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简介：Theexistentinternationalrelationstheoryhasnotgivenacleardefinitionof"theriseofgreatpowers,"and"rising"isalsonotafundamentalconceptininternationalrelationsorworldpolitics.However,forwhateverversionofinternationalrelationshistory,itmustbearecountingoftherelationsbetweencountriesthatriseandfall;andforwhateverinternationalrelationstheory,itmustadmitthefactthattheriseandfallofgreatpowersisoneofthenaturallawscharacterizedinternationalrelationsdevelopment.AsPaulKennedyputsit,the"relativestrengthsoftheleadingnationsinworldaffairsneverremainconstant,principallybecauseoftheunevenrateofgrowthamongdifferentsocietiesandofthetechnologicalandorganizationalbreakthroughswhichbringagreateradvantagetoonesocietythantoanother."①Therefore,itcanbesaidthattheoriesrelatedto"theriseofgreatpowers"aresocommon,particularlyconcentratingonthepossibleinfluenceoftherisingpoweranditsrelationswithwar,themeansandpoliciestodealwithitaswellashowtorealizethepeacefultransitionofpower.ThisarticleintendstoexploreandsummarizeallthesetheoriesandalsomakesomecommentsbasedontheriseofChina.

简介：1.ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＯｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｍｏｓｔｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｔａｓｋｓｏｆｍｏｄｅｒｎａｓｔｒｏｎｏｍｙｉｓｔｏｐｒｏｂｅｔｈｅｖｅｒｙｅａｒｌｙｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｅ.ＡｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇｔｏｔｈｅｓｔａｎｄａｒｄＢｉｇＢａｎｇｔｈｅｏｒｙ,ｐｒｉｍｏｒｄｉａｌｍａｔｔｅｒｃｏｎｓｉｓｔｅｄｏｆａｂｏｕｔ76%ｈｙｄｒｏｇｅｎａｎｄ24%ｈｅｌｉｕｍｂｙｗｅｉｇｈｔ,ａｌｏｎｇｗｉｔｈｔｒａｃｅｑｕａｎｔｉｔｉｅｓｏｆｄｅｕｔｅｒｉｕｍａｎｄｌｉｔｈｉｕｍ.Ｓｏｍｅｏｆｔｈｉｓｐｒｉｍｏｒｄｉａｌｇａｓｅｖｅｎｔｕａｌｌｙｃｏｏｌｅｄｅｎｏｕｇｈｔｏｃｏｎｄｅｎｓｅｉｎｔｏｓｔａｒｓ,ａｎｄｕｌｔｉｍａｔｅｌｙｆｏｒｍｅｄｇａｌａｘｉｅｓ.Ｏｔｈｅｒｅｌｅｍｅｎｔｓ,ｓｕｃｈａｓｃａｒｂｏｎａｎｄｉｒｏｎ,ａｒｅａｓｓｕｍｅｄｔｏｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｃｒｅａｔｅｄｍｕｃｈｌａｔｅｒａｓｔｈｅｒｅｓｕｌｔｏｆｓｔａｒｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ.Ｔｈｅｉｎｔｅｒｇａｌａｃｔｉｃｍｅｄｉｕｍ(ＩＧＭ)ｉｓｌｉｋｅｌｙｔｏｃｏｎｔａｉｎｍｏｒｅｂａｒｙｏｎｉｃｍａｔｔｅｒｔｈａｎａｌｌｔｈｅｍａｔｔｅｒ...

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简介：珍贵矿物质资源广泛地在整个海床被散布。自治在水下当为如此的矿物质资源探查时，当广泛的探索区域使与操作员维持接触困难，车辆(AUV)对遥远地操作的车辆(ROV)更好。AUV取决于电池，因此他们的电源消费应该被减少扩大探索时间。为常规海洋的仪器系统的电源在他们的防水封上被合并。这电源来源的外部断断续续的控制由于强加由的限制是直到探索的结束挑战性的在水下环境。因此，AUV必须有能改进性能并且最大化电池能力的使用的一个电源控制系统。作者与一个三步的算法开发了如此的一个电源控制系统。它自动地检测在水下运作的状态和罐头限制电源，在大约15%的有效地减少的电源消费。

简介：TuyerecokeprobingwasconductedattheBaosteelCorexPlantinordertogainabetterunderstandingofthestructureofthecharbedinthemeltergasifier(MG).Afterscreening,thespecimenswereobservedbyanopticalmicroscopetodeterminethemechanismofthecharbedformation.X-raydiffraction(XRD)wasusedtoclarifythedegreeofgraphitizationandinferthermalhistoryofcoke.Theresultsshowthattheamountofpowdercomingfromlumpcoalintheburdenismuchmorethanthatfromcoke.Basedonthis,measuresforimprovingthecharbed'spermeabilityareproposed.

简介：Theultrafastchargedynamicsfollowingtheinteractionofanultra-intenselaserpulsewithafoiltargetleadstothelaunchofanultra-short,intenseelectromagnetic（EM）pulsealongawireconnectedtothetarget.Duetothestrongelectricfield（oftheorderofGVm^-1）associatedtosuchlaser-drivenEMpulses,thesecanbeexploitedinatravelling-wavehelicalgeometryforcontrollingandoptimizingtheparametersoflaseracceleratedprotonbeams.ThepropagationoftheEMpulsealongahelicalpathwasstudiedbyemployingaprotonprobingtechnique.Thepulse-carryingcoilwasprobedalongtwoorthogonaldirections,transverseandparalleltothecoilaxis.Thetemporalprofileofthepulseobtainedfromthetransverseprobingofthecoilisinagreementwiththepreviousmeasurementsobtainedinaplanargeometry.Thedataobtainedfromthelongitudinalprobingofthecoilshowsaclearevidenceofanenergydependentreductionoftheprotonbeamdivergence,whichunderpinsthemechanismbehindselectiveguidingoflaser-drivenionsbythehelicalcoiltargets.

简介：Overthepastdecadetheintegrationofultrafastspectroscopywithnanosciencehasgreatlypropelledthedevelopmentofnanoscience,asthekeyinformationgleanedfromthemechanisticstudieswiththeassistanceofultrafastspectroscopyenablesadeeperunderstandingofthestructure–functioninterplayandvariousinteractionsinvolvedinthenanosystems.Thismini-reviewpresentsanoverviewoftherecentadvancesachievedinourultrafastspectroscopylaboratorythataddresstheultrafastdynamicsandrelatedmechanismsinseveralrepresentativenanomaterialcomplexsystemsbymeansoffemtosecondtime-resolvedtransientabsorptionspectroscopy.Weattempttoconveyinstructive,consistentinformationregardingtheimportantprocesses,pathways,dynamics,andinteractionsinvolvedinthenanomaterialcomplexsystems,mostofwhichexhibitexcellentperformanceinphotocatalysis.

简介：Therehavebeenreportsformanyyearsthattheionosphereisverysensitivetoseismiceffects,andthedetectionofionosphericperturbationsassociatedwithearthquakes(EQs)attractsalotofattentionasaverypromisingcandidateforshort-termEQprediction.InthisreviewwepresentapossibleuseofVLF/LF(verylowfrequency(3-30kHz)/lowfrequency(30-300kHz))radiosoundingofseismo-ionosphericperturbations.Inordertoavoidtheoverlappingwithmyownpreviousreviews,wefirstshowsomepioneeringresultsfortheKobeEQandwetrytopresentthelatestresultsincludingthestatisticalevidenceonthecorrelationbetweentheVLF/LFpropagationanomalies(ionosphericperturbations)andEQs(especiallywithlargemagnitudeandwithshallowdepth),medium-distance(6-8Mm)propagationanomalies,thefluctuationspectraofsubionosphericVLF/LFdata(theeffectofatmosphericgravitywaves,theeffectofEarth’stides,etc.),andthemechanismoflithosphere-atmosphere-ionospherecoupling.Finally,weindicatethepresentsituationofthiskindofVLF/LFactivitiesgoingonindifferentpartsoftheglobeandwesuggesttheimportanceofinternationalcollaborationinthisseismo-electromagneticstudy.

简介：Vortexbeamswithfractionaltopologicalcharge(FTC)havemanyspecialcharacteristicsandnovelapplications.However,oneoftheobstaclesfortheirapplicationisthedifficultyofpreciselydeterminingtheFTCoffractionalvortexbeams.WefindthatwhenavortexbeamwithanFTCilluminatesadynamicangulardoubleslit(ADS),thefar-fieldinterferencepatternsthatincludetheinformationoftheFTCofthebeamattheangularbisectordirectionoftheADSvaryperiodically.Basedonthisproperty,asimpledynamicADSdeviceanddatafittingmethodcanbeusedtopreciselymeasuretheFTCofavortexlightbeamwithanerroroflessthan5%.

简介：Fig.1showstheimpactparameter-averagedasymptoticvaluesofthenumberoftheemittedneutronsN_nandthenumberoftheemittedprotonsN_p(whenthevaluesofN_pandN_natt=200fm/cbecomenearlyconstants)i.e.b(topwindow)andb(bottomwindow)asafunctionofthebeamenergywithmomentumdependentintractionforthesystems~(76)Kr+~(40)Ca(leftwindows)and~(76)Kr+~(76)Kr(rightwindows)infivecases:

简介：π-/π+ratiowasfoundtobeasensitiveprobetothehigh-densitybehaviorofthesymmetryenergybyusingseveraltransportmodels.However,asshowninFig.1,atbeamenergiesbelowthepionproductionthreshold,theeffectsofin-mediumnucleon-nucleonscatteringcrosssection(whichisstillcontroversial)stronglyaffectthevalueofπ??/π+ratio[1].Itisthusnecessarytodoacomparativestudyoftheeffectsofthein-mediumNNcrosssectionandtheeffectsofthesymmetryenergyonpionproductioninheavy-ioncollisionsatlowerbeamenergies.

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简介：WehavestudiedthefragmentationprocessinheavyioncollisionssystematicaIlybyusingIsospin-dependentQuantumMolecularDynamics(IQMD)modelandfoundthatthemultiplicityofintermediatemassfragmentsN_(imf)canbeusedasaprobetoextracttheinformationofin-mediumnmuleon-nucleoncrosssection.Fig.1shows

简介：抽象植物由种类特定的防卫机制保护自己免于蚜虫攻击。以前，我们证明了茄属stoloniferumSchlechtd有抵抗因素到MyzuspersicaeSulzer(Homoptera：Aphididae)在epidermal/mesophyll水平，那不对Macrosiphumeuphorbiae托马斯是有效的(Homoptera：Aphididae)。这里，我们比较nymph的死亡，pre繁殖的发展时间，和M的探查的行为。persicae和M。S上的euphorbiae。stoloniferum和茄属tuberosumL。而且，我们在S在基因表示分析变化。stoloniferum96个小时由也张贴群袭蚜虫种类。尽管M。探查蚜虫遇到更多的探查的行为表演的euphorbiae在韧皮部activitieslonger在S上探查和分泌唾液时间上抑制。stoloniferum比在S上。tuberosum，蚜虫成功了在两植物上到达韧皮部树液的持续摄取。由M探查。S上的persicae。stoloniferum植物导致了仅仅的有限的喂。M的幸存。euphorbiae和M。persicae在年轻叶子，然而并非在S的衰老的叶子被影响。stoloniferum。由M的群袭。euphorbiae比M改变了更多的基因的表示。persicae做了。在全身的水平，两个蚜虫得到了弱回答。S的群袭。有很多M的stoloniferum植物。persicae在叶子导致了词法变化，导致被破坏脉管的实质引起并且包围织物的色点的发展。相反，由M的群袭。euphorbiae没有词法效果。两个都，植物种类能为M被认为是好主人。euphorbiae，而仅仅S。tuberosum是为M的一位好主人。persicae和S。stoloniferum不是。S的群袭。由M的stoloniferum。persicae或M。euphorbiae象一套普通基因一样改变了为每蚜虫特定的一套植物基因的表示。

简介：调停Jasmonate、调停水杨酸盐的发信号的小径在导致的植物辩护起重要作用，但是为他们在对蚜虫的monocots的角色没有足够的证据。我们外长地在小麦幼苗上使用了甲基jasmonate(MeJA)和水杨酸酸(SA)并且在谷物蚜虫上在小麦和效果检验了生物化学的回答，Sitobionavenae(Fab)。MeJA的申请显著地增加了小麦的多酚oxidase，peroxidase和朊酶的层次在处理以后的禁止者1，2和6天。在二选择的测试，成年蚜虫比较喜欢小麦留给对待MeJA或对待SA的叶子的控制。探查行为的蚜虫的电的穿入图(EPG)记录表明在对待MeJA的植物上，蚜虫的第一根探针的持续时间显著地更短，探针的数字比控制植物上的那些显著地高。在对待MeJA的植物上探查的另外全部的持续时间比在控制植物上显著地短。对待SA的植物上的分泌唾液时期的全部的持续时间显著地更长，当吝啬的韧皮部摄取时期比在控制植物上显著地短时。然而，在韧皮部树液摄取时期的全部的持续时间的重要差别都没在处理之中被观察。EPG数据建议MeJA依赖的抵抗因素可能由于在叶肉喂威慑，而调停SA的抵抗可能是基于韧皮部的。我们没在蚜虫开发，每日的肥沃，内在的生长率和人口生长观察MeJA和SA申请的任何重要差别。结果显示在小麦的导致MeJA、导致SA的防卫威慑S。avenae殖民过程和喂的行为，而是它的表演上的有的不重要的效果。

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简介：我们估计了避免在parasitoidEchthrodelphaxfairchildii珀金斯的在三倍的寄生状态下面的在第三攻击的杀婴儿的探查的适应海角，由比较从有或没有探查的第三攻击的健康回来。Fitnessreturns以幸存率被估计，意味着发展时间，并且意味着子孙的成年的头宽度。不探查在有1/24and24/24小时的产卵离子间隔的三倍的寄生状态下面是不适应的(在在斜杠前后的数字指first-to-secondandsecond-to-third的地方产卵离子间隔，分别地)，尽管没有重要差别为24/1小时的产卵离子间隔在健康回来被检测。我们建议探查的费用(特别在未来的机会的减少产卵离子)是为探查的看起来不适应的缺席的一个原因。

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