片的一种流行格式是单个链的改正变量(scFv)分子，父母抗体的VH和VL区域被一个多肽连接器一起在连接。scFv碎片保留目标特性和未经触动的抗体，和罐头的抗原绑定亲密关系被在房间从单个cDNA表示VH和VL区域的宫外的联盟者遗传上在大数量设计并且生产。由于它的更小的尺寸，scFv分子表演在肿瘤穿入改进了pharmacokinetics并且被主人免疫系统更好容忍。

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