简介：OnthebasisofgradientdataofthesurfacelayerobtainedfromfoursetsofAutomaticWeatherStation(AWS)installedinLhasa,Nagqu,XigazeandNyingchiontheTibetanPlateaufromJuly1993toMarch1999accordingtotheprojectofPRC-JapanAsiamonsoonmechanismcooperativeresearch,theseasonalsurfaceroughnesslengthsanddiurnalbulktransfercoefficientsateachstationareestimated.Thenthesurfacefluxesofmomentum,sensibleheatandlatentheatarecalculatedbyusingbulkformulation,Moreover,thecompositecharacteristicsofdiurnalandmonthlyvariationofsurfacefluxesareemphaticallyanalyzedinthispaper.

简介：Therelationshipbetweentheall-IndiasummermonsoonrainfallandsurfacepressureovertheIndianregionhasbeenexaminedtoobtainausefulpredictorforthemonsoonrainfall.Thedataseriesofall-Indiamonsoonrainfallandthemeanpressuresofthreeseasonsbeforeandafterthemonsoonseasonaswellasthewinter-to-springpressuretendency(MAM-DJF)at100stationsfortheperiod1951-1980havebeenusedintheanalysis.Theall-Indiamonsoonrainfallisnegativelycorrelatedwiththepressureofthespring(MAM)seasonprecedingthemonsoonandwinter-to-springseasonaldifferenceaspressuretendency(MAM-DJF),atalmostallthestationsinIndia,andsignificantlywiththepressuresovercentralandnorthwesternregions.Theaveragemeansealevelpressureofsixstations(Jodhpur,Ahmedabed,Bombay,Indore,SagarandAkola)intheWesternCentralIndian(WCI)regionshowedhighlysignificant(at1%level)andconsistentCCsof-0.63forMAMand-0.56forMAM-DJFfortheperiod1951-1980.T

简介：在由有单个time/dual隧道裂口窗户算法的GMS-5/VISSR热红外线的数据的这份报纸的检索结果揭示特征日报、季节几代表性的陆地表面的清楚天空的陆地表面温度(LST)的变化录入中国包括Tarim盆，Qinghai西藏的高原，Hunshandake沙，诺思中国平原，并且华南。在上面的区域的清楚天空的LST的季节的变化由太阳的放射为影响的不同表面反照率，土壤水内容，和程度清楚地变化。每月的一般水准日报LST的范围在一年里有二座山峰和二条山谷。在东亚和在台湾海峡和黄海的南方的海表面温度(SST)的大多数土地的LST的特征也作为比较被分析。Tarim盆和Hunshandake沙有可观的LST不仅日报周期而且显著季节的变化。在2000，最大的每月的一般水准日报在两个区域的LST的范围在Hunshadake沙活动范围是超过30K，和年度范围58.50K。在Qinghai西藏的高原的LST的季节的变化是在东亚，Tarim盆，和Hunshandake沙的不到那些。然而，最大值日报范围在这个区域存在。每年的一般水准日报范围是在在2000的Qinghai西藏的高原的28.05K。特征日报、季节、年度从1998～2000的变化也在这研究被显示出。所有结果将对为陆地表面类型的变化的气候变化，放射平衡，和评价的研究珍贵。[出版摘要]

简介：ＡＮＡＬＹＳＩＳＯＦＭＥＡＮＷＩＮＤＣＨＡＲＡＣＴＥＲＩＳＴＩＣＳＩＮＴＨＥＡＴＭＯＳＰＨＥＲＩＣＳＵＲＦＡＣＥＬＡＹＥＲＯＦＴＨＥＧＲＡＳＳＬＡＮＤＡＲＥＡＩＮＮＯＲＴＨＣＨＩＮＡＸｕｅＨｅｎｇ（薛桁），ＺｈｕＲｕｉｚｈａｏ（朱瑞兆）ａｎｄＷｕＨｏ...

简介：ＴＨＥＥＦＦＥＣＴＯＦＴＨＥＳＬＩＧＨＴＬＹＩＮＣＬＩＮＥＤＴＥＲＲＡＩＮＯＮＴＨＥＷＩＮＤＳＨＥＡＲＮＥＡＲＴＨＥＳＵＲＦＡＣＥＺｈａｎｇＹｏｎｇｐｉｎｇ（张永萍），ＬｉＸｉｎｇｓｈｅｎｇ（李兴生），ＺｈｏｕＸｉｕｊｉ（周秀骥）ａｎｄＢｉａｎＬｉｎ...

简介：Throughoneandhalfyearcontinuousin-situmeasurements,thedistributionsandvariationsofsurfaceozoneanditsprecursorsatatypicalmixedagriculturalandmetropolitanarea-Changshu,YangtzeDeltaregion,werestudied.Thepreliminaryanalysisontheconcentrationlevelsandvariationsofsurfaceozoneindicatedtheobviousseasonalanddiurnalcyclesduringtheexperiment.Thehourlyaveragedconcentrationsofsurfaceozonewerehigh,inabout17%oftotalvalidhoursthesurfaceozoneconcentrationexceeded50ppb,andin22daysthehourlyaveragedozoneconcentrationwasgreaterthan100ppb.Therewereabout40%ofthedaysinthatthedailymaximum8-hourozoneconcentrationwasgreaterthan50ppb.Thedayswithdailymaximum8-hourozoneconcentrationgreaterthan80ppbwereabout33daysthataccountedforabout8%oftheobservationaldays.Thevariationsof5-daymovingaveragedozoneconcentrationsdependedbothontheweatherconditionsandonthechangesofozoneinbackgroundatmosphere.Photochemicalprocesshadthesignificantimpactsonozoneproductions.

简介：ＯＢＳＥＲＶＡＴＩＯＮＡＬＳＴＵＤＹＯＮＴＨＥＣＨＡＲＡＣＴＥＲＩＳＴＩＣＳＯＦＴＨＥＲＡＤＩＡＴＩＯＮＡＮＤＳＵＲＦＡＣＥＡＴＭＯＳＰＨＥＲＩＣＢＯＵＮＤＡＲＹＬＡＹＥＲＯＶＥＲＡＮＴＡＲＣＴＩＣＡ￥ＢｉａｎＬｉｎｇｅｎ（卞林根）．ＬｕＬｏｎｇｈｕ...

简介：Thesimplelinearrelationshipbetweenclear-skyplanetaryandsurfacealbedocanbeadoptedforcertainaccuracy.Therearedifferentparameterizationschemesofatmosphericcorrectionfordifferentretrievalmodels.Inthispaper,severalrepresentativeretrievalmodelsarecomparedandtestedwithobservationaldatafromHEIhebasinFieldExperiment(HEIFE)inwesternChina.Someevaluationsandsuggestionsonimprovementareproposedformodelswhichwouldbemoreapplicabletoplateauandaridareas.

简介：Basedontheexistingland-surfaceschemesandmodels,animprovedLand-surfaceProcessModel(LPM-ZD)hasbeendeveloped.Ithasthefollowingmajorcharacteristics:(1)Thecombinationofphysicalequationsandempiricalanalyticalformulaeareusedtoconstructthegoverningequationsofsoiltemperatureandmoisture.Higherresolutionofmodellevelandphysicalequationsareadoptedfortheuppersoillayers,andforthelowersoillayers,lowerresolutionofmodellevelisadoptedandempiricalanalyticalformulaeareused.(2)Inlandsurfacehydrologicalprocess,thesub-griddistributionofrainfallanditseffectsaretakenintoaccount.(3)Asimplesnowcoversubmodelhasbeenused,whichincludeseffectsofsnowcoveronsoilthermodynamicsandhydrology,aswellasalbedo.Byuseofthismodelandthreegroupsofpointobservationdata,aseriesof“off-line”testshavebeencarriedout.Thesimulationresultsindicatethatland-surfaceprocessmodelhasgoodperformanceandcanwellsimulatediurnalandseasonalvariationoflandsurfaceprocessesformanykindsoflandsurfacecovers(forest,grass,cropsanddesert)indifferentclimatezone.Theresultssimulatedbythemodelareconsistentwiththeobservations.Later,byuseofonegroupofobservationdataandthemodel,aseriesofsensitivityexperimentshavebeendone.Itisshownthatthemodelismuchsensitivetosomeparameters,suchasinitialsoilmoisture,vegetationphysicalparametersaswellastheproportionofthegridcoveredwithrain.Thereforeitismuchimportantforland-surfaceprocessmodeltodefinetheseparametersasaccuratelyaspossible.

简介：

简介：Theturbulentfluxesforsensibleandlatentheatandmomentumarecomputedandanalysesarecarriedoutaboutthefactorsintermsofthefluxes,withtheprofilemethods,basedonthedatafromtheTibetan(Xi-zang)PlateauMeteorologicalExperimentin1986(TIPMEX-86).Itisshownthatthefluxesofvariouskindshaveevidentdiurnalvariation,andeachdecademeandiurnalvariationisquitedifferentfromothers.Thesensibleheatfluxisabout2/3lessinJulythaninJune.Theresultsindicatethattheaverageddragcoefficient,C_d,andtheaveragedbulktransfercoefficientofsensibleheat,C_h,are0.0052and0.0075respectively,fortheperiod13to28inJuneforNagqu.ButforLhasa,themeanC_dis0.0056,andthemeanC_his0.0085,fortheperiodofJune11toJuly20.ItisfoundthatC_dandC_harenotonlythefunctionofwindvelocity,butalsoinfluencedbystabilityconditionsandwindandtemperaturegradients.

简介：WeusetheU.S.Navy'sMasterOceanographicObservationDataSet(MOODS)fortheYellowSea/EastChinaSea(YES)toinvestigatetheclimatologicalwatermassfeaturesandtheseasonalandnon-seasonalvariabilitiesofthethermohalinestructure,andusetheComprehensiveOcean-AtmosphereDataSet(COADS)from1945to1989toinvestigatethelinkagebetweenthefluxes(momentum,heat,andmoisture)acrosstheair-oceaninterfaceandtheformationofthewatermassfeatures.Afterexaminingthemajorcurrentsystemsandconsideringthelocalbathymetryandwatermassproperties,wedivideYESintofiveregions:EastChinaSea(ECS)shelf,YellowSea(YS)Basin,Chejubifurcation(CB)zone,TaiwanWarmCurrent(TWC)region,KuroshioCurrent(KG)region.Thelongtermmeansurfaceheatbalancecorrespondstoaheatlossof30Wm-2intheESCandCBregions,aheatlossof65Wm-2intheKGandTWCregions,andaheatgainof15Wm-2intheYSregion.Thesurfacefreshwaterbalanceisdefinedbyprecipitationminusevaporation.Theannualwaterlossfromthesurfaceforthefivesubareasrangesfrom1.8to4cmmonth-1.Thefreshwaterlossfromthesurfaceshouldbecompensatedforfromtheriverrun-off.Theentirewatercolumnoftheshelfregion(ECS,YS,andCB)undergoesanevidentseasonalthermalcyclewithmaximumvaluesoftemperatureduringsummerandmaximummixedlayerdepthsduringwinter.However,onlythesurfacewatersoftheTWCandKGregionsexhibitaseasonalthermalcycle.WealsofoundtwodifferentrelationsbetweensurfacesalinityandtheYangtzeRiverrun-off,namely,out-of-phaseintheEastChinaSeashelfandin-phaseintheYellowSea.ThismayconfirmanearlierstudythatthesummerfreshwaterdischargefromtheYangtzeRiverformsarelativelyshallow,lowsalinityplume-likestructureextendingoffshoreonaveragetowardsthenortheast.

简介：Thesynopticclimatologyofmonthlymeansurfaceairtemperatureanomaly(MMATA)at47surfacestationsinAsiaisassessedbytwotypesofmaps.ThefirstconsistsofsimplelinearcorrelationcoefficientsbetweentheMMATAatastationandthemonthlymean700hPaheightanomaly(MMHA)at134gridpointsintheNorthernHemisphere.Inwinter,thesefieldsgenerallycontaintwoequallyimportantcenters:acenterofmaximumpositivecorrelationapproximately1300kmfromthereferencestationandanegativecenterabout2800kmtoitsnorthwest.Insummer,thepositivecenterislocatedanaverageof800kmfromthereferencestationandstronglydominatestheMMATA,whilethenegativecenterisnolongerasimportantasinwinter.Thesecondkindofmapisaspecialtypeofanomalycomposite,constructedbymultiplyingthecorrelationcoefficientateachgridpointbythestandarddeviationofMMHAatthesamepoint.Thismapshowstheoptimumdistributionofheightanomaliesforabnormallywarm(orc

简介：Byusingathree-levelatmosphericgeneralcirculationmodel(AGCM),wehavecompletedseveralnumericalexperimentstostudytheimpactsofseasurfacetemperatureanomaly(SSTA)andantarcticicecoveranomaly(AICA)during1981—1983onclimatevariability.TheresultsshowthatduringtheElNinoperiodof1982—1983theimpactofSSTAoverridesthatofAICA.SSTAmainlyaffectsequatorialzonalcirculationandproducesPNAwavetrain,andSE-NWwavetraininEastAsiatoinfluencetheweatherofChina.AICAproduceswest-eastanomalousvortexstreetsinthemiddlelatitudesofbothhemispheresandaffectstheintensityofthepolarvortexofSouthernHemisphere.

简介：AsensitivenumericalsimulationstudyiscarriedouttoinvestigatetheeffectsofcondensationheatingandsurfacefluxesonthedevelopmentofaSouthChinaMCSthatoccurredduring23-24May1998.Theresultsrevealthefollowing:(1)CondensationheatingplaysanimportantroleinthedevelopmentofMCS.Ineverydifferentstage,withoutcondensationheating,MCSprecipitationissignificantlyreduced,andquicklydissipates.(2)CondensationheatingdemonstratesmostimportantlyduringtheearlydevelopmentstagesofMCSvortex;asthevortexdevelopsstronger,thecondensationheatingeffectsreduces.(3)ByaffectingtheMCSdevelopmentprocesses,condensationheatingalsoinfluencestheformationofMCSmesoscaleenvironmentstructurefeaturessuchaslow-leveljet(mLLJ),upper-leveldivergence.(4)Bychangingtheantecedentenvironmentalcirculation,thesurfacefluxesalsoplayanimportantroleinthedevelopmentofMCS.Becauseofthesurfaceheating,pressuredeclinesovertheheavyrainfallandMCShappeningregions,whichresultsintheintensificationofsoutherlyflowsfromtheoceanalongtheSouthChinacoastlineareas,andleadstotheenhancementofhorizontalconvergenceandincreaseofvaporamountinthelowerlayer.Allofthesemaketheatmospheremoreunstableandmorefavorablefortheconvection.

简介：BasedontheQuikSCATdata,thefeaturesofsurfacewinddistributionofthetyphoonVongfonglandfallprocessareanalyzed.WehavealsostudiedthevariancespectralconfigurationofthesurfacewindfieldusingDCT(DiscreteCosineTransform).Theconclusionsareasfollows:Thenear-surfacewindfieldishighlyasymmetric;thevariancecomponentsofasymmetricsurfacewindfielddependmainlyontheairflowdirectionofwavenumber1and2.Whenthetyphoonmoveswest,therearetwowavespectralcentersliningupinthezonaldirection,mainlytheairflowfromzonalwavenumber2andmeridionalwavenumber2;whenitmovesnorth,therearetwowavespectralcentersinameridionalarray,mainlytheairflowfromzonalwavenumber1andmeridionalwavenumber2.Theairflowforwavenumber1mainlycontributestothevarianceofthetangentialwindwhilethatforwavenumber2tothevarianceoftheradialwind.Theasymmetricaldistributionchangeswiththelarge-scaleenvironmentandself-rotatingcirculationaroundthetyphoon.Whenitapproachedland,theassociatedgaleappearsinfrontportionintheadvancingdirectionofthestorm.ItisineffectsimilartothemodelofChenLian-shoufortyphoon-relatedgales-NNWontheleftfrontportionandSEontherightfrontportion.

简介：由与曾经历史上发生了的ENSO事件作比较，基本特征和热带太平洋的异常海面温度的可能的原因特征地在1997和1998期间被分析了。1997/1998ElNino有重要畸形和怪癖，这被发现。掉进“简单东方模式”或“西方的模式”不同于以前的ElNino事件。1997/1998ElNifio事件的预言也与一口中间的海洋空气被测试了联合动态模型。结果证明24铅月为温暖的事件预报的0~的技巧都超过0.5。成熟阶段的预言和温暖的事件的以后的阶段比开始的阶段的那些好。

简介：Thepaperinvestigatestheabilitytoretrievethetruesoilmoistureprofilebyassimilatingnear-surfacesoilmoistureintoasoilmoisturemodelwithanensembleKalmanfilter(EnKF)assimilationscheme,includingtheeffectofensemblesize,updateintervalandnonlinearitiesintheprofileretrieval,therequiredtimeforfullretrievalofthesoilmoistureprofiles,andthepossibleinfluenceofthedepthofthesoilmoistureobservation.Thesequestionsareaddressedbyadesktopstudyusingsyntheticdata.The'true'soilmoistureprofilesaregeneratedfromthesoilmoisturemodelundertheboundaryconditionof0.5cmd-1evaporation.Totesttheassimilationschemes,themodelisinitializedwithapoorinitialguessofthesoilmoistureprofile,anddifferentensemblesizesaretestedshowingthatanensembleof40membersisenoughtorepresentthecovarianceofthemodelforecasts.Alsocomparedaretheresultswiththosefromthedirectinsertionassimilationscheme,showingthattheEnKFissuperiortothedirectinsertionassimilationscheme,forhourlyobservations,withretrievalofthesoilmoistureprofilebeingachievedin16hascomparedto12daysormore.Fordailyobservations,thetruesoilmoistureprofileisachievedinabout15dayswiththeEnKF,butitisimpossibletoapproximatethetruemoisturewithin18daysbyusingdirectinsertion.ItisalsofoundthatobservationdepthdoesnothaveasignificanteffectonprofileretrievaltimefortheEnKF.Thenonlinearitieshavesomenegativeinfluenceontheoptimalestimatesofsoilmoistureprofilebutnotveryseriously.

简介：SurfaceO3concentrationanditsprecursorshavebeenobservedatLongfengshanstation,HeilongjiangProvinceforaperiodofoneyearfromAugust13,1994toJuly30,1995.RelationshipbetweensurfaceO3andthemeteorologicalconditionsduringthisperiodisanalyzedinthisstudy.ObservationresultsshowthatdiurnalvariationofsurfaceO3followsapatternofdouble-peakswithamplitudeof27—28ppbunderfinedaysinsummerandautumn.Althoughthediurnalvariationissmall（14ppb）,itisstilldetectablewhenitisovercast.DiurnalvariationofO3isirregularunderrainydays.SurfaceO3concentrationriseswhenwindspeedstartstoincreaseat0800BT（BeijingTime）from0to6ms-1inautumn,winterandsummer.RelativehighsurfaceO3concentrationisnoticedfrequentlywhenS,SSW,SWandWSWwindareencounteredatthestationduringallseasons.At0800BTand1400BTthesurfaceO3concentrationincreaseswiththeincreaseofglobalradiationaccordinglyduringfinedaysinwinter,springandautumn.DuringfinedaysaveragepeakofO3concentrationinsummeris20ppbhigherthanthatinwinterwhiletheaveragepeakofglobalradiationinsummerisalmosttwiceashighasthatinwinter.TheaveragesurfaceO3concentrationunderfinedaysinautumnatLongfengshanstationis14ppblowerincomparisontotheobservationresultsfromLin’anstationwhereLin’anisataboutthesamelongitudeandlowerlatitude,withsameenvironment,whichismainlycausedbythedifferenceofglobalradiationduetodifferentlatitudesinthesetwoareas(differenceofaveragepeakglobalradiationabout100Wm-2).

简介：Dealingwiththeregionallandsurfacesheatfluxesoverinhomogeneouslandsurfacesinaridandsemi-aridareasisanimportantbutnotaneasyissue.Inthisstudy,oneparameterizationmethodbasedonsatelliteremotesensingandfieldobservationsisproposedandtestedforderivingtheregionallandsurfaceheatfluxesoverinhomogeneouslandscapes.Asacasestudy,themethodisappliedtotheDunhuangexperimentalareaandtheHEIFE(HeiheRiverFieldExperiment,1988-1994)area.TheDunhuangareaisselectedasabasicexperimentalareafortheChineseNationalKeyProgrammeforDevelopingBasicSciences:ResearchontheFormationMecbanismandPredictionTheoryofSevereClimateDisasterinChina(G1998040900,1999-2003).ThefourscenesofLandsatTMdatausedinthisstudyare3June2000,22August2000,and29January2001fortheDunhuangareaand9July1991fortheHEIFEarea.Theregionaldistributionsoflandsurfacevariables,vegetationvariables,andheatfluxesoverinhomogeneouslandscapesinaridandsemi-aridareasareobtainedinthisstudy.