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简介：InvehicleAd-hocnetwok(VANET),trafficloadisoftenunevenlydistributedamongaccesspoints(APs).Suchloadimbalancehampersthenetworkfromfullyutilizingthenetworkcapacity.Toalleviatesuchimbalance,thepaperintroducesanovelpricinggamemodel.Theresearchsceneisattheintersectionwhenthetrafficlightisgreen.Asvehiclesarehighlymobileandthenetworktypologychangesdynamically,thepaperdividesthegreenlighttimeintoequalslotsandcalculatesAPs'priceswiththepresentedpricinggameineachtimeslot.Thewholeprocessisarepeatedgamemodel.ThefinalequilibriumsolutionsetisAPs'pricingstrategy,andthepaperclaimthatthisequilibriumsolutionsetcanaffectvehicles'selectionandensureAPs'load-balancing.Simulationresultsbasedonarealisticvehiculartrafficmodeldemonstratetheeffectivenessofthegamemethod.

简介：Binomialno-arbitragepricehaveamethodisthetraditionalapproachforderivativepricing,whichis,thecompletemodel,whichmakespossibletheperfectreplicationinthemarket.Riskneutralpricingisanappropriatemethodofassetpricinginacompletemarket.Wehavediscussedanincompletemarket,anon-transactionassetthatproducesincompletenessofthemarket.Aneffectivemethodofassetpricinginincompletemarketsistheundifferentiatedpricingmethod.ThistechniquewasfirstlyintroducedbyBernoulliin(1738)thesenseofgambling,lotteryandtheirexpectedreturn.Itisusedtocommandinvestors'preferencesandbetterreturnstheresultstheyexpect.Inaddition,wealsodiscusstheutilityfunction,whichisthecoreelementoftheundifferentiatedpricing.Wealsostudiedsomeimportantbehaviorpreferencesofagents,andinjectedexponentialeffectofriskaversioninthemodel,sothatthemodelwasnonlinearintheprocessofclaimsettlement.

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简介：Thispaperproposesandmakesastudyofanewmodel(calledthe3/2plusjumpsmodel)forVIXoptionpricing.Themodelallowsthemean-reversionspeedandvolatilityofvolatilitytobehighlysensitivetotheactuallevelofVIX.Inparticular,thepositivevolatilityskewisaddressedbythe3/2plusjumpsmodel.Dailycalibrationisusedtoprovethattheproposedmodelpreservesitsvalidityandreliabilityforbothin-sampleandout-of-sampletests.Theresultsshowthatthemodelsarecapableoffittingthemarketpricewhilegeneratingpositivevolatilityskew.

简介：ThepapermodelsthearrivalofheterogeneousinformationduringR&DstagesasadoublystochasticPoissonprocess(DSPP).Thenewproductmarketintroductionisthoughtofasoptiononanoption(acompoundoption).ThispaperderivesananalyticapproximationvaluationformulafortheR&Doption,anddemonstratesthattheaccountsforheterogeneousinformationarrivalmayreducethepricingbiases.Thisway,thegapbetweenrealoptiontheoryandthepracticeofdecisionmakingwithrespecttoinvestmentinR&Disdiminished.

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简介：在技术集中的市场，让公司开发长期的多重产生生产线而不是释放连续单个产品是普通策略。尽管这策略比顺序介绍单个产品代更有利，它能也导致内部产品的线cannibalization。多重产生的生产线的Cannibalization是需要在计划舞台以便支撑长期的盈利的早生产线被考虑的一个复杂问题。在这份报纸，我们建议能在一条多重产生的生产线以内模仿潜在的cannibalization情形的一个基于代理人的模型。我们把一条多重产生的生产线(MGPL)看作在MGPL的产品产生各在市场上基于移动随着时间的过去调整它的出售价格的复杂适应系统需求。建议模型提供各种各样的定价策略怎么影响MGPL和罐头的全面生命周期盈利的卓见被用来在在计划阶段的早生产线开发适当动态定价策略帮助公司。

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简介：众多的实验研究证明那个做广告的努力能在两个现在和将来的时期刺激需求，并且在定价之间有一个相互作用，为决定做广告并且订。这些决定怎么并且什么与对方一起交往在定价上做广告并且订的效果是决定？理解这个相互作用，我们考虑在一个稳定的市场卖一个容易腐烂的产品并且动态地决定联合的订，定价和做广告的策略的一个书报摊贩类型公司。这个问题与做广告的carryover效果和价格敏感的需求作为一个无限的地平线书报摊贩问题被建模。我们描绘最佳的定价，做广告并且盘点策略和他们的比较静电干扰，并且考虑没有做广告的效果，这条政策怎么不同于传统的途径。我们证明最�

简介：在这份报纸，我们在一个减少的形式模型与counterparty信用风险学习大祸选择的价格。我们假设损失过程被一个二倍地随机的泊松过程产生，股票价格过程通过被相关到损失过程，利率过程和缺省的一个跳散开过程被建模紧张过程通过Vasicek模型被建模。我们在一个减少的形式模型为定价大祸选择导出关上的形式公式。而且，我们在明确的公式上使一些成为数字分析。

简介：Inthispaper,weaddressabasicproductionplanningproblemwithpricedependentdemandandstochasticyieldofproduction.Weusepriceandtargetquantityasdecisionvariablestolowertheriskoflowyield.Thevalueofriskcontrolbecomesmoreimportantespeciallyforproductswithshortlifecycle.Thisisbecause,theprofitimplicationsoflowyieldmightbeunbearableintheshortrun.WeapplyConditionalValueatRisk(CVaR)tomodelthe.risk.CVaRmeasureisacoherentriskmeasureandtherebyhavingniceconceptualandmathematicalunderpinnings.Itisalsowidelyusedinpractice.Weconsidertheproblemundergeneraldemandfunctionandgeneraldistributionfunctionofyieldandfindsufficientconditionsunderwhichtheproblemhasauniquelocalmaximum.Wealsobothanalyticallyandnumericallyanalyzetheimpactofparameterchangeontheoptimalsolution.Amongourresults,weanalyticallyshowthatwithincreasingriskaversion,theoptimalpriceincreases.ThisrelationisoppositetothatofinNewsvendorproblemwheretheuncertaintyliesindemandside.

简介：Mostinventoryresearchesassumethatproductionlevelcanfluctuatearbitrarily.However,largefluctuationoftheproductionlevelinmanyfirmsmaybemuchcostly.Thispaperaddressesthecoordinatingpricingandinventorycontrolprobleminaboundedproductionsystemwithuncertainyield,inwhichtheproductionlevelisconstrainedbetweenamaximumandminimumlevelineachperiodandthepricecanbeadjusteddynamically.Weshowthattheoptimalpolicyistheintervalbase-stock-list-pricepolicy.Also,westudytheimpactoftheproductionboundsanduncertaintyoftheyieldontheproductionsystem.Numericalexperimentsarealsoperformedtostudytheimpactofparametersonthesystem.

简介：Currentliteraturesassumethataconsumer’swillingtopay(WTP)forabundleisequaltothesumofhisorherseparatereservationpricesforthecomponentgoodsandconcludesthatmixedbundlingissuperiortopurecomponentsinamonopolymarket.However,fullmixedbundlingisadiscountconductinordertoattractmoreconsumers,andthepriceofthebundlemustbelowerthanthesumofthepricesoftwoproducts,whichmustbeconsideredinaconsumers’WTPforthebundle.Then,ifconsumers’reservationpricesareheterogeneousandsubjecttotheuniformdistribution,wecandrawoppositeconclusions:FullmixedbundlingisdisadvantageoustofirmswhenStackelbergpricing.Theprofitunderfullmixedbundlingislessthanthatunderpurecomponents.

简介：Serviceprovidersoftenadoptthemechanismofcustomerclassificationduetotheheterogeneityofcustomerwaitingcost.However,theclassificationservicemaycauseunfairnessfeelingofregularcustomers,thenaffecttherevenueandsocialwelfare.Thispaperprovidesthefirstexactanalysisaboutthesituationthatserviceprovidersoffertwoclassesofnon-preemptivepriorityservicewhencustomerfairnessperceptionisexplicitlymodeled.Wemodelcustomerfairnessperceptionasanegativeutilityonregularcustomersthat’sproportionaltothewaitingtimedifferencebetweenthetwoqueues.ByanalyzingastylizedM/M/1queueinmonopolyservicesystem,wecanderiveimportantresultssomeofwhichreaffirmexistedresearchresults.First,fromtheperspectiveofrevenuemaximization,serviceprovidersshouldadoptthemechanismofcustomerclassificationandsetupthetwokindsofcustomerswheretheycanseeeachother.Next,consideringcustomerutilitymaximization,serviceprovidersshouldcancelthemechanismofcustomerclassification,andkeeponequeue(regularcustomers)only.Then,fromtheperspectiveofsocialwelfaremaximization,serviceprovidersshouldalsoadoptthemechanismofcustomerclassificationbutsetupthetwokindsofcustomerswheretheycannotfeeleachother.Finally,thispaperconcludestheoptimalpricingbasedoncustomerclassificationintheabovethreedifferentperspectives.Thisresearchshowsimportantreferencevalueandpracticalsignificanceforserviceproviderswhoadoptthemechanismofclassificationservice.

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简介：Mostresultsofthetraditionalfinancetheorywerebasedontheprincipleofnoarbitrageopportunityexists.However,thisconditionissoweakthatitcanbeeasilysatisfied,thusweintroducetheprincipleofunallowableessentialarbitragetoreplacethetraditionalprincipleofnoarbitrageopportunityexistsasastandardforthefinancialmarketbeingperfect.

简介：UndertheassumptionoftheunderlyingassetisdrivenbythemixedfractionalBrownianmotion,weobtainthemixedfractionalBlack-ScholespartialdifferentialequationbyfractionalItoformula,andthepricingformulaofperpetualAmericanputoptionbythispartialdifferentialequationtheory.

简介：Besidesofconsideringofthemaximizationofpublicinterest,thebenefitofpassengersandrailwayenterprisesarebothconsideredandabi-levelprogrammingapproachispresentedinordertoseektheoptimalrailwaypassenger-ticketpricingstrategyundertheconditionofcompetitionamongdifferentintercitytrafficmodes.Therearetwobi-levelprogrammingproblems.Onebi-levelproblemistodeterminearailwaypassenger-ticketaveragepricestrategytomeet.theobjectiveofmaximizingtheconsumersurplusundertheconditionofmulti-modaltransportationwithelasticdemand.Theotherbi-levelproblemistodeterminethepriceofdifferentkindsofthepassengertrainstomeettheobjectiveofmaximizingtherailwayrevenuewheretheaveragepriceandthedemandoftherailwayisdetermined.Aheuristicalgorithmforthetwobi-levelprogrammingmodelsisalsoproposed.Finallytheapplicationsofthemodelanditsalgorithmareillustratedwithanumericalexample.