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简介：AbstractCardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death worldwide. Therefore, exploring the mechanism of CVDs and critical regulatory factors is of great significance for promoting heart repair, reversing cardiac remodeling, and reducing adverse cardiovascular events. Recently, significant progress has been made in understanding the function of protein kinases and their interactions with other regulatory proteins in myocardial biology. Protein kinases are positioned as critical regulators at the intersection of multiple signals and coordinate nearly every aspect of myocardial responses, regulating contractility, metabolism, transcription, and cellular death. Equally, reconstructing the disrupted protein kinases regulatory network will help reverse pathological progress and stimulate cardiac repair. This review summarizes recent researches concerning the function of protein kinases in CVDs, discusses their promising clinical applications, and explores potential targets for future treatments.

简介：Background:Depressiondisordercoexistsinchronicdiseaseswithsomaticdiseasesandhashighmorbidity,disabilityandmortality.Currentresearcheshaveconfirmedthatdepressionmaybecausedbycoronaryheartdisease,hypertensionandheartfailure.Meanwhile,cardiovasculardiseasesmaycauseorworsendepression,leadingtoprolongedhospitalizationandcomplications.

简介：SincePresidentObamaannouncedthePrecisionMedicineInitiativeintheUnitedStates,moreandmoreattentionhasbeenpaidtoprecisionmedicine.However,clinicianshavealreadyusedittotreatconditionssuchascancer.Manycardiovasculardiseaseshaveafamilialpresentation,andgeneticvariantsareassociatedwiththeprevention,diagnosis,andtreatmentofcardiovasculardiseases,whicharethebasisforprovidingprecisecaretopatientswithcardiovasculardiseases.Large-scalecohortsandmultiomicsarecriticalcomponentsofprecisionmedicine.Herewesummarizetheapplicationofprecisionmedicinetocardiovasculardiseasesbasedoncohortandomicstudies,andhopetoelicitdiscussionaboutfuturehealthcare.

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简介：ThewealthofDNAdatageneratedbythehumangenomeprojectcouplingwithrecentlyinventedhigh-throughputgeneexpressionprofilingtechniqueshasdramaticallyspeduptheprocessforbiomedicalresearchersonelucidatingtheroleofgenesinhumandiseases.Onepowerfulmethodtorevealinsightintogenefunctionsisthesystematicanalysisofgeneexpression.Twopopularhigh-throughputgeneexpressiontechnologies,microarrayandSerialAnalysisofGeneExpression(SAGE)arecapableofproducinglargeamountsofgeneexpressiondatawiththepotentialofprovidingnovelinsightsintofundamentaldiseaseprocesses,especiallycomplexsyndromessuchascardiovasculardisease,whoseetiologiesareduetomultiplegeneticfactorsandtheirinterplaywiththeenvironment.MicroarrayandSAGEhavealreadybeenusedtoexaminegeneexpressionpatternsofcell-culture,animalandhumantissuesmodelsofcardiovasculardiseases.Inthisreview,wewillfirstgiveabriefintroductionofmicroarrayandSAGEtechnologiesandpointouttheirlimitations.Wewillthendiscussthemajordiscoveriesandthenewbiologicalinsightsthathaveemergedfromtheirapplicationstocardiovasculardiseases.Finallywewilltouchuponpotentialchallengesandfuturedevelopmentsinthisarea.

简介：Inclinicalpractice,avarietyofsyndromesareassociatedwithcardiovasculardiseaseandhavecharacteristicfindings.Mostofthemareanautosomaldominantgeneticdisorderandhavedifferenttypesofcardiovascularabnormalities,includingelectrocardiographicconductiondefects,arrhythmias,cardiomyopathy,vascularandvalvulardiseases,cardiacseptaldefects,andpulmonaryproblems.Thereisagrowingneedforphysicianstopaymoreattentiontothesesyndromes.

简介：AbstractCardiovascular disease (CVD) and environmental degradation are leading global health problems of our time. Recent studies have linked exposure to heavy metals to the risks of CVD and diabetes, particularly in populations from low- and middle-income countries, where concomitant rapid development occurs. In this review, we 1) assessed the totality, quantity, and consistency of the available epidemiological studies, linking heavy metal exposures to the risk of CVD (including stroke and coronary heart disease); 2) discussed the potential biological mechanisms underlying some tantalizing observations in humans; and 3) identified gaps in our knowledge base that must be investigated in future work. An accumulating body of evidence from both experimental and obser- vational studies implicates exposure to heavy metals, in a dose-response manner, in the increased risk of CVD. The limitations of most existing studies include insufficient statistical power, lack of comprehensive assessment of exposure, and cross-sectional design. Given the widespread exposure to heavy metals, an urgent need has emerged to investigate these putative associations of environmental exposures, either independently or jointly, with incident CVD outcomes prospectively in well-characterized cohorts of diverse populations, and to determine potential strategies to prevent and control the impacts of heavy metal exposure on the cardiometabolic health outcomes of individuals and populations.

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简介：AbstractBackground:The association of milk intake with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cause-specific mortality remained controversial and evidence among the Chinese population was limited. We aimed to study the relationship between milk intake and CVDs among general Chinese adults.Methods:A total of 104,957 participants received questionnaire survey. Results of physical examination such as anthropometric measurements and biochemical tests during 2007 to 2008, demographic data and their information on milk intake were collected through standardized questionnaires. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of CVD incidence, cause-specific mortality and all-cause mortality related to milk intake. Restricted cubic splines (RCSs) were applied to examine dose-response associations.Results:Among the 91,757 participants with a median follow-up period of 5.8 years, we documented 3877 CVD cases and 4091 all-cause deaths. Compared with participants who never consumed milk, the multivariate-adjusted HRs (95% CIs) of CVD incidence for 1 to 150 g/day, 151 to 299 g/day, and ≥300 g/day were 0.94 (0.86-1.03) (P > 0.05), 0.77 (0.66-0.89) (P < 0.05), and 0.59 (0.40-0.89) (P < 0.05), respectively; each 100 g increase of daily milk intake was associated with 11% lower risk of CVD incidence (HR, 0.89; 95% CI: 0.85-0.94; P < 0.001), and 11% lower risk of CVD mortality (HR, 0.89; 95% CI: 0.82-0.97; P = 0.008) after adjustment for age, sex, residential area, geographic region, education level, family history of CVD, smoking, alcohol drinking, physical activity level, body mass index, and healthy diet status (ideal or not). RCS analyses also showed a linear dose-response relationship with CVD (P for overall significance of the curve <0.001; P for non-linearity = 0.979; P for linearity <0.001) and stroke (P for overall significance of the curve = 0.010; P for non-linearity = 0.998; P for linearity = 0.002) incidence, and CVD mortality (P for overall significance of the curve = 0.045; P for non-linearity = 0.768; P for linearity = 0.014) within the current range of daily milk intake.Conclusions:Daily milk intake was associated with lower risk of CVD incidence and mortality in a linear inverse relationship. The findings provide new evidence for dietary recommendations in CVD prevention among Chinese adults and people with similar dietary pattern in other countries.

简介：The2016revisionofthe“ChineseGuidelinesonPreventionandTreatmentofDyslipidemiainAdults”istheoutcomeofthejointeffortsofthemembersofanexpertpanelformorethan1year,andisbasedonthe2007guidelines.Thereisnodoubtthatthereleaseofthe2007guidelinesgreatlyfacilitatedthemanagementofdyslipidemiaandthepreventionandtreatmentofatheroscleroticcardiovasculardiseases(ASCVDs)inChina.However,anupdateoftheguidelinesforthemanagementofdyslipidemiainChineseadultsisurgentlyneededsincehugechangeshaveoccurredintheconceptsofdyslipidemiaresearchandcontrolduringthelastdecade.

简介：AbstractBackgrounds:Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of deaths nationwide. However, little is understood about its temporal trend and corresponding influence on longevity improvements. We aimed to describe the updated tendency in CVD mortality and to quantify its impact on life expectancy (LE) increase in China.Methods:All-cause mortality rates were calculated with population sizes from the National Bureau of Statistics and death counts from the National Health Commission. We estimated CVD mortality rates by allocating age- and sex-based mortality envelopes to each CVD subtype based on its proportion derived from the Disease Surveillance Points system. The probability of CVD premature deaths and LE were calculated with life tables and we adopted Arriaga’s method to quantitate age- and cause-specific contributions to LE gains.Results:During 2013 to 2018, the age-standardized mortality rate of CVD decreased from 289.69 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 289.03, 290.35)/100,000 to 272.37 (95%CI: 271.81, 272.94)/100,000, along with a decline in probability of CVD premature deaths from 9.05% (95%CI: 9.02%, 9.09%) to 8.13% (95%CI: 8.10%, 8.16%). The gap in CVD mortality across sexes expanded with more remarkable declines in females, especially for those aged 15 to 64 years. Among major subtypes, the probability of premature deaths from hemorrhage stroke declined fastest, while improvements of ischemic stroke and ischemic heart disease were limited, and there was an increase in stroke sequelae. LE in China reached 77.04 (95%CI: 76.96, 77.12) years in 2018 with an increase of 1.38 years from 2013. Of the total LE gains, 21.15% (0.29 years) were attributed to reductions of CVD mortality in the overall population, mostly driven by those aged >65 years.Conclusions:The general process in reducing CVD mortality has contributed to longevity improvements in China. More attention should be paid to prevention and control of atherosclerotic CVD and stroke sequelae, especially for the elderly. Working-age males also deserve additional attention due to inadequate improvements.

简介：Clinicaldecision-makingiswhatallcardiovascularphysiciansdo.Thepurposeofdecision-makingistomakethediagnosis,decideonappropriatetherapyandestimatetheprognosisoftheindividualpatient.Regardingtheprognosis,populationprognosticdataisusedbutthismayormaynotapplytotheindividualpatient.LVfunction,nomatterhowitisdeterminedseemstocorrelatebestwithprognosis.Butweneedtorememberthatprognosticationoftheindividualis,atbest,aneducatedguess.

简介：Cardiovasculardisease(CVD)isthenumberonecauseofmortalityworld-wideandplacesahighmedicalandsocioeconomicburdenondevelopingcountries.OurunderstandingofCVDanditsevolutionoverthelast100yearshasalteredconsiderably.ReasonsfortheincreasedrateofCVDinthedevelopingworldincluderapidurbanizationandthedemographicshiftknownasthemodernepidemiologictransition.ThecaseforinterventionisbasedonbothmajorhumanandeconomicimpactsofCVD.Ithasbeenestimatedthatcost-effectiveinterventionsindevelopingcountrieswithahighburdenofCVDcouldresultinaprojected24millionlivessaved.ThisreductioninCVDmortalitycouldreduceeconomiccostsby$8billion.Approachestointerventioninclude:1)cardiovascularhealthpromotionandCVDpreventionand2)actionplansadvocatedbytheWorldHealthOrganization.

简介：Cardiovasculardisease(CVD)istheleadingcauseofdeathworldwide.ThisarticlefocusesoncurrentguidelinesfortheprimarypreventionofCVDandaddressesmanagementofkeyriskfactors.Dietarymodification,weightloss,exercise,andtobaccousecessationarespecificareaswherefocusedeffortscansuccessfullyreduceCVDriskonbothanindividualandasocietallevel.Specificareasrequiringmanagementincludedyslipidemia,hypertension,physicalactivity,diabetes,aspirinuse,andalcoholintake.Thesepreventiveeffortshavemajorpublichealthimplications.Astheglobalpopulationcontinuestogrow,healthcareexpenditureswillalsorise,withthepotentialtoeventuallyoverwhelmthehealthcaresystem.ThereforeitisimperativetoapplyourcollectiveeffortsonCVDpreventiontoimprovethecardiovascularhealthofindividuals,communities,andnations.

简介：Allorganisms,rangingfromsingle-celledorganismstohumans,demonstratecircadianrhythmsthatarenear24-hpatternsthatarepresentindependentofenvironmentalcues.Disruptionofthisprocess,calledcircadianmisalignment,isassociatedwithdeleterioushealthoutcomes.Themostextremeexampleofthismisalignmentisshiftwork,andthereisevidencesuggestingastrongassociationbetweenshiftworkandcertaincardiovascularoutcomes.Theoutcomesofmoststudiesincludeobesity,metabolicsyndrome,hypertension,type2diabetesmellitus,atrialfibrillation,andcardiovascularevents.Inthisarticlewereviewthecurrentliteraturewithanemphasisonwomen’scardiovascularhealth.Thedataareconflicting,andthereisapaucityofrobustevidencewithregardtowomen’scardiovascularhealthandcircadianmisalignment.Morestudiesareneededtobetterdelineatethesexdifferencesaswellasthepathophysiologyoftheassociationsbetweencircadianmisalignmentandcardiovasculardiseasessothatwecanprovidepatientswithmorepersonalizedcare.

简介：AbstractThe complement system plays a key role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, which usually injures the kidney. More and more studies have shown the pathogenic role and indicated that abnormal activation of the complement system was highly involved in the outbreak of autoimmune diseases. This review mainly introduced recent studies of complement system activation contributing to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus, antiphospholipid syndrome, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitides, and so on. Understanding the pathogenic roles of complement activation in various autoimmune diseases will identify potential novel therapeutic targets on complement systems.

简介：Thearticlediscussestherelationshipbetweenepidemicsandinternationalsecurity.Itanalyzeshowhumaneconomicbehaviorshavebrokentheequilibriumofco-evolution,andexaminesthepossibledangerousimpactsofthisuponhumansociety.Finally,mechanismsofcooperationagainstpandemicsatthegovernmentalandgrassrootslevelarelisted.Theauthorsarguethatonlybyrevisingourconceptionofdevelopmentandestablishinganintegratedunderstandingofglobalprogresscanweachieveinternationalcooperationagainstepidemics.

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简介：Theprimarysymptomsofrespiratorydisordersarebreathlessness,chestpainandcough,whichmaybeassociatedwithsputumproduction.However,disordersofthelungscanproducedistantsymptoms(e.g.non-metastaticmanifestationsoflungcancer),andnon-respiratoryconditionssuchasanaemiaandmetabolicacidosscancauseberathlessness.Adequateassessmentofanypatientrequiresafullclinicalhistoryandexamination.Thiscontributionconsidersaspectsdirectlyrelevanttotherespiratorysystem.