简介:Undertheimpactofthesovereigndebtcrisis,theEuropeanUnionpayslessattentiontoitsforeignpolicyandtheCommonForeignPolicytendstobe"renationalized";theEUisagainembracing"geo-economics"withanenhancedtendencyofhighlightingeconomictiesandtradeinitsexternalrelations;EUcountrieshavegreatlycuttheirdefenceexpenditures,makingitmoredifficulttoimplementtheEU’sCommonSecurityandDefencePolicy(CSDP)infuture.TheauthorholdsthattheprospectsofeconomicgrowthintheEurozonecountries,Europeanintegrationunderthepressureofstructuralchangesininternationalrelations,andcompetitionandcollaborationinamultiplestructureofforeignpolicyestablishmentsarecombinedtoshapetheEU’sforeignpolicyinthecomingyears.
简介:BackgroundoftheNewsOnJanuary14,2013,NationalConferenceonPopulationandFamilyPlanningWorkwillbeconvenedinBeijing.TheconferencewilldeepenanddevelopunderstandingofrelevantspiritsoftheParty'sEighteenthCongressandarrangeimplementationofrelatedwork.Afterkeepingthelowfertilityrateformorethan10years,shallChinacontinuetoadheretothebasicnationalpolicyoffamilyplanning?Howshallweimprovethequalityoflifeofthenewbornsandreducebirthdefects?
简介:Westudyaninventorysysteminwhichproductsareorderedfromoutsidetomeetdemands,andthecumulativedemandisgovernedbyaBrownianmotion.Excessivedemandisbacklogged.Wesupposethattheshortageandholdingcostsassociatedwiththeinventoryaregivenbyageneralconvexfunction.Theproductorderingfromoutsideincursalinearorderingcostandasetupfee.Thereisaconstantleadtimewhenplacinganorder.Theoptimalpolicyisestablishedsoastominimizethediscountedcostincludingtheinventorycostandorderingcost.
简介:Inthecontextofrenewedinterestincollaborationinnaturalresourcemanagement,thecollaborativegovernanceapproachhaslatelybeenintroducedtotheforestProtectedAreas(PAs)inBangladesh.Theadoptionofthisco-managementapproachisseenasanattempttoinfluencethegovernanceprocesstowardsatransformationfromtheconventionalcustodiansystemtoamoreparticipatorymanagementregime.Recognitionofrightsandresponsibilities,effectiveparticipation,andequitabledistributionofbenefitsamongstthekeystakeholdersworkingunderafacilitativepolicyandlegalframeworkarebelievedtoaddressthebroadergoalsofsustainabledevelopmentNotwithstandingtheresurgenceofinterestingovernanceofforestPAsthroughtheco-managementapproach,academicresearchonthesubjectremainslimited.ThisarticleattemptstoreviewselectedkeyinformationandmilestonesontheforestPAsgovernancewithspecialreferencetothemajorpoliciesandlegaldocuments.Withabriefintroductorysection,thisarticlefocusesonthegenesisandselectedmajorfeaturesoftheForestPAsinthecountry.Thediscussionthendwellsonthepolicyandlegalframeworkandprovidesacritiqueonitsrelevanceforpromotingcommunityparticipation.Theexistinginstitutionalarrangementsforcommunityengagementinprotectedareagovernancearealsoanalyzedinlightofthenationalandinternationalcommitmentandpolicyobligationsonthepartofthecountry.Thesalientobservationsandkeyfindingsofthestudyincludethefollowing:(1)despiteitslimitations,comanagementasconceptandpracticehasgraduallytakenrootsinBangladesh;(2)thedegreeandlevelofactivecommunityparticipationremainlowandlimited,andthereisalsoclearweaknessinconscientizingandorientatingthelocalcommunityonthekeylegalandpolicyissuesrelatedtoPAgovernanceinthecountry;and(3)policymakers,practitioners,andotherlocalstakeholdersrelatedtoPAgovernanceneedtobeorientedoninternationalcommitmentandnationalde
简介:改进在人们中华民国(中华人民共和国)和美国(美国)之间的关系并且保证他们作为联盟者而非作为竞争者一起工作能对武装冲突用作稳定的力量,特别地与包围国家。在PRC和美国之间的经济、社会、政治的关系沿着一次多山的旅行进行了。作为在世界上的第二最大的经济,PRC继续了开发它的军人并且被决定爬工艺的梯子。这生长导致了US和PRC被叫作超级大国的G-2。当US霸权继续变弱,这种G-2关系正在变得更重要。与重要经济,政治,并且在危险中的安全问题加强这些关系的努力被优先考虑并且实现,是关键的。一个严密prioritization过程,分析网络过程(ANP)此处被使用在G-2关系中优先考虑努力和行动。模型与结果和在场的广泛的敏感分析被介绍另外的卓见进建议答案。
简介:在对Internet现有路径选择协议进行分析的基础上,重点对国内正在研究的下一代Inter—net(NGI)体系结构SUPA提出的“最短路径一基于服务质量的波长路径选择”(SP—QLR—Shortest-Path&QoS—basedLambdaRouting)的选径策略进行比较分析,对新一代网络服务质量(QoS)保证进行展望。
简介:Thispaperfirstlyextendsthesingleperiodforestoptimalharvestingdecisionmodeltoinfiniteperiods,inordertoindicatehowtodeterminetheoptimalrotationperiodaimedatmaximizingforestrevenueinalldirectionswhenrepeatplantingandharvestingtreesonthesameplotofearthtillinfinitefuture.Thestudyalsoanalyzestheinfluenceofdiscountedrates,timberprice,harvestingcosts,plantingcosts,andtaxonthedeterminationofoptimalrotationperiod;andhowtheoptimalrotationperiodwillchangewhenweintroducethefactorsofcontinuouslyrisingtimberpriceandecologicalrevenue.Secondly,theauthorsintroducetheintergenerationalequityprincipleintotheabovemodeltodesignaresource-exploitingmodewhichsatisfiesbomthedynamicefficiencyprincipleandtheintergenerationalequityprinciple.Lastbutnotleast,theresearchappliestheabovemodeltotheanalysisofChineseforestryeconomicpolicyandexplainstheeconomictheoryofinstitutionssuchasGovernmentPurchasingEcologicalForest,TreeCompensation,andForestrySubsidization,whichprovidesanecessarytheoreticalfoundationforfutureapplicationofthesenewinstitutions.Besides,inregardtomistheoreticalframework,theauthorsanalyzethenecessityoftheNaturalForestProtectionandGrainforGreenprojectswhicharecurrentlybeingimplementedinChina.Wealsopointouttheemphasisofworktoinsuretheprojectsustainableandsuccessful.Finally,theresearchdiscussestheenterprise’sincentivetoover-the-quotaharvestingandthegovernment’smeansofrestrictingsuchbehavior,whichhighlightsthefactmatimprovedsupervisionandhigherpenaltiesarehelpfulinrestrictingover-the-quotaharvesting.