简介：Objective:Toinvestigatetheclinicaleffectsofelectroacupuncture(EA)atFenglong(ST40)onbloodlipids.Methods:TwohundredandfourpatientsofhyperlipidemiawererandomlydividedintoaFenglonggroupandaXuezhikanggroup,102casesineachgroup.ThepatientsintheFenglonggroupweretreatedwithelectroacupunctureatFenglong(ST40).Afterarrivalofqi,theneedleswereconnectedwithacupointnervestimulator(LH202Htype,HANS).TheprimaryparametersofEA:forhightriglycerides(TG)type,AM50Hz,intensity1mA,needle-retainedtime20min,twiceperweek;forhighcholesterol(CHO)type,AM100Hz,intensity1mA,needle-retainedtime30min,thriceperweek;forhighlow-density-lipoprotein(LDL-C)type,thesameparametersasthehighCHOtypeexceptthetolerableandcomfortableintensity;forthemixingtype,

简介：AbstractObjective:To evaluate the predictive ability of neonate condition through the traditional parameters and artery umbilical cord blood gas (aUCBG).Methods:A prospective cohort study was conducted in obstetrics and gynecology department between October 2017 and August 2018 at Tongji Hospital in Wuhan, China, and 360 aUCBG samples were collected. The average age of pregnant women was (29.50±4.42) years, range from 19 to 48 years old. The gestational age range from 28+4 weeks to 41+3 weeks at admission. Logistic regression and area under the curve (AUC) from Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to identify risk factors, such as, premature rupture of membranes (PROM), high blood pressure, premature delivery (PD), low 1-minute Apgar scores (Apgar 1), low 5-minute Apgar scores (Apgar 5), pH, base excess, bicarbonate, neonatal blood sugar (NBS), and so on, to predict neonatal condition and evaluate the predictive ability of traditional and aUCBG parameters.Results:In all cases, PROM, PD, Apgar 1, Apgar 5, pH, base excess, bicarbonate, total carbon dioxide, and neonatal blood sugar were risk factors and were associated with poor condition of neonate. Apgar 1 were an independent risk factor. Combined traditional and aUCBG parameters had higher AUC of 0.895 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.830-0.960, P<0.001). In cesarean section subgroup, high blood pressure, PD, and Apgar 1 were risk factors and were associated with poor condition of neonate. Apgar 1 and low pH were the independent risk factors. Combined traditional and aUCBG parameters had highest AUC of 0.940 (95% CI: 0.886-0.993, P<0.001). In vaginal delivery subgroup, maternal age above 35 years, PROM, PD, Apgar 1, Apgar 5, and male newborn were risk factors and were associated with poor condition of neonate. Maternal age above 35 years was an independent risk factor. Combined traditional and aUCBG parameters had highest AUC of 0.897 (95% CI: 0.828-0.965, P<0.001). For pregnant women without comorbidities and complications of pregnancy, aUCBG may not be necessary.Conclusion:In high-risk pregnancies, especially lower Apgar scores, PD, and maternal age above 35-year old, aUCBG is recommended. Traditional parameters combined with aUCBG might increase the predicting ability of neonate condition.

简介：AbstractBackground:Epigenetics, and especially DNA methylation, contributes to the pathogenesis of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (SALS). This study aimed to investigate the role of DNA methylation in SALS using whole blood of SALS patients.Methods:In total, 32 SALS patients and 32 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. DNA was isolated from whole blood collected from the participants. DNA methylation profiles were generated using Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip.Results:We identified 34 significant differentially methylated positions (DMPs) in whole blood from SALS patients, compared with the healthy controls. Of these DMPs, five were hypermethylated and 29 were hypomethylated; they corresponded to 13 genes. For the DMPs, ATAD3B and BLK were hypermethylated, whereas DDO, IQCE, ABCB1, DNAH9, FIGN, NRP1, TMEM87B, CCSAP, ST6GALNAC5, MYOM2, and RUSC1-AS1 were hypomethylated. We also identified 12 differentially methylated regions (DMRs), related to 12 genes (NWD1, LDHD, CIS, IQCE, TNF, PDE1C, LGALS1, CSNK1E, LRRC23, ENO2, ELOVL2, and ELOVL2-AS1). According to data from the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database, DNAH9 and TNF are involved in the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) pathway. Correlation analysis between clinical features and DNA methylation profiling indicated that the methylation level of ELOVL2 and ARID1B was positively associated with the age of onset (r = 0.86, adjust P = 0.001) and disease duration (r = 0.83, adjust P = 0.01), respectively.Conclusions:We found aberrant methylation in DMP- and DMR-related genes, implying that many epigenetic alterations, such as the hypomethylation of DNAH9 and TNF, play important roles in ALS etiology. These findings can be helpful for developing new therapeutic interventions.

简介：AbstractBackground:Acute mural dissection of the anterior wall of the internal carotid artery which may contribute to the development of blood blister-like aneurysms (BBLAs) was postulated, and stenting or flow diversion treatment across the soi-disant aneurysm was reported in this study.Methods:From December 2016 to December 2018, 8 patients presenting with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) due to BBLA were subjected to endovascular treatment with stent-assisted coiling. Clinical outcomes were evaluated using a clinical outcome score scale.Results:Based on angiograms, pathologic change involving the supraclinoid segments of the internal carotid artery (ICA) adjacent to BBLA was found in all patients. This pathologic change meant a focal dissection of the supraclinoid segment of the ICA which constituted the pathogenesis of BBLAs. Closed-cell, open-cell, and braided stents were used in 1, 1, and 6 patients, respectively. Complete obliteration was achieved following endovascular treatment among all 8 patients harboring BBLA. One re-bleeding successive to a closed-cell stent across the aneurysmal neck was observed. Follow-up angiograms revealed stable complete exclusion of all BBLAs from the parent vessel at 3 to 8 months. All patients had a favorable clinical outcome score of 0-1.Conclusions:Acute dissection of a focal point of the intracranial vessels underlies the development of BBLAs. Open-cell and braided-cell stent-assisted coiling may constitute appropriate treatment due to good apposition against the vascular walls. Adjunctive coils may facilitate immediate complete occlusion of BBLAs.

简介：AbstractBackground:China has experienced rapid urbanization in the past 30 years. We aimed to report blood cadmium level (BCL) in the rapidly urbanized Yangtze Plain of China, and explore the association between BCL and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D).Methods:Our data source was the Survey on Prevalence in East China for Metabolic Diseases and Risk Factors (SPECT-China) cross-sectional study (ChiCTR-ECS-14005052, www.chictr.org). We enrolled 3234 subjects from 12 villages in the Yangtze Plain. BCLs were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. 25(OH)D was measured with a chemiluminescence assay.Results:A total of 2560 (79.2%) subjects were diagnosed with vitamin D deficiency. The median (interquartile range) BCL was 1.80 μg/L (0.60-3.42) for men and 1.40 μg/L (0.52-3.10) for women. In women, mean 25(OH)D concentrations were inversely associated with BCL (0.401, 95% confidence interval: -0.697 to -0.105 nmol/L lower with each doubling of the BCL) after adjustment for age, educational status, current smoking, body mass index, diabetes, and season. However, there was no significant difference in 25(OH)D across the BCL tertiles for men.Conclusions:BCL in Chinese residents in the Yangtze Plain were much higher than that in developed countries. An inverse association between BCL and 25(OH)D was found in general Chinese women after multivariable adjustment. Future prospective cohort and animal studies are warranted to resolve the direction and temporality of these relationships, and to elucidate the exact mechanisms involved.

简介：During2004,atotalof124batchesofHIVantibodyELISAsfromdomesticandoverseasmanufacturers,comprisingapproximately60milliontests,weretestedforqualityandreleasedforscreeningbloodinChina.Theinter-andintra-batchvariation,specificity,andsensitivitywereevaluatedusingalaboratorypanelandclinicalsamples.Theinter-batchvariationwaslessthan15%andonly2of12assayshadintra-batchvariationoflessthan20%for4dilutionsofacontrolspecimen.257samplesconfirmedpositiveforHIVantibodyand4826negativesamplesfromdifferentregionsinChinawereusedtoevaluatethesensitivityandspecificityoftheassays.Theresultsshowedthatthesensitivityisintherangefrom93.7%to100%forassayssampleddirectlyfromthemanufacturers,and91.4%-99.6%forthoseretrievedfromtheconsumers;thespecificitywasintherangefrom97.88%to99.97%.ThetestingenvironmentmayvaryindifferentregionsofChina.Therefore,manufacturersshouldproviderobustassaystosatisfytherequirementsofthesediverseenvironments,andespeciallyreducetheintra-assayvariationandimprovethestabilityofthekits.

简介：ThirtyWistarratswererandomlyandevenlydividedintocontrolgroup,cerebralischemiagroupandischemia+electroacupuncture(EA)group.Thebilateralcommoncarotidarterieswereoccludedtoinduceacutecerebralischemia.Nitricoxide(NO)andendothelin(ET)contentsinthecerebraltissuesandbloodweremeasuredundernormalcondition,immediatelyafterischemiaandfollowingEA.ResultsshowedthatafteracutecerebralischemiaNOandETcontentsinthecerebraltissuesincreasedsignificantly(P<0.01)whileserumETincreasedandserumNOloweredobviously(P<0.05).FollowingEAofBaihui(GV20)andDazhui(GV14),bothNOandETincerebraltissuesandserumturnedtonormalbasically.ItshowedthatEAcouldprotectthecerebraltissuesfrominjuryinducedbyischemia,NOandETmightparticipateinthemodulationprocessofEA.

简介：ObjectToinvestigatetheclinicalsignificanceofallogeneichematopoieticstemcelltransplantation(allo-HSCT)followingfludarabine(Flu)-basednomnyeloablativeconditioningregimen.Methods7patientswitholderageororgandysfunctionreceivedeitheroftwoFlu-basednonmyeloablativeconditioningprotocolsfollowedbyinfusionofgranulocytecolony-stimulatingfactor(G-CSF)mobilizedallogeneicperipheralblooclstemcells(PBSC).Cy-elosporincombiningmethotrexatewasusedasgraftvshostdisease(GVHD)prophylaxis.ResultsMinimalalloHSCTassociatedtoxicitywasfoundapartfrommucositis.Theallogeneicdonorengraftmentswereverifiedinallthepatients.Sixofseveneasessurvivedmorethan5months.AcuteGVHDoccurredinthreeofsevenpatientsincludingacaseofgrade1IGVHD.ConclusionTherapidengrafunentofallo-PBSCandgraftvsleukemia(GVL)effectscanbeobtainedbyFlu-basednomnyeloablativeconditioningregimen.Thismanagementissuitableforthepatientswhoaretoooldorhaveorgandysfunction.

简介：Objective:ThisstudyanalyzedtheTlymphocytesandThl/Th2typecytokineprofileshiftintheperipheralbloodofpatientswithrecurrentgenitalherpes(RGH).Methods:Immunofluorescentstainingofcellsurfaceantigenandintracellularcytokines(IL-2,IL-4,IL-12,IFN-r)inperipheralbloodfrom20RGHpatientsand10controlswereanalyzedusingflowcytometrictechniques.Results:RGHpatientshadsignificantlylowerlevelsofCD3^+Tcells,CD4^+TcellsandCD4^+T/CD8^+Tcellsratiocomparedtocontrollevels(P<0.001),andIL-2-producing,IFN-r-producingandIL-12-producingTcellswereincreasedinRGHpatients(CD4^+T:P<0.001,CD8^+T:P<0.05respectively),whereasIL-4-producingTcellswereincreasedinRGHpatientscomparedtocontrols(CD4+T:P<0.05;CDS^+T:P<0.001respectively).Conclusions:RGHpatientshaveTlymphocytesubsetvariationsandThl/Th2cytokinechanges.TheincreaseinTh2cellsThl/Th2imbalancemayhaveimportantimplicationsforRGHpathogenesis.

简介：Poly(ethyleneglycolmonomethylether)methacrylate(PEGMM)wassynthesizedbymeansofthereactionofmethacrylylchloridewithsodiummonomethylpolyethyleneglycoxideandwascharacterizedbyFTIR,~1H-NMR,andultravioletspectrometries.Aseriesofpoly(vinylalcohol)-graft-PEGMM(PVA-g-PEGMM)andmethylmethacrylate-PEGMMcopolymer(PMMA-PEGMM)werepreparedandtestedforantithrombogenicityinvitro.TheresultsindicatethattheantithrombogenicityofthecopolymersbasicallyincreaseswiththeincreasingoftheDPofpolyoxyethylene(POE)chainandtendstoaplateauaftertheDParound114,i.e.thelongchainstructureofPOEisfavourabletotheantithrombogenicityofitscopolymers;moreover,theextentoftheimprovementofantithrombogenicityalsorelatestothePEGMMcontentofthecopolymersandthekindofthematrixthatthePOEchainsarelocatedon.Theseresultsareconsistentwiththeanticipationofthehypothesisofmaintainingproteinsnormalconformationsforbloodcompatiblebioraaterials.

简介：

简介：Objective:Toinvestigatetheeffectofactivation-in-ducedcelldeath(AICD)oncellularimmunefunctioninthecondylomaacuminatum(CA).Methods:Peripheralbloodmononuclearcells(PBMC)wereisolatedfromnormalhealthyindividuals(controlgroup)andpatientswithCA.PBMCwereculturedwithPHA-Pfor48hinvitro.ApoptosisofthePBMCwasdetectedbyflowcytometry.Supernatantcytokines(IL-2andIL-10)wereassayedbyELISA.Results:TherateofPBMCapoptosisinbothCAgroupandcontrolgroupinfreshPBMCwasverylowandsimilarinbothgroups(P>0.05).TherateofPBMCapoptosiswithintheCAgroupwasnoticeablyincreasedcomparedtothatofthecontrol(P<0.001)afterPBMCwereculturedfor48h.ThelevelofIL-2wassignificantlylowerintheCAgroupthaninthecontrolgroup(P<0.001),ThelevelofIL-10wassignificantlyhigherintheCAgroupcomparedtothecontrolgroup(P<0.001).Conclusion:StudyresultsindicatethatAICDmayaffectcellularmediatedimmunefunctionandplayanimportantroleinthepathogenesisofCA.

简介：ThisstudywasperformedtoassesswhetherthereisanassociationbetweenelevatedFastingBloodGlucose(FBG)andhearingimpairmentinBangladeshipopulation.Atotalof142subjects(72withelevatedFBG;70control)wereincludedinthestudy.Themeanauditorythresholdsofthecontrolsubjectsat1,4,8and12kHzfrequencieswere6.35±0.35,10.07±0.91,27.57±1.82,51.28±3.01dBSPL(decibelsoundpressurelevel),respectivelyandthatofthesubjectswithelevatedFBGwere8.33±0.66,14.37±1.14,38.96±2.23,and71.11±2.96dB,respectively.TheauditorythresholdsofthesubjectswithelevatedFBGweresignificantly(p<0.05)higherthanthecontrolsubjectsatalltheabovefrequencies,althoughhearingimpairmentwasmostevidentlyobservedatanextra-high(12kHz)frequency.Subjectswithalongdurationofdiabetes(>10years)showedsignificantly(p<0.05)higherlevelofauditorythresholdsat8and12kHz,butnotat1and4kHzfrequencies,comparedtosubjectswithshorterdurationofdiabetes(
10years).Inaddition,basedonthedataofoddsratio,moreacuteimpairmentofhearingattheextra-highfrequencywasobservedindiabeticsubjectsofbotholder(>40years)andyounger(
40years)agegroupscomparedtotherespectivecontrols.Thebinarylogisticregressionanalysisshoweda5.79-foldincreaseintheoddsofextra-highfrequencyhearingimpairmentindiabeticsubjectsafteradjustmentforage,genderandBMI.Thisstudyprovidesconclusiveevidencethatauditorythresholdatanextra-highfrequencycouldbeasensitivemarkerforhearingimpairmentindiabeticsubjects.

简介：Inordertoanalyzetheexperimentalcardiovascularsignalwithhighaccuracy,asystem,integratingreal-timemonitoringandoff-linefurtheranalysis,wasdevelopedandverified.Thedesign,dataprocessingandanalysismethodsaswellastestingresultsaredescribed.With5samplingfrequencychoicesand8channeldataacquisition,thesystemachievedhighperformancesinbeat-to-beatmonitoring,signalprocessingandanalysis.Testswerecarriedouttovalidateitsperformanceinreal-timemonitoring,effectivenessofdigitalfilters,QRSandbloodpressuredetectionreliability,andRR-intervaltimingaccuracy.TheQRSdetectionratewasatleast99.46%fortherecordswithfewnoisesfromMIT-BIHarrhythmiadatabaseusingthealgorithmforreal-timemonitoring,andnolessthan96.43%fortherecordswithsomenoises.Intheconditionthatnoiseamplitudelevelswerelessthan80%,thestandarddeviationsforRR-intervaltimingwerelessthan1mswithageneratedECGcorruptedwithvariousnoisesfromMIT-BmNoiseStressTestDatabase.Besides,thesystemisopenforfunctionexpansiontomeetfurtherstudyspecificneeds.

简介：Objective:Thisretrospectivestudyexaminedriskfactorsforcytomegalovirus(CMV)infectionafterumbilicalcordbloodtransplantation(UCBT)andtheimpactofCMVinfectiononpatientsurvival.Methods:Inall176patients,plasmaCMVDNAwasnegativepriortothetransplantation,andexaminedtwiceaweekfor100d,andthenonceweeklyforadditional300d.Preemptiveantiviraltherapy(ganciclovirorfoscarnet)wasstartedinpatientswith>1,000/mLcopiesofCMVDNAbutnofull-blownCMVdisease,andwasdiscontinuedupontwoconsecutivenegativereportsofbloodCMVDNAtest.ThesurvivalandriskfactorsforCMVinfectionordiseasewereexaminedusinglogisticregression.Results:CMVinfectiondevelopedin71%(125/176)ofthepatients,withamedianonsetof32d.Fourpatients(2.3%)developedCMVdisease.Neitherthe5-yearoverallsurvival(OS)norevent-freesurvival(EFS)differedsignificantlyininfectedpatientsvs.thosewithnoinfection(59.4%vs.64.8%,P=0.194;53.4%vs.59.1%,P=0.226).AstepwisemultivariateanalysisindicatedanassociationofCMVinfectionwithage,high-doseglucocorticoids,thenumberoftransplantedCD34+cells,andthenumberofplatelettransfusion,butnotwithgender,theconditioningregimen,andthedayofneutrophilrecoveryandchronicgraft-versushostdisease(cGVHD).Conclusions:CMVinfectionisverycommonafterUCBT,butdoesnotseemtoaffectlong-termsurvivalwithpreemptiveantiviraltreatment.

简介：Thepaperstudiestheproblemoffluidflowandfluidshearstressincanaliculiwhentheosteonissubjecttoexternalmechanicalloadingandbloodpressureoscillation.Thesingleosteonismodeledasasaturatedporoelasticcylinder.Solidskeletonisregardedasaporoelastictransverselyisotropicmaterial.Togetnear-realisticresults,boththeinterstitialfluidandthesolidmatrixareregardedascompressible.BloodpressureoscillationintheHaveriancanalisconsidered.Usingtheporoelasticitytheory,ananalyticalsolutionoftheporefluidpressureisobtained.Assumingthefluidincanaliculiisincompressible,analyticalsolutionsoffluidflowvelocityandfluidshearstresswiththeNavier-Stokesequationsofincompressiblefluidareobtained.Theeffectofvariousparametersonthefluidflowvelocityandfluidshearstressisstudied.更多还原

简介：Objective:Toexplorethecontentchangeofneurofilament(NF)proteinsubunitsintheexperimentalbraindiffuseaxonalinjury(DAI)bylateralheadrotation.Methods:Twenty-fourSpragueDawley(SD)ratswereequallydividedintothreeinjurygroups(2h,12h,and24hpostinjury)andonecontrolgroup.ThemodelsofDAIweremadeintheinjurygroupsbylateralheadrotation.westernblottingtechniquewasusedtomeasuretheconteneofNF68(akindofNFproteinsubunit)inthebrainstemtissuesamongalltheinjuredandcontrolrats.TheNF68immunohistochemicalstainingwasusedinanothersixSDratsinordertoobservethemorphologicalchangesinDAI.Results:TheNF68contentinthebrainstemtendedtodecreaseat2hpostinjury,decreasedsignificantlyat12handcontinueditsdecreaseat24h.NF56andNF52,asthebreakdownproductsofNF68,hadatendencytoincreaseat2-12haftertheinjury,andamountedtoasignificantlyhigherlevelat24h.Microscopically,therewerealotofswellingneuronalaxonsintheventralpartofthemedullaroblongateat2haftertheinjury.someaxonsweredisconnected,andaxonalretractionballsformedontheirproximalend.Conclusions:ThereisandoccurrenceofphosphorolysiswithinthebrainsteminDAIbylateralheadrotation.ThesereactionscausethebreakdownofNF68,whichresultsinthedecreaseofNF68incontent.ItsuggeststhatthebreakdownofneurofilamentproteinsubunitsisanimportantreasonforstructuraldestroyofneurofilamentsinDAI.

简介：在量的大脑图象分析，从大脑的精确大脑织物分割磁性的回声图象(MRI)是关键步。是医药图象处理的地里的最重要、困难的问题被认为。先生图象的质量被部分卷效果，噪音，和紧张不同类影响，它使分割任务变为极其挑战性。我们在场为分割和大脑先生的偏爱地修正的一个新奇模糊c工具算法(RCLFCM)想象。我们采用一个新灰色差别的系数并且设计一个新影响因素测量邻居象素的效果，以便反噪音的坚韧性能被提高。而且，我们由增加偏爱域评价模型在图象克服紧张不同类并且同时分割大脑先生图象重新定义FCM(模糊c工具)的客观函数。我们也由把象素灰色值不同与它的会员相结合构造一个新空间函数，并且充分利用在象素之间的空格信息更新会员。与由与噪音和紧张不同类的不同层次在合成先生图象上使用类似精确性的另外的最先进的途径相比，建议算法与高精确性和坚韧性产生结果到噪音。

简介：CheonggukjangisasoybeanpastemadebyfermentingwholecookedsoybeanswithBacillussubtilis.Cheonggukjangcontainsafibrinolyticenzymethatcouldprovideclinicalapplicationsforremovingbloodclots.Inthepresentstudy,theterm'cheonggukjangkinase'(CGK)wasusedtorefertothisfibrinolyticenzyme.ThethrombolyticeffectsofCGKwereanalyzedinaratmodelofcerebralembolicstrokeproducedbymiddlecerebralarteryocclusion(MCAO).Resultsfromfibrinandplatelet-richclotlysisassaysdemonstratedthatthrombolyticactivitywasgreatestinCGKs,whichwereculturedfor40hours.Inaddition,T50,thetimeneededtodecompose50%oftheclot,didnotchangewithplasminogentreatment,indicatingthatCGKwasnotaplasminogenactivator,butwasratherpresumedtoactasaplasmin-likeprotein.AnintravenousinfusionofCGK(1Uplasmin-likeactivity/100μgCGK/kg)at1hourafterMCAOresultedinremovalofclotsinaratmodelofcerebralembolicstroke.CGK-treatedgroupsexhibitedasignificantdose-dependentreductionininfarctvolume.CGKtreatmentalsoimprovedfunctionalrecovery,asassessedbyneurologicaldeficitscores.DecreasedinfarctvolumeandimprovedfunctionalrecoveryfollowingCGKtreatmentwasgreatercomparedwithrecombinanttissueplasminogenactivator(10mg/kg).TheseresultssuggestedthatCGKeffectivelyreducedinfarctvolumeandimprovedfunctionalrecoveryfollowingischemicbraininjury.CGKexhibitsanumberofpotentialclinicalapplicationsinthetreatmentofcerebralembolicstroke.

简介：Objective:Toobservehumanneuronalapoptosissecondarytotraumaticbraininjury,andtoelucidateitsregulativemechanismandthechangeofexpressionofapoptosis-relatedgenes.Methods:Specimensofbrainwerecollectedfromcasesoftraumaticbraininjuryinhumans.Thehistologicalandcellularmorphologywasexaminedbylightandelectronmicroscopy.TheextentofDNAinjurytocorticalneuronswasdetectedbyusingTUNEL.ByinsituhybridisationandimmunohistochemistrythemRNAchangesandproteinexpressionofBcl-2,Bax,p53,andcaspase3p20subunitwereobserved.Results:Apoptoticneuronsappearedfollowingtraumaticbraininjury,peakedat24hoursandlastedfor7days.Innormalbraintissueactivatedcaspase3wasrare,butashorttimeaftertraumaitbecameactivated.Theactivitypeakedat20-28hoursandremainedhigherthannormalfor5-7days.TherewasnoexpressionofBcl-2mRNAandBcl-2proteininnormalbraintissuebut8hoursafterinjurytheirexpressionbecameevidentandthenincreased,peakedat2-3daysandremainedhigherthannormalfor5-7days.TheprimaryexpressionofBax-mRNAandBaxproteinwashighinnormalbraintissue.At20-28hourstheyincreasedandremainedhighfor2-3days;onthe7thdaystheyreturnedtoanormallevel.Innormalbraintissue,p53mRNAandP53wereminimallyexpressed.Increasedexpressionwasdetectedatthe8thhour,anddecreasedat20-28hoursbutstillremainedhigherthannormalonthe5thday.Conclusions:Followingtraumaticinjurytothehumanbrain,apoptoticneuronsappeararoundthefocusoftrauma.ThemRNAandproteinexpressionofBcl-2,Baxandp53andtheactivityofcaspase3enzymeareincreased.