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简介：Transcranialmagneticstimulation(TMS)representsausefulnon-invasiveapproachtostudyingcorticalphysiology,inadditiontothedescendingmotorpathways(Hallett,2000),andmayalsobeusedtoinvestigatetheintracorticalfacilitatoryandinhibitorymechanisms.

简介：Inthehourstoweeksfollowingtraumaticspinalcordinjuries(SCI),biochemicalprocessesareinitiatedthatfurtherdamagethetissuewithinandsurroundingtheinitialinjurysite:aprocesstermedsecondaryinjury.Acrolein,ahighlyreactiveunsaturatedaldehyde,hasbeenshowntoplayamajorroleinthesecondaryinjurybycontributingsignificantlytobothmotorandsensorydeficits.Inparticular,effortshavebeenmadetoelucidatethemechanismsofacrolein-mediateddamageatthecellularlevelandtheresultingparalysisandneuropathicpain.Inthisreview,wewillhighlighttherecentdevelopmentsintheunderstandingofthemechanismsofacroleininmotorandsensorydysfunctioninanimalmodelsofSCI.Wewillalsodiscussthetherapeuticbenefitsofusingacroleinscavengerstoattenuateacrolein-mediatedneuronaldamagefollowingSCI.

简介：Insularlesionsremainsurgicallychallengingbecauseoftheneedtobalanceaggressiveresectionandfunctionalprotection.Motorfunctiondeficitsduetocorticospinaltractinjuryareacommoncomplicationofsurgeryforlesionsadjacenttotheinternalcapsuleanditisthereforeessentialtoevaluatethecorticospinaltractadjacenttothelesion.Weuseddiffusiontensorimagingtoevaluatethecorticospinaltractin89patientswithinsularlobelesionswhounderwentsurgeryinChinesePLAGeneralHospitalfromFebruary2009toMay2011.Postoperativemotorfunctionevaluationrevealedthat57patientshadnochangesinmotorfunction,and32patientssufferedmotordysfunctionoraggravatedmotordysfunction.Oftheaffectedpatients,20recoveredmotorfunctionduringthe6-12-monthfollow-up,andanadditional12patientsdidnotrecoverovermorethan12monthsoffollow-up.Followingreconstructionofthecorticospinaltract,fractionalanisotropycomparisondemonstratedthatpreoperative,intraoperativeandfollow-upnormalizedfractionalanisotropyinthestablegroupwashigherthaninthetransientdeficitsgrouporthelong-termdeficitsgroup.Comparedwiththetransientdeficitsgroup,intraoperativenormalizedfractionalanisotropysignificantlydecreasedinthelong-termdeficitsgroup.Weconcludethatintraoperativefractionalanisotropyvaluesofthecorticospinaltractscanbeusedasaprognosticindicatorofmotorfunctionoutcome.

简介：Amyotrophiclateralsclerosis(ALS)isafatalprogressivedisordercharacterizedbytheselectivedegenerationofmotorneurons(MN).TheimpactofperipheralimmunestatusondiseaseprogressionandMNsurvivalisbecomingincreasinglyrecognizedintheALSresearchfield.Inthisreview,webrieflydiscussfindingsfrommousemodelsofperipheralnerveinjuryandimmunodeficiencytounderstandhowtheimmunesystemregulatesMNsurvival.Weextendtheseobservationstosimilarstudiesinthewidelyusedsuperoxidedismutase1(SOD1)mousemodelofALS.Last,wepresentfuturehypothesestoidentifypotentialcausativefactorsthatleadtoimmunedysregulationinALS.Thelessonsfromprecedingworkinthisareaoffernewexcitingdirectionstobridgethegapinourcurrentunderstandingofimmune-mediatedneuroprotectioninALS.

简介：OBJECTIVE:Toinvestigatethefactorsassociatedwithsensoryandmotorrecoveryaftertherepairofupperlimbperipheralnerveinjuries.DATASOURCES:TheonlinePubMeddatabasewassearchedforEnglisharticlesdescribingoutcomesaftertherepairofmedian,ulnar,radial,anddigitalnerveinjuriesinhumanswithapublicationdatebetween1January1990and16February2011.STUDYSELECTION:Thefollowingtypesofarticlewereselected:(1)clinicaltrialsdescribingtherepairofmedian,ulnar,radial,anddigitalnerveinjuriespublishedinEnglish;and(2)studiesthatreportedsufficientpatientinformation,includingage,mechanismofinjury,nerveinjured,injurylocation,defectlength,repairtime,repairmethod,andrepairmaterials.SPSS13.0softwarewasusedtoperformunivariateandmultivariatelogisticregressionanalysesandtoinvestigatethepatientandinterventionfactorsassociatedwithoutcomes.MAINOUTCOMEMEASURES:SensoryfunctionwasassessedusingtheMackinnon-Dellonscaleandmotorfunctionwasassessedusingthemanualmuscletest.SatisfactorymotorrecoverywasdefinedasgradeM4orM5,andsatisfactorysensoryrecoverywasdefinedasgradeS3+orS4.RESULTS:Seventy-onearticleswereincludedinthisstudy.Univariateandmultivariatelogisticregressionanalysesshowedthatrepairtime,repairmaterials,andnerveinjuredwereindependentpredictorsofoutcomeaftertherepairofnerveinjuries(P<0.05),andthatthenerveinjuredwasthemainfactoraffectingtherateofgoodtoexcellentrecovery.CONCLUSION:Predictorsofoutcomeaftertherepairofperipheralnerveinjuriesincludeage,gender,repairtime,repairmaterials,nerveinjured,defectlength,anddurationoffollow-up.

简介：BACKGROUND:Olfactoryensheathingcelltransplantationcanactivateaxonalregenerationandenhancemyelinrepair,whicharebeneficialfortreatingdemyelinatingdiseases.OBJECTIVE:Toexploretheeffectsofolfactoryensheathingcelltransplantationonmyelinrepair,synaptophysinexpression,andmotorfunctioninaratmodelofexperimentalallergicencephalomyelitis.DESIGN,TIMEANDSETTING:Arandomized,controlledexperimentwasperformedattheLaboratoryofProvincialHospitalaffiliatedtoShandongUniversitybetweenAugust2006andSeptember2007.MATERIALS:Dibenzylamine(Hoechst33342),luxolfastblue,andrabbitanti-ratsynaptophysinantibodywereprovidedbySigma,USA.METHODS:OlfactoryensheathingcellsextractedfromneonatalWistarratswereculturedfor10-14daysandlabeledwithdibenzylamine.SpinalcordextractedfromahealthyguineapigwashomogenizedandequallymixedwithcompleteFreund'sadjuvant;thereafter,themixturewasintracutaneouslyinjectedintotwoposteriorvoixpedisofhealthymaleWistarratstoestablishmodelsofexperimentalallergicencephalomyelitis.Ratswererandomlydividedintoacontrolencephalomyelitisgroupandanolfactoryensheathingcelltransplantationgroup,36ratsineachgroup.Physiologicalsaline(2μL)oranolfactoryensheathingcellsuspension(2μL)wasseparatelyinjectedalonglateralcerebralventricleatday7post-modelinduction.MAINOUTCOMEMEASURES:Themigrationanddistributionofolfactoryensheathingcellswereobservedunderfluorescencemicroscopy;myelinrepairwasdetectedusinghematoxylin-eosinstainingandluxolfastbluestaining;synaptophysinexpressionwasmeasuredusingimmunohistochemicalstaining;motorfunctionwasevaluatedusingamotorfunctionscale.RESULTS:Olfactoryensheathingcellscouldsurviveinvivoandmigratetothedistalendofthetransplantfocusandspinalcord,andsurvived21days.Hematoxylin-eosinstainingandluxolfastbluestainingindicatedthatmyelininthetransplantationgroupwasintact,andtheinfla

简介：BACKGROUND:Theuseofacupuncturehasreceivedrecognitiontoeffectivelytreatcerebralpalsy.Moreover,musictherapycanbeusedtomodifytreatmentofcerebralpalsy.OBJECTIVE:Tostudytheeffectsofcombinedtreatmentusingacupunctureandmusictherapyongrossmotorfunctionmeasure(GMFM)ofchildrenwithcerebralpalsy,comparedwithacupuncturetreatmentalone.DESIGN,TIMEANDSETTING:Randomized,controlled,clinicalstudy.TheexperimentwasconductedinShenzhenHospitalofTraditionalChineseMedicinebetweenJanuary2007andSeptember2007.PARTICIPANTS:AllchildrenwithcerebralpalsyinthetrialwerefromtheoutpatientdepartmentofShenzhenHospitalofTraditionalChineseMedicine.Thechildrenwererandomlydividedintotwogroups:30childreninGroupBreceivedacupunctureandmusictherapy,while30childreninGroupAreceivedonlyacupuncturetherapy.METHODS:SubjectsinGroupsAandBreceivedacupuncturebasedonsyndromedifferentiation.Themainacupointswerenecessaryforallparticipants.Atfirst,flashneedlingwasappliedtotheacupoints.Fortheremainingacupoints,thetechniqueoftransverseneedlingwasappliedtotheheadacupoints,andperpendicularneedlingwasusedfortheotherpoints.Theinsertedneedlesweretwirledandthenmaintainedfor30minutes.Theneedlewastwirledforonesecondeveryother10minutes,withoutreinforcing-reducingtechniques.Thetherapywasperformedeveryotherday.Thetrialconsistedofthreeperiodseach,andlastedfor84days.SubjectsinGroupBreceivedmusictherapy.Theylistenedtomusicthattheypreferredwhileacupuncturewasbeingperformed.Followingacupuncture,theywereallowedtoperformmusicalactivities,suchaspercussion,singing,anddancing.Themusictherapywasscheduledforonehour,includinglisteningtomusicfor30minutesandmusicactivitiesfor30minutes.MAINOUTCOMEMEASURES:ThecomprehensivefunctionalevaluationscaleofcerebralpalsyandtheGMFMwereappliedtotestsymptomsbeforeand

简介：Theselectionofelectro-acupunctureparametersremainspoorlyunifiedbetweenclinicalstudies.Thepresentstudyobservedtheeffectsofelectro-acupuncturingRenzhong(DU26)withdifferentstimulationparametersonmotorfunctionrecoveryfollowingmiddlearteryocclusioninjuryinrats.ResultsshowedanoptimalstimulationparameterforRenzhongelectro-acupuncturethatwaslowfrequencyandmildcurrent(2Hz,1mA)significantlyimprovedcorticalexcitabilityandconductivefunction,andpromotedrecoveryinaratmodelofmotorfunctioninmiddlearteryocclusion.Frequencyhadagreaterimpactthancurrentorinteraction,andplayedacriticalroleinelectro-acupuncturetherapy.

简介：BACKGROUND:Amyotrophiclateralsclerosis(ALS)isthemostcommonofallthemotorneurondiseasesandtheabsenceofabiologicmarkerhasmadebothdiagnosisandtrackingevolutionofthediseasedifficult.Electrodiagnostictestsplayafundamentalroleinquantifyingpathologicalchangesinthemotorunitpool.OBJECTIVE:Weassesseddistal-proximalMotorUnit(MU)lossandchangesusingthemethodofmotorunitnumberestimation(MUNE).DESIGN,TIMEANDSETTING:Acase-controlstudywasperformedattheDepartmentofNeuroscience,PisaUniversityMedicalSchool,ItalyfromDecember1999toNovember2009.PARTICIPANTS:Atotalof50ALSpatientswererecruited,30males:meanage(59.6±13.3)years20females:meanage(63.9±11.7)years;range(30-82)years;allpatientshadprobableordefiniteALS.Thirtyhealthyvolunteerswererecruitedfromdepartmentstaffs,including20malesand10females;meanage(57.7±13.8)yearsservedascontrols.METHODS:MUNEwasperformedforboththebicepsbrachiiandabductordigitiminimimusclesothesameside.Thetechniqueusedrelayedsubstantiallyonmanualincrementalstimulationofthemotornerve,knownastheMcComastechnique(50mssweepduration,againof2mV/DivforMwave,0.5mV/Divforeachstep;filters10-20kHz).MAINOUTCOMEMEASURES:MUNEresultsweremeasured.RESULTS:FunctioningMUnumbers,measuredbyMUNE,decreasedinthebicepsbrachiiandabductordigitiminimimusclesovertheentireone-yearfollow-upperiod(oneassessmenteverythreemonths)comparedwithbaselinedetermination,therateofMUdecreasewassimilarinbothmuscles,butsteeperdistally.CONCLUSION:MUNEisafeasiblemethodforALSpatientsbothproximallyanddistallytotrackchangesovertimeinmuscleMUsduringthedisease'sevolution.