简介：Cu,Zn,PbandHgrunofffroyellowlimestonesoilandpurplesoilsandthereltaionshipsbetewwnthemobilityoftheheavymetalsandthesoilcharactheristicswerestudiedinlaboratoryusingarainfallsimulator.TheresultsshowedthattheconcentrationsofsolubleZninsurfacerunoffweresignifcantlynegaivelycorrelatedwiththecontentsof<0.002mmparticlesndCECofthesoils,indicatingthatZnwasmostlyadsorbedbyclaysinthesoils.THecontentsofCuandHginsurfacerunoffwerepositivelyrelatedtotheircontentsinthesoils.TheamountsofCu,Zn,Pb,andHgRemovedbysurfacerunoffwereinfluencedbytheamountsofsoilandwaterlossesandtheircontentsinthesoilsandwerecloselyrelatedtothecontentsofsoilparticles1-0.02mminsize.

简介：这篇论文学习红河盆的流量的变化并且讨论“走廊障碍”的影响由基于每月的降水使用GIS和统计方法的流量的变化上的山谷和山的功能，温度一

简介：Soilcrustingmayhavesignificantimpactsoninfiltration,runoffgenerationanderosioninagriculturallandsorsemi-aridandaridsoils.Thepreviousinvestigationsonsoilcrustingwereoftenconductedundersimulatedrainfallconditions.Thisstudyaimstoevaluatetheeffectsofsoilcrustingonsoilmoistureduringinter-stormperiodsandsoilandwaterlossesduringstormperiodsundernaturalrainfalls.ThestudysitewaslocatedintheLoessPlateauofChina.Fourplotswithauniformslopeandsizewereselected.Soilcrustswerekeptintactonthetwoplotsthroughoutthemonitoringperiodsof1999and2000,butwerebrokenaftereachrainstormeventontheothertwoplots.Soilmoisturewasmeasuredonallplotswithanintervalofoneweekatthreedepthsandtotaleventrunoffandsedimentdischargesweremeasuredineachstorm.Itwasfoundthatnomarkeddifferenceinsoilmoistureandrunoffexistsbetweenthecrustedanduncrustedplots.Thisisbecausetherapiddevelopmentofnewcrustsontheuncrustedplotsduringthestormevents.However,theerosionrateontheuncrustedplotswassignificantlyhigherthanthatonthecrustedplots,whichwasmainlycausedbythedisturbanceofthesurfacesoilsontheuncrustedplots.ThisstudyquestionstheeffectivenessofacommonagriculturalpracticeintheLoessPlateau,hoeinglandsafterrainfall,inreducingrunoffanderosion.

简介：TheThreeGorgesProjectisoneofthelargesthydro-projectsintheworldandhasdrawnmanydebatesinsideChinaandabroad.Themajorconcernisthatsedimentloadfromtheriverbasinmayeventuallyfailthefunctionsoftheprojectforfloodcontrolandpowergeneration.Toreducesedimentationinthereservoir,watershedmanagementhasbeenadopted.However,thereislimitedinformationregardingtheeffectivenessofvariouscontrolmeasuressuchasterracingandafforestationonawatershedscale.TheJialingRiver,amaintributaryoftheYangtzeRiver,contributesapproximately25%ofthetotalsedimentloadinthemainriverbutonlyrepresents8%ofthewholebasinarea.TherehavebeenvariouslandusepatternsandextensivehumanactivitiesforthousandsofyearsintheJialingRiverwatershed.BasedonanalysisofthemajorfactorsaffectingerosionintheJialingRiverwatershed,themainwatershedmanagementstrategies(afforestation,farmingandengineeringpractice)areillustrated,andtheireffectsonthereductionofsedimentandrunoffarestudiedindetail.Thesedimentbudgetofthewatershedshowsthat1/3ofthesedimentyieldistrappedbytheerosioncontrolmeasures(afforestationandfarming)ontheslope,1/3istrappedbythereservoirs,pondsanddamswithinthewatershed,andonlyabout1/3istransportedintotheYangtzeRiver,whichwillaffecttheThreeGorgesProject.

简介：就造房顶的短长度而言，第一的理论分析房顶流量充足基于运动学的波浪和污染物质侵蚀方程被进行。有分析答案的这数学推导预言污染物质质量首先涌出(MFF)，起始的流量(MCIF)的吝啬的集中，在经常的过量降雨的条件下面在全部流量以后与起始的部分和在床表面(RS)上可得到的剩余质量的转向意味着房顶流量(MCRR)的集中。并且当参数的价值指了以前的研究时，他们上的联系影响因素(房顶长度，房顶坡度，房顶表面粗糙，降雨紧张，降雨持续时间，和侵蚀系数)的效果被讨论。结果为其长度比20m短的房顶显示出那，房顶长度的增加和在房顶表面粗糙的减少导致更大的MFF和MCIF和更小的MCRR和RS，它是有益的浇复用和污染减小。在第一之间的理论关系涌出，影响因素可以帮助以雨水利用或弥漫的污染控制计划和房顶的设计。

简介：

简介：在四川盆的外部多山的区域的雨流量过程上的研究，被认为是一个关键生态的躲蔽处，将为上面的长江盆贡献洪水控制和环境保护。在二典型集水--Fujiang河集水和Wujiang河集水，降雨模拟被进行了在土地使用林地，农田和草地的三种类型学习黄壤和石灰石土壤的雨流量过程。结果证明(1)在一样以内，降雨处理，坡面漫流在农田上首先发生，然后在草地上，并且最后在林地上；(2)土壤表面范围在坡面漫流的出现和数量上有大影响。在范围以后的流量数量罐头增加2-4时间被移开；(3)因为土壤的更高的石子内容，在坡面漫流的出现前的渗入将减少，但是一旦坡面漫流变得稳定，它不在渗入上拿效果；(4)石灰石土壤林地的径恋数比黄壤林地的大，但是不到农田的；(5)三实验渗入当模特儿包括Horton'模型，Kostiakov'当模特儿，并且修改Kostiakov'当模特儿被在降雨下面使用观察结果比较模拟。结果比Horton'模特儿和修改Kostiakov当模特儿证明Kostiakov'模型更好表演了。根据这研究的结果，当水蚀在四川盆的外部多山的区域被建模时，Kostiakov的模型能被用来模仿降雨渗入。

简介：这评论在三种尺寸在流量和土壤损失上总结植被的效果：垂直植被结构(未葬植被盖子，表面崽层和地下的根)，植物差异，植被模式和他们的规模特征。在有流量和土壤损失的植被因素之间的量的关系被描述。为描述包含植被，侵蚀和规模的关系的一个框架被建议。为各种各样的侵蚀过程的每种植被尺寸的相对重要性越过规模变化。与侵蚀特征的发展(即，骚动，interrill，小河和溪谷)，在控制流量和土壤损失的垂直植被结构的主要因素变化从未葬生物资源到根。植物差异层次与垂直植被结构被相关并且当植被模式也越过规模维持批评功能时，在小规模起一个关键作用(即，补丁，斜坡，集水和盆/区域)。为未来学习的几个话题在这评论被建议，例如为生态的恢复决定有效植被体系结构，以考虑植被模式的动力学，并且识别包含植被的三种尺寸的相互作用。

简介：Inthispaper,weusetheinterflowareaastheresearchobjectinthelogicalscienceparkforsoilandwaterconservationinJiangxiprovince;andthePaspalumnatatumanditslittercoverareusedasthegroundflora.WediscussesandanalysestheverticaldistributionofrunoffsoastoprovidetheoreticalsupportforthewideapplicationofthePaspalumnatatumforsoilandwaterconservationintheregionofredsoilinsouthChina.

简介：在从流量的1960～2012个文件趋势的上面的Qingjiang河里的水文学数据由在降雨设计工程和长期的变化的水力发出的电力引起了。年度流量与年度降水强烈相关，但是是显著地与更早的价值相比在水库建设以后减少了。比较强烈，构造前和构造以后的降雨事件建议Chebahe和Dalongtan水库工程分别地抓紧洪水山峰和延期流量交货的大小。

简介：Theenvironmentalimpactassessment(EIA)ofcascadedamsbuildingininternationalrivershasbeenwidelydiscussedinChinaandASEANcountriessincethe1990s.InSouthwestChina,allthegreatmountainousrivershavebeenthemajorstatebaseforlarge-scalehydropowerdevelopment.Amongtheserivers,theenvironmentalchangeandresponseofthewatercourseunderthecascadedamsbuildingintheupperMekong(calledLancangRiverinChina)hasbeenthefocusinrecent20years.Inthispaper,theLancangRiver,whichhasover25yearsoflarge-scalehydropowerdevelopment,waschosenasacasestudyforestablishingtheaffectedevaluationindicatorssystemanditsregressionmodelofrunoffandsediment,determiningtheindicatorsweightbythehierarchyanalysismethodandfactoranalysismethod,andsettingupthequantitativeevaluationmodelsofindicatorsaffectedlevelbasedonthe'marginalefficiency'principle.Usingthesemethodsandmodelestablished,theinfluencedegreeofrunoffandsedimentintheLancangRiverfrom1986to2007wereassessed.Themajorresultsare:(1)theimpactofsedimenttransportchangebythecascadedevelopmentismuchhigherthanthatoftherunoffchange;(2)theyears’numberwithdifferentimpactlevelsrespectivelyare72.7%asthe'smallest'level,18.2%as'smaller',and9.1%as'general';(3)thechangeprocessofrunoffandsedimentshowsa'U-shaped'pattern,whichindicatesthebalanceofsedimentchangebecauseoftheinteractionofsedimentreductionbyManwanreservoirstorageandtheincreasebytheDachaoshandamconstruction.

简介：

简介：Forrecentyears,runoffgenerationandhydrologicalprocessesinHailiutuRiverbasinhavebeengreatlychangedbyclimatechangeandhumanactivity,especiallywaterandsoilconservationconstruction.Inthisstudy,thetrendsinprecipitation,evapotranspiration(ET)andriverrunoffaswellastheeffectsofprecipitationchangeandhumanactivityonrunoffvariationhavebeenstudied.Theresultsshowedthatduring1960-2000,annualprecipitationandriverrunoff,monthlyprecipitationandETinSeptemberandOctoberaswellasmonthlyrunoffinallmonthsshowedasignificantdecrease.Inaddition,peakflowandbaseflowhadalargedecrease.Underthejointinfluenceofprecipitationchangeandhumanactivity,themeanannualrunoffdecreasedby35millionm3fromthebaselineperiod(1960-1985)tothechangeperiod(1986-2000),whichaccountedfor60.9%and39.1%ofthetotalrunoffdecrease,respectively.Precipitationchangeplayedaprimaryroleinthedecreaseofannualrunoffwhereashumanactivity,particularlywaterandsoilconservationconstruction,alsohadremarkableimpactsonrunoffvariation.

简介：Thefractionsofriverrunoffandsea-icemeltedwaterintheCanadaBasininsummer2003weredeterminedbythesalinity-18Osystem.Thefractionofriverrunoff(fR)washighintheupper50mofthewatercolumnanddecreasedwithdepthandlatitude.Thesignalsoftheriverrunoffwereconfinedtowaterdepthsabove200m.ThetotalamountofriverrunoffintheCanadaBasinwashigherthanthatinotherarcticseas,indicatingthattheCanadaBasinisamainstorageregionforriverrunoff.Thepenetrationdepthofthesea-icemeltedwaterwaslessthan50mtothesouthof78°N,whileitwasabout150mtothenorthof78°N.Thetotalamountofsea-icemeltedwaterwasmuchhighertothenorthof78°Nthantothesouthof78°N,indicatingthesea-icemeltedwatersaccumulatedontheiceedge.Theabundantsea-icemeltedwaterontheiceedgewasattributedtotheearliermeltedwaterinthesouthernCanadaBasinandtransportedbytheBeaufortGyreorthereinforcedmeltingofseaicebysolarradiationinthepolynya.

简介：WiththecontrolofpointsourcepollutioninDianchiLakebasin,andtheexpansionofKunmingcity,non-pointsourcepollutionhasbecomethemainsourcepollutionofurbanwaterenvironmentandDianchiLake.Torevealthenitrogenpollutioncharacteristicsinwatershed,thisresearchselectedkeymonitoringpointsandsectionsatBaoxiangriverbasininrainyseasonwhichisthepeaktransportedtimeofnon-pointsourcepollution,thenitrogenandhydrologicalindicatorsaremonitoredsystematically.Thedifferentformsofnitrogenareanalyzed,thepollutionloadofnitrogenarecalculatedandstudiedatcardinalsections;combinedwiththeliteraturedata,wecomparedthewaternitrogencharacteristicsofDianchibasinandTaihubasin,themainresultsareasfollows:(1)Insummer,waternitrogenformofBaoxiangriverintheCaoheareaisdominatedbynitratenitrogen,whileinotherareasitisdominatedbyammonianitrogenwhichisaccountedfor31%-50%oftotalnitrogen;(2)ThewaterpollutionloadsofBaoxiangrivertendedtoincreasefromupstreamtodownstream,fromJunetoAugustthetotalnitrogenpollutionmainlycomesfromurbanareasandthepollutionloadis166.408t;(3)InDianchiLakewatershedandTaihuLakewatershednitrogenconcentrationofinflowriverishigherthanthatofthelake,nitratenitrogenconcentrationbetweeninflowriverandlakeshowsalittledifference,whileammonianitrogenconcentrationofinflowriverishigherthanthatofthelake.TheresultscanprovidethetheoreticalbasisfornonpointsourcepollutioncontrolandurbanwaterenvironmentplanningandimprovementinDianchiLakeBasin.

简介：在黄河盆上的流速及流水量用摘要(为影响研究的提供的地区性的气候)被模仿开车由的地区性的气候模型15年(19791993)起始、侧面的边界条件和离线的大规模路由当模特儿的ECMWF分析数据(LRM)。LRM使用物理集水和河隧道信息并且允许流速及流水量与1°×为大大陆河被预言1°空间分辨率。结果证明PRECIS模型能在黄河盆上复制一般东南到降水的西北坡度分发。PRECISLRM模型联合有能力在黄河盆上模仿季节、年度的流速及流水量。模仿的流速及流水量在预定并且在大小与采纳流速及流水量通常是重合的。

简介：Reliablefielddataforallhydrologicparametersareoftenunavailableforwatershedsevenforthoseintensivelymonitored.Intheabsenceofreliablesuchdata,verifiedmathematicalrelationsforanareacanbeusedforotherareaswithsamehydrologicandclimaticregimes.Theobjectivesofthisresearchwere:1)toassessthetotalrunoffandsedimentloss,and2)todeveloprainfall,runoffandsoillossrelationsforfourprominentlanduses(includingdegraded,pasture,forestandagriculturelands)intheHilkotwatershed(Pakistan).Fourexperimentalnaturalrunoffplotswereestablishedonthelanduses(degraded,pasture,forestandagricultureland).ThefieldstudyanddatacollectionwereconductedintheHilkotwatershedfrom1999to2005.Regressionanalysiswasconductedtoestablishrelationsamongrainfall,runoffandsoillossforalllandusesusing.Regressionanalysisindicatedgoodcorrelationwithfielddata.

简介：为简洁的原因，最通常使用的水文学模型基于土壤保存服务曲线数字(SCS-CN)当模特儿，它可能是为中国的黄土高原上的流量的评价的一种好选择；然而，高空间的异质，主要在土壤类型由碎裂的地形和变化引起了，可以限制它的适用性到这个区域。因此，到一个小分水岭的SCS-CN模型的适用性，高原上的Liudaogou，被评估，在模型的最适当的起始的抽象比率(Ia/S)价值被反的方法确定。结果证明标准SCS-CN模型对在Liudaogou分水岭的流量的评价适用，模型表演根据相对错误和Nash-Sutcliffe效率的价值是可接受的。因为，为分水岭的最适当的Ia/S值是0.22与这修改Ia/S值，模型性能稍微被改进。当一个重降雨事件(50.1公里)没被考虑时，模型表演不对Ia/S价值的修正敏感，它暗示模型用标准Ia/S价值，因为很少超过50公里的单个降雨事件发生在那个区域，能为Liudaogou分水岭被推荐。流量数量由SCS-CN模型为Liudaogou分水岭预言了，用修改Ia/S价值，当降雨价值比50公里低时，与增加降雨逐渐地增加了，而当降雨超过了50公里时，预言的数量很快增加了。这些调查结果可能在在中国的黄土高原上解决严肃的土壤和水损失的问题是有用的。

简介：Soilerosionatthehilly-gullyregionoftheLoessPlateauhasobviousverticalerosionzonationfromwatershedboundarytogullyedge.Meanwhile,upsloperunoffandsedimenthaveasignificantimpactonthedownslopeerosionprocess.Butduetothelimitsofresearchmethods,thereisnotmuchdataavailabletoquantifytheeffectsofupsloperunoffandsedimentonthedownslopeerosionprocessunderdifferentconditions.Theobjectiveofthisstudywastoquantifytheeffectsofupsloperunoffandsedimentonthedownslopeerosionprocessusingadual-boxsystemwitha15°gradientconsistingofa2m-longfeederboxanda5m-longtestboxunderdifferentrunoffratesandsedimentconcentrationsinupsloperunoff,rainfallintensitiesandsoilsurfaceconditions.Theresultsshowedthatthesedimentregimewasdetachment-transportdominantatsteephillslopes.ThenetsedimentdeliveryScausedbyupsloperunoffwascontrolledbysedimentconcentrationinupsloperunoff,especiallybyinteractionoftherainfallintensity,runoffrate,surfaceconditionanddominanterosionprocess.ThenetsedimentdeliverySaccountedforthetotalsedimentdeliverySftatdownslope31.7%to97.3%and27.8to89.7%forbothlooseandcompactsurfacetreatments,respectively.Rainfallintensity,slopegradient,surfacecondition,andrillerosiondevelopmenthadimportantinfluencesonthedownslopeerosionprocess.

简介：密云水库集水区水源保护林在北京地区饮用水源保护中起着非常重要的作用．本文给出了该区小流域对比实验的初步研究结果，有林小流域和无林小流域对１９９６年７月３０日降雨过程较为一致的径流响应表明，土壤前期含水量对流域产流有较大的影响，在降雨较多土壤含水量较大的情况下该区产流方式可以表现为饱和地表径流．尽管该区以霍顿超渗产流为主，但对于１９９７年７月３１日至８月１日降雨过程，森林流域产流总量为１３９３．８０ｍ３，无林流域为２２０２．４３ｍ３，森林流域减少洪水总量３６．７％，消减洪峰流量达３７３％．然而，１９９７年７月１９日降雨过程森林流域径流洪峰量与洪水泥沙含量均较无林流域高，这表明预处理措施对径流泥沙过程有极为显著的影响