简介：ElNioorLaNiamanifestinDecemberoverthePacificandwillserveasanindexfortheforecastingofsubsequentIndiansummermonsoon,whichoccursfromJunetomid-September.Inthepresentarticle,anattemptismadetostudythevariationoflatentheatflux(LHF)overthenorthIndianOceanduringstrongElNioandstrongLaNiaandrelateitwithIndianmonsoonrainfall.DuringstrongElNiotheLHFintensityishigherandassociatedwithhigherwindspeedandlowercloudamount.DuringElNioallIndiarainfallishavinganinverserelationwithLHF.SeasonalrainfallishigherinYY+1(subsequentyear)thanYY(yearofoccurrence).HoweverthereisalaginrainfallduringElNioYY+1fromJunetoJulywhencomparedwiththemonthlyrainfall.

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简介：ThetropicalPacifichasbeguntoexperienceanewtypeofElNio,whichhasoccurredparticularlyfrequentlyduringthelastdecade,referredtoasthecentralPacific(CP)ElNio.Variouscoupledmodelswithdifferentdegreesofcomplexityhavebeenusedtomakereal-timeElNiopredictions,buthighuncertaintystillexistsintheirforecasts.ItremainsunknownastohowmuchofthisuncertaintyisspecificallyrelatedtothenewCP-typeElNioandhowmuchiscommontoboththistypeandtheconventionalEasternPacific(EP)-typeElNio.Inthisstudy,thedeterministicperformanceofanElNio–SouthernOscillation(ENSO)ensemblepredictionsystemisexaminedforthetwotypesofElNio.EnsemblehindcastsarerunforthenineEPElNioeventsandtwelveCPElNioeventsthathaveoccurredsince1950.Theresultsshowthat(1)theskillscoresfortheEPeventsaresignificantlybetterthanthosefortheCPevents,atallleadtimes;(2)thesystematicforecastbiasescomemostlyfromthepredictionoftheCPevents;and(3)thesystematicerrorischaracterizedbyanoverlywarmeasternPacificduringthespringseason,indicatingastrongerspringpredictionbarrierfortheCPElNio.Furtherimprovementstocoupledatmosphere–oceanmodelsintermsofCPElNiopredictionshouldberecognizedasakeyandhigh-prioritytaskfortheclimatepredictioncommunity.

简介：AftercompositingthreerepresentativeENSOindices,ElNioeventshavebeendividedintoaneasternpattern(EP)andacentralpattern(CP).ByusingEOF,correlationandcompositeanalysis,therelationshipandpossiblemechanismsbetweenIndianOceanDipole(IOD)andtwotypesofElNiowereinvestigated.IODevents,originatingfromIndo-Pacificscaleair-seainteraction,arecomposedoftwomodes,whichareassociatedwithEPandCPElNiorespectively.TheIODmoderelatedtoEPElNioevents(namedasIOD1)isstrongestatthedepthof50to150malongtheequatorialIndianOcean.Besides,itshowsaquasi-symmetricdistribution,strongerinthesouthoftheEquator.TheIODmodeassociatedwithCPElNio(namedasIOD2)hasstrongestsignalintropicalsouthernIndianOceansurface.Intermsofmechanisms,beforeEPElNiopeaks,anomalousWalkercirculationproducesstronganomalouseasterliesinequatorialIndianOcean,resultinginupwellingintheeast,decreasingseatemperaturethere;acoupleofanomalousanticyclones(strongerinthesouth)formofftheEquatorwherewarmwateraccumulates,andthustheIOD1occurs.WhenCPElNiodevelops,anomalousWalkercirculationisweakerandshiftsitscentertothewest,thereforeanomalouseasterliesinequatorialIndianOceanislessstrong.Besides,theanticyclonesouthofSumatrastrengthens,andthesoutherlieseastofitbringcoldwaterfromhigherlatitudesandnortherlieswestofitbringwarmwaterfromlowerlatitudestothe15°to25°Szone.Meanwhile,thereexistsstrongdivergenceintheeastandconvergenceinthewestpartoftropicalsouthernIndianOcean,makingseatemperaturefallandriseseparately.Therefore,IOD2liesfarthersouth.

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简介：利用1964-1993年NCEP／NCAR再分析风应力资料和中国科学院大气物理研究所发展的14层热带太平洋环流模式（OGCM），对热带太平洋与E1Nin^~o有关的年际变化进行了研究。首先，分析了西太平洋暖池次表层海温异常（SOTA）与Nin^~o3区海表温度异常（SSTA）的年际变化关系，发现在E1Nin^~o事件之前，暖池的次表层海温都有明显正异常出现，它的东传导致了E1Nin^~o的发生，并且SOTA的传播随纬度变化，沿赤道东传，在赤道外西传。然后，选取了20世纪70年代和80年代两次最强的E1Nin^~o事件讨论了引起这种机制的可能原因——西风异常的作用。最后，对1964-1993所有的E1Nin^~o年的风场、次表层海温和海表温度的异常进行了综合分析。

简介：Fivesetsofmodelsensitivityexperimentsareconductedtoinvestigatetheinfluenceoftropicalcyclone(TC)genesislocationandatmosphericcirculationoninterannualvariabilityofTCintensityinthewesternNorthPacific(WNP).Ineachexperiment,bogusTCsareplacedatdifferentinitiallocations,andsimulationsareconductedwithidenticalinitialandboundaryconditions.Inthefirstthreeexperiments,thespecifiedatmosphericandSSTconditionsrepresentthemeanconditionsofElNio,LaNia,andneutralyears.TheothertwoexperimentsareconductedwiththespecifiedatmosphericconditionsofElNioandLaNiayearsbutwithSSTsexchanged.ThemodelresultssuggestthatTCsgeneratedinthesoutheasternWNPincurredmorefavorableenvironmentalconditionsfordevelopmentthanTCsgeneratedelsewhere.ThedifferentTCintensitiesbetweenElNioandLaNiayearsarecausedbydifferenceinTCgenesislocationandlow-levelvorticity(VOR).VORplaysasignificantroleintheintensitiesofTCswiththesamegenesislocationsbetweenElNioandLaNiayears.

简介：七全球联合海洋空气的能力当模特儿复制东方亚洲每月的地面温度和降水气候学在期间19611990被评估。1月和7月气候差别在2050年代和2090年代相对期间19611990在排放情形(SRES)A2和B2情形上在特殊报告下面由七模型的整体投射了然后简短被讨论。和在SRESA2和B2情形下面的相应大气的公司2集中，这些设计随后被用来驱使生物群系模型BIOME3在2050年代和2090年代期间在中国模仿潜在的植被分发。潜在的植被与那些相比在中央、东方的中国极大地向北方在2050年代移动期间系上带子在期间，这被揭示19611990。相反，潜在的植被变化在总体上的西方的中国是细微的。潜在的植被的空间模式在潜在的植被变化对的2050年代，而是范围期间通常在2090年代期间类似于那19611990比2050年代在2090年代期间是更广泛的，特别地在西方的中国。另外，在那里存在潜在的植被的模型依赖者不确定性在2090年代期间在SRESA2情形下面变化，它由于由模型的投射气候变化的scatter。在在SRESA2情形下面的潜在的植被的投射变化35°N向北对35°N的地面温度变化南方并且到地面温度，降水，和大气的公司2集中的联合变化在2090年代期间可归因。

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简介：利用中国科学院大气物理研究所北京325m气象塔气象要素和污染物浓度观测资料,采用气体干沉降阻力模型,对奥运会前后北京行政区内SO2和NO2的干沉降影响因子、干沉降速率、干沉降通量进行数值模拟。结果表明：1）随着大气稳定度、太阳辐射强度和下垫面类型的改变,北京SO2和NO2的干沉降速率有明显变化,表面阻力是影响气体干沉降速率变化的主要因子。2）SO2和NO2在白天的干沉降速率及通量普遍大于夜晚。3）静稳天气条件下,奥运会前北京地区一天可清除24tSO2和55.2tNO2,奥运会期间一天可清除10.8tSO2和50.4tNO2,这说明北京及周边地区的减排措施对改善奥运会期间的空气质量效果显著。

简介：Thetechniqueoncomputingthehorizontalpressuregradientforce(PGF)inRegCM2isimprovedwiththeerrorsubtractionmethod.Moreover,theregionalclimateinJuneof1991inChinaissimulatedbyemployingtheRegCM2.ComparisonwithotherschemesforcomputingthePGFshowsthattheerrorsubtractionmethodcaneffectivelyreducetheerrorofthePGF,improvethesimulationofwindsandalleviatethespuriousprecipitationinsteeptopographicareas.Furthermore,thesimulationofprecipitationinotherareasisinbetteraccordancewiththeobservation.

简介：TheNCARcommunityclimatemodelwasrunfor20yearsandthesimulatedEastAsianclimatewasanalyzedandcheckedagainsttheobservationdata.Itisfoundthatthelarge-scalefeaturesoftheEastAsiaclimateweresimulatedprettywellbythemodel,thoughtherearestillsomediscrepanciesbetweenthemodeloutputandtheobservation.Thesimulatedgeopotentialheight,windandtemperaturefieldsareveryclosetotheobservations.Thelargescalesystemssuchassubtropicalhigh.Mongoliahigh,IndianlowwhichhaveimportantinfluenceontheEastAsiamonsoonalsosimulatedprettywell.Itisalsofoundthatthemoisturefieldisnotsimulatedsowellasthosefieldsmentionedabove.Thesimulatedprecipitationisratherdifferentfromtheobservations.ThesesuggestthatsomephysicalprocessesintheCCM2needtobeimproved.

简介：从分析出现最低气温的时刻着手,提出了一个新的求取2时气温的公式。

简介：最近，新大气的总环流大气环流当模特儿(GAMIL：国际机场LASG的格子点大气的模型)在大气的物理(国际机场)的研究所被开发了，中国科学院(CAS)，它基于社区大气的模型版本2(CAM2)大气的研究(NCAR)的国家中心。自从二，模型有一样的物理过程但是不同动态核心，内部二个模型的年度可变性模拟表演被比较。整体途径被用来减少模型内部可变性。一般来说，二个模型的模拟表演是类似的。两个模型在模仿全部的时空可变性和南部的摆动索引有好性能。GAMIL比GAMIL的内部可变性有的CAM2，和模型在东方亚洲冬季发行量模拟更好表现对比CAM2的外部强迫的更好的回答。这些显示动态核心的改进是很重要的。比在低纬度在中间和高纬度有更少的可预测性，这也被验证。

简介：CO2水平随着季节的变化而波动,这根本没有什么神秘可言：绿色植物在春季和夏季生长,吸收了使地球变暖的温室气体;秋季,树木的叶子掉落,一些温室气体返回到大气中。但是,有一点科学家们搞不明白：自从20世纪60年代以来,北极高纬度地区的CO2浓度在夏季和冬季之间的差异明显增大,有些地区的波动幅度高达25%。

简介：1概况2014年10月28日至11月1日，以中国气象局国家气候中心副主任张强为团长，张存杰、柯宗建、杨明珠和王朋岭为成员的代表团参加了在日本东京举行的第2届东亚冬季气候展望论坛。

简介：Aseriesofidealizedmodelsimulationsareanalyzedtodeterminethesensitivityofmodelresultstodifferentconfigurationsofthelateralboundaryconditions(LBCs)insimulatingmesoscaleshallowconvectionoverhillyterrain.Inthesimulationswithsteadythermalforcingatthemodelsurface,aradiationconditionatbothboundariesisthebestchoiceunderhighwindconditions,andthebestresultsareproducedwhenboththenormalvelocitiesandthetemperaturearetreatedwiththeradiationschemeinwhichthephasespeedisthesamefordifferentvariables.Whenthebackgroundwindspeedisreasonablysmall,theLBCconfigurationwitheithertheradiationorthezerogradientconditionatbothboundariestendstomakethenumericalsolutionunstable.Thechoiceofaconstantconditionattheinflowboundaryandaradiationoutflowboundaryconditionisappropriateinmostcases.Inthesimulationswithdiurnalthermalforcingatthemodelsurface,differentLBCschemesarecombinedtogethertoreducespurioussignalsinducedbytheoutflowboundary.Aspecificationinflowboundarycondition,inwhichthevelocityfieldsattheinflowboundaryareprovidedusingthetime-dependentresultsofasimulationwithperiodicLBCsoveraflatdomain,istestedandtheresultsindicatethatthespecificationconditionattheinflowboundarymakesitpossibletouseasmallermodeldomaintoobtainreasonableresults.Themodelhorizontaldomainlengthshouldbegreaterthanacriticallength,whichdependsonthedomaindepthHandtheanglebetweengravitywavephaselinesandthevertical.Anestimateofminimumdomainlengthisgivenby[(H-zi)/πU]√N2L2x-4π2U2,whereNandUarethebackgroundstabilityandwindspeed,respectively,Lxisthetypicalgravitywavelengthscale,andziistheconvectiveboundarylayer(CBL)depth.

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简介：本文根据青海高原温室增施CO2技术试验结果,阐述了CO2施肥的基本原理,提出了适宜高原温室农业特点的基本技术、施肥方式及注意事项,分析了温室增施CO2所产生的功效,可供地方政府发展"菜篮子"工程时参考。

简介：使用本台1984～1994年2～3月低空锋区资料，对低空锋区位置与降水进行统计分析，求得各锋区位置降水概率，经试报表明此方法更为客观，预报效果也好。