简介：统计downscaling的二条途径在19602008期间在夏天在北京车站基于每日的最大、最小的温度观察的百分位数被用于温度极端的索引。一个人到过由起初使用文件结束分析和逐步的线性回归的下阶层的每天最大、最小的温度，然后计算极端的索引；其它到过直接下阶层由使用季节的大规模温度和geo潜在的高度记录的基于百分位数的索引。交叉验证结果证明后者途径比前者有更好的表演。然后，后者途径在北中国被用于48个气象学的车站。所有48个车站的交叉验证结果显示出在基于百分位数的索引和季节的大规模变量之间的靠近的关联。最后，在北中国的温度极端的索引的未来情形被把统计downscaling用于哈德利中心投射联合模型版本3(HadCM3)在代表性的集中小径下面的模拟4.5(RCP4.5)第五的情形联合了模型内部比较的工程(CMIP5)。结果证明每日的最大的温度的第90百分位数将在所有地s珀?珀由大约1.5talSe增加吗？？

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简介：Permanentmagneticmaterialscapableofoperatingathightemperatureupto500°Chavewidepotentialapplicationsinfieldssuchasaeronautics,space,andelectroniccars.SmCoalloysarecandidatesforhightemperatureapplications,sincetheyhavelargemagnetocrystallineanisotropyfield(6–30T),highCurietemperature(720–920°C),andlargeenergyproduct([200kJám-3)atroomtemperature.However,thehighestservicetemperatureofcommercial2:17typeSmComagnetsisonly300°C,andmanyeffortshavebeendevotedtodevelopnovelhightemperaturepermanentmagnets.ThisreviewfocusesonthedevelopmentofthreekindsofSmCobasedmagnets:2:17typeSmComagnets,nanocrystallineSmComagnets,andnanocompositeSmComagnets.Theoxidationprotection,includingalloyingandsurfacemodification,ofhightemperaturepermanentmagnetsisdiscussedaswell.

简介：Viscoelasticityandtemperaturecansignificantlyafecttheperformanceofadielectricelastomer.Inthecurrentstudy,weuseathermodynamicmodeltodescribetheefectoftemperatureandviscoelasticityontheelectromechanicalresponseundergoingacyclicelectricloadbytakingintoaccountofthetemperaturedependentdielectricconstant.Becauseofthesignificantviscoelasticityinthedielectricelastomer,thedeformationandthenominalelectricdisplacementcannotkeepinphasewiththeelectricfieldatlowfrequencies.Theresultsshowthatthemagnitudeofthecyclicelectromechanicalactuationstrainincreaseswiththedecreaseofthetemperatureanddecreaseswiththeincreasingfrequency,andviscoelasticitycanresultinsignificanthysteresisfordielectricelastomersunderarelativelowtemperatureandalowfrequency.

简介：1ScopeThisstandardspecifiesthetermsanddefinitions,theory,apparatus,specimens,testprocedures,calculationresults,apparatuscheckandtestreports,etc.ofabrasionresistanceatambienttemperatureofrefractoryproducts.Thisstandardisapplicabletodeterminetheabrasionresistanceatambienttemperatureofdenserefractoryproductsusedinerosionandcorrosionconditions.

简介：总数的长期的趋势出现太阳的放射(SSR)，表面弥漫的放射，和表面空气温度在在SSR之间的中国，然后关联从55个观察车站基于更新的48年的数据在这研究被分析并且日报温度范围(数据终端就绪)被学习。在中国的表面空气温度上的全部的太阳的放射的效果根据上述分析被调查。在SSR和数据终端就绪之间的强壮的关联被作出对有利的裁决时期19612008在中国。最高的关联和最陡峭的回归线斜坡发生在冬季，显示数据终端就绪上的太阳的放射效果在这个季节是最大的。云和水蒸汽在SSR和数据终端就绪上有强烈影响，并且因此在他们的关系上。在SSR和数据终端就绪之间的最大的关联在北中国发生在冬，不管全天(包括的晴朗的天和多云的天)或清楚天的案例。我们的结果也证明放射在表面到达中国在19611989期间显著地减少了(dimming时期)，但是开始在19902008期间增加了(使明亮的时期)，与以前的全球研究一致。全部的SSR的减小部分抵消在19611989期间温暖的温室。随在1990以后的SSR的增加，然而，这抵消的效果消失了；相反，它甚至做了贡献到加速的温暖。尽管如此，因为在19612008的整个学习时期增加最小、吝啬的表面温度，温暖的温室仍然起了一个控制作用。我们估计温室气体可能独自引起了表面温度上升0.310.46

简介：InordertoreconstructcomplicatedtemperaturefieldsmoreaccuratelybyacousticCT,areconstructionalgorithmbasedonMarkovradialbasisfunctionandTikhonovregularizationisproposedandnamedasMTRalgorithm.Withthealgorithm,theacousticvelocityfieldinamediumisapproximatedbyalinercombinationofMarkovradialbasisfunctions,theacoustictravel-timesovermulti-pathsandtheTikhonovregulationareusedtoreconstructtheacousticvelocitydistribution,andthenthetemperaturedistributioniscalculatedbyusingtherelationshipbetweenacousticvelocityandtemperature.Thetemperaturefieldmodelswithonehotspot,threehotspotsandfivehotspotsarereconstructedbyusingsimulationdata.ReconstructionresultsshowthattheMTRalgorithmcanreconstructthehottemperature,especiallythehotpositionaccurately.AnexperimentsystemfortemperaturedistributionmeasurementbyacousticCTisdeveloped.ThecapabilityofacousticCTtodetectahotspotcreatedbyelectricheatersinanexperimentalsilofilledwith1200kgsoybeansistestedbyusingtheMTRalgorithm.Inthereconstructiontemperaturefield,thehotpositioncanbedeterminedcorrectlyandthetemperatureerrorofthehotspotis1.3%.ItisthusclearthattheMTRalgorithmhasagoodcapacityofreconstructingcomplextemperaturefields,andcanbeexpectedtobeusedintemperaturemonitoringforactualstoredgains.

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简介：Basedontheobserved2-yeartemperaturedataforfourkindsoftypicalurbanunderlyingsurfaces,includingasphalt,cement,barelandandgrassland,theannualvariationsandinfluencingfactorsoflandsurfacetemperatureareanalyzed.Thenfittingequationsforsurfacetemperatureareestablished.Itisshownthattheannualvariationofdailyaverage,maximumandminimumtemperatureanddailytemperaturerangeonthefoururbanunderlyingsurfacesisconsistentwiththechangeinairtemperature.Thedifferenceoftemperatureondifferentunderlyingsurfacesinthesummerhalfyear(MaytoOctober)ismuchmoreevidentthanthatinthewinterhalfyear(DecembertothefollowingApril).Thedailyaverageandmaximumtemperaturesofasphalt,cement,barelandandgrasslandarehigherthanairtemperatureduetotheatmosphericheatinginthedaytime,withthatofasphaltbeingthehighest,followedinturnbycement,barelandandgrassland.Moreover,thedailyaverage,maximumandminimumtemperatureonthefoururbanunderlyingsurfacesarestronglyimpactedbytotalcloudamount,dailyaveragerelativehumidityandsunshinehours.Thelandsurfacecanbecooled(warmed)byincreasedtotalcloudamount(relativehumidity).Thechangesintemperatureonbarelandandgrasslandareinfluencedbyboththetotalcloudamountandthedailyaveragerelativehumidity.Thetemperatureparametersofthefourlandsurfacesaresignificantlycorrelatedwithdailyaverage,maximumandminimumtemperature,sunshinehours,dailyaveragerelativehumidityandtotalcloudamount,respectively.Theanalysisalsoindicatesthattherangeoffittingparameterofalinearregressionequationbetweenthesurfacetemperatureofthefourkindsoftypicallandsurfaceandtheairtemperatureisfrom0.809to0.971,passingtheF-testwithaconfidencelevelof0.99.

简介：TheBaCe0.9Y0.1O3-δ(BCY)perovskitemembranewassuccessfullysynthesizedbyliquidcitratemethod.ThephasestructureofthepowderwascharacterizedbyX-raydiffraction(XRD).Scanningelectronmicroscopy(SEM)wasusedtocharacterizemicrostructuresofthemembranesinteredundervariousconditions.Sinteringtemperaturesanddwelltimeduringsinteringinfluencethefinalmicrostructureoftheceramic.Resultsshowedthatincreasingsinteringtemperatureresultedinadensemembranewithcleargrains.Anincreaseofdwelltimewasfavorabletoproducemembraneswithlargergrainsinthesinteredceramics.Adensityof5.87g/cm3wasreachedforthemembraneaftersinteringat1200℃withdwelltimeof10h.Thisresultedintheformationofdensemembraneswithclearstructureandaveragegrainsizeof0.27mm.TheinfluenceofmicrostructureonthehydrogenpermeationfluxthroughBCYwasobservedbymeasuringthehydrogenpermeationflux,andtheresultsshowedthathydrogenpermeationfluxincreaseswithincreasingtheaveragegrainsizeofthemembrane.FromH2permeationrates,itwasfoundthatbulkdiffusionratherthansurfacereactionplayedthedominantroleinH2transport.

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简介：Self-lubricatingcoatingshavebeenwidelyusedtoreducefrictioninmovingmachineassemblies.However,thetribologicalperformanceofthesecoatingsisstronglydependentontheservicetemperature.Inthispaper,anextensivereviewpertainingtotheinfluenceofoperatingservicetemperatureontribologicalperformanceofself-lubricatingcoatingshasbeencarriedout.Basedontheeffectivelubricatingtemperaturerange,theself-lubricatingcoatingsdevelopedinthepasthavebeendividedintothreegroups：lowtemperaturelubricantcoating（from-200℃toroomtemperature）,moderatetemperaturelubricantcoating（fromroomtemperatureto500℃）andhightemperaturelubricantcoating（〉500℃）.Ideasconcerningpossiblewaystoextendtheoperatingtemperaturerangeofself-lubricatingcoatingshavebeenpresentedasfollows：hybridizedtribologicalcoating,adaptivetribologicalcoatings,anddiffusionratelimitedsolidlubricantcoating,inaddition,anewself-lubricatingcoatingformulationforpotentialapplicationatawideoperatingtemperaturerangehasbeenproposed.

简介：StudiesontheZnO/La0.5Pr0.2Sr0.3MnO3(LPSMO)/SrNb0.002Ti0.998O3(SNTO)heterostructurehavingvaryingthicknessofp-typeLPSMO(100nm—LP1)and(200nm—LP2)manganitearecarriedout.ZnO/LPSMO(n—p)andLPSMO/SNTO(p—n)junctionsofboththeheterostructuresexhibitgoodrectifyingbehaviorinawiderangeoftemperatureandappliedfield.Forwardandreversebiascharacteristicsofboththejunctionsofheterostructuresshowoppositebehavior.Theobservationofnegativemagnetoresistance(MR)at5KandpositiveMRat300K,inboththeheterostructures,hasbeenexplainedinthecontextofinterfaceregioneffectsandfillingofenergybandsofLPSMOmanganite.Further,athightemperature,theheterostructuresexhibitlargetemperature(46%K-1)andfield(40%T-1)sensitivities.Dependenceoftransport,magnetotransport,I—Vandsensingpropertiesoftheheterostructures,onthetemperature,fieldandfilmthicknesseshavebeendiscussedinthiscommunication.

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简介：为ectotherms的发展的内在的最佳温度不仅为他们的生理的过程而且为生态、进化的过程是最重要的因素之一。SharpeSchoolfieldIkemoto(SSI)模型成功了定义能热力学地满足在特别温度，到达它的最大的活动的活跃的酶的概率被认识到的条件的温度。以前，一个算法被Ikemoto开发(热带疟疾不意味着热环境。医药昆虫学的杂志，45，963969)到估计模型，参数，而是那编程序计算地很耗时。现在，因为一个完整的自动计算机程序被史等设计，调查者能更容易使用SSI模型。（为估计SSI模型的参数的一个修改程序。环境昆虫学，40，462469)。然而，为每ectotherm的内在的最佳温度的点估计的统计意义还没是坚定的。这里，我们为由修改计算估计的内在的最佳温度的信心间隔提供了一个新方法近似自举信心间隔方法。为这个目的，在SSI模型为参数的一个更快的评价开发一个新节目是必要的，我们也做了它。

简介：Inarecentstudy,aregimechartwasestablishedforshearedgranularsystems.Forasoftparticlesystemundersimpleshear,theinternalstressshowedarangeofratedependency.Astheparticleconcentrationincreased,thesystemtransitionedfromakineticgastoaplasticsolid.Thistransitionwasgradualforlowstiffnesssystemsbutbecamemoreabruptasthestiffnessincreased.Inthisstudy,therelationshipbetweenthegranulartemperatureandpressureisinvestigatedforthesamesystemofparticles.Thegranulartemperatureisdefinedastheaveragekineticenergyperunitvolumeandthepressureisdefinedasthetraceofthestresstensor.Itisfoundthatthispressure-temperature(P-T)curvedepictsasharpturnwhenthesystemmovesawayfromthekineticgasregime.However,nosignatureisfoundintheP-Trelationshipinotherregimes.

简介：几个数字实验被执行在热带气旋(TC)上调查海表面温度(SST)的动态、热力学的效果紧张。结果表明在乘最大的风的半径的23的半径以内的相对SST断然并且极大地作出贡献到TC紧张，当离开TC中心远的遥远的SST能减少暴风雨紧张时。由空至海的温度和潮湿差别的变化可以是TC紧张对亲戚而非绝对SST更敏感的原因。作为空气向eyewall移动的流入，更温暖(更冷)遥远的SST能逐渐地增加(减少)内在的表面让温度和潮湿通风，并且因此减少增加)由空至海的温度和潮湿差别，它导致更少(更多)进入eyewall然后减少(增加)的精力流动TC紧张并且使它不太敏感到绝对SST变化。与被考虑的所有相关动态、热力学的过程，最后，为TC紧张上的相对SST和绝对SST的效果的一张图解的图被建议。

简介：AnX-rayradiationsourcewithapproximatelyconstantradiationtemperatureisrealizedbyirradiatinggoldenhohlraumwithashapedlaserpulse.Asimpletheoreticalmodelbasedonpowerbalanceisusedtodesigntheshapeofthedrivelaserpulse.ExperimentsarecarriedoutontheShenguangIIIprototypelaserfacility,andtheexperimentalresultsarepresentedforradiationsourceswiththeflat-toplastingabout2.5nsattwodiferentpeaktemperaturesofabout150eVand170eV,respectively,includingthetimehistoriesofthetemperatures,theshapesofthedrivelaserpulsesandthetimeintegratedradiationspectra.Thevalidityofthemodelandpossibleimprovementsarediscussed.

简介：Tungstenisregardedasanimportantcandidateofplasmafacingmaterialininternationalthermonuclearexperimentalreactor(ITER),sothedeterminationandmodelingofspectraoftungstenplasma,especiallythespectraathightemperaturewereintenselyfocusedonrecently.Inthiswork,usingtheatomicstructurecodeofCowan,acollisionalradiativemodel(CRM)basedonthespin-orbit-split-arraysisdeveloped.Basedonthismodel,thechargestatedistributionoftungstenionsisdeterminedandthesoftX-rayspectrafromhighchargedionsoftungstenatdifferenttemperaturesarecalculated.Theresultsshowthatboththeaverageionizationchargeandlinepositionsarewellagreedwithotherscalculationsandmeasurementswithdiscrepanciesoflessthan0.63%and1.26%,respectively.Thespectraathighertemperaturesarealsoreportedandtherelationshipbetweenionabundanceandtemperatureispredictedinthiswork.

简介：Thearomatizationoflightalkenesinliquefiedpetroleumgas(LPG)withandwithoutdimethylether(DME)additioninthefeedwasinvestigatedonamodifiedZSM-5catalyst.Theresultsshowedthatunderthegivenreactionconditionstheselectivityofalkenestohigh-octanegasolineblendingcomponentswasmarkedlyenhancedandtheformationofpropaneandbutaneswasgreatlysuppressedwiththeadditionofDME.ItwasalsofoundthatthedistributionofC5+componentswaschangedalotwithDMEadditionintotheLPGfeed.Theformationofbranchedhydrocarbons(mainlyC6C8i-paraffin)andmulti-methylsubstitutedaromatics,whicharehighoctanenumbergasolineblendingcomponents,waspromotedsignificantly,whilethecontentofn-paraffinsandolefinsinC5+componentswasdecreasedobviously,indicatingthatinadditiontotheoligomerization,cracking,hydrogen-transferanddehydrogenation-cyclizationofalkenes,themethylationoftheformedaromaticsandolefinsintermediatesalsoplaysanimportantroleindeterminingtheproductdistributionduetothehighreactivityofsurfacemethoxygroupsformedbyDME.Andthisprocess,incombinationwiththesyngas-to-methanol/DMEtechnology,providesanalternativewaytotheproductionofhigh-octanegasolinefromcoal,naturalgasorrenewablerawmaterials.