简介：它们就是为你带来快乐的苦力,工程师们绞尽脑汁榨取发动机残存的一点儿剩余价值,仅仅为了博取你肾上腺素提升时的快感。或者一掷千金地大做表面功夫,让你开着它上街时捕获所有人的注意力。

简介：美国文化中有一个特点，几乎成了传统，就是他们称颂靠自己的本事奋斗出来的人。这种人通常是一开始靠自己的双手苦干，然后升迁到很高的地位。工商界的领袖或大学教授比普通的劳动者或技术工人的社会地位高，并受到同一个社区的人们更多的尊敬。但他会原原本本地告诉你。他的父亲却是在农场上当雇工或当其他什么劳动者起家的。

简介：中国的劳动节是每年的5月1日，而美国的劳动节却是在9月的第一个星期一。芰国第一次庆祝劳动节是在1882年的9月5日。这是一个属于老百姓的节日……

简介：AbstractObjective:Labor is a complex process and labor pain presents challenges for analgesia. Epidural analgesia (EA) has a well-known analgesic effect and is commonly used during labor. This review summarized frequently encountered and controversial problems surrounding EA during labor, including the labor process and maternal intrapartum fever, to build knowledge in this area.Data sources:We searched for relevant articles published up to 2019 in PubMed using a range of search terms (eg, "labor pain," "epidural," "analgesia," "labor process," "maternal pyrexia," "intrapartum fever" ).Study selection:The search returned 835 articles, including randomized control trials, retrospective cohort studies, observational studies, and reviews. The articles were screened by title, abstract, and then full-text, with a sample independently screened by two authors. Thirty-eight articles were included in our final analysis; 20 articles concerned the labor process and 18 reported on maternal pyrexia during EA.Results:Four classic prospective studies including 14,326 participants compared early and delayed initiation of EA by the incidence of cesarean delivery. Early initiation following an analgesia request was preferred. However, it was controversial whether continuous use of EA in the second stage of labor induced adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes due to changes in analgesic and epidural infusion regimens. There was a high incidence of maternal pyrexia in women receiving EA and women with placental inflammation or histologic chorioamnionitis compared with those receiving systemic opioids.Conclusions:Early EA (cervical dilation ≥1 cm) does not increase the risk for cesarean section. Continuous epidural application of low doses of analgesics and programmed intermittent epidural bolus do not prolong second-stage labor duration or impact maternal and neonatal outcomes. The association between EA and maternal pyrexia remains controversial, but pyrexia is more common with EA than without. A non-infectious inflammatory process is an accepted mechanism of epidural-related maternal fever.

简介：Severalmonthsago,Ireadofastoryaboutcollegestudentsdoingphysicallaborinthenewspaper.ThestorywasabouttwocollegestudentsinGuizhouprovince,whowerecleaningshoestoearnmoneyinthecampus.Whenaskedwhytheychoosethiskindofworkwhiletheycoulddomoreelegantwork,suchasteaching,

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简介：Labormigrationamongregionsandbetweentheurban-ruralhasbeenapopularresearchtopicinlaboreconomics,developmenteconomics,industrialeconomicsandregionaleconomics.Theworldeconomydevelopmenthistoryprovesthatsuchlabormigrationisinevitableeconomicphenomenonintheprocessofeconomicdevelopment.However,therearesomekeystobetterunderstandChina'slabormigration,suchaswhatarethecharacteristicsofChina'slabormigration?WhatdifferencesarethereinChina'slabormigrationcomparedwiththatofthedevelopmentcountriesandotherdevelopingcountries?WhataretheconnotationalandtheoreticalimplicationsofChina'slabormigration?Thesearethecorequestionsofthispaper.Understandingthesequestionswillpatchuptheshortagesintheexistingresearchesofthefield,laysolidfoundationandprovidevaluablereferencefortheeconomiceffects,thewelfareeffectsofChina'slabormigrationandassociatedinstitutionalarrangementsandmacroeconomicpolicies.

简介：Onthebasisofasimplemodelidentifyingtherelationshipbetweentheagriculturallaborshareintotallaborforceandthedeterminingfactors,suchasnumberofnewparticipatorsto,andthoseleavingfromagricultureandtransferringtonon-farming,thispaperestimatesthecontributionofthedeterminingfactorsforthechangesofagriculturallaborshareduringtheperiod1990～2030.Giventheassumptionabouttheaverageannualdeclineoftheagriculturallaborshareinfuture,thenumberofnewparticipatestoagriculturallaborisestimatedtodeclinefrom20.23millionduring2005～2010to11.42millionduring2010-2030,andthenumbersofleavingandtranferringareestimatedtochangefrom42.20millionand38.43millionto27.04millionand29.49millionrespectivelyduringthesameperiod.Thefactorsofentrance,exitandtransfer,whichcontributetothedeclineoftheagriculturallaborshare,aredescribedtochangefrom-15.1%,34.7%and38.1%respectivelyin2005～2010to-22.6%,54.3%and49.8%in2025～2030.Thenonfarmingjobcreationmaydeclinefrom69.69millionin2005～2010to35.08millionin2025～2030.Thepolicyimplicationsofthefindingarealsodiscussed.

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简介：AnacademicforumwasheldonMarch22,2005onwomen’slaborrightsandinterests.Participatingweresome30expertsfromChinaSocietyforHumanRightsStudies,All-ChinaWomen’sFederation,All-ChinaFederationofTradeUnions,aswellasRenminUniversityofChinaandotherprestigiousinstitutionsofhigherlearning.JointlysponsoredbytheLaborandSocialSecurityBranchofBeijingLawSociety(BLS)andChineseWomen’sCollege(CWC),theforumreviewedthe

简介：TheeconomictransformationinChinahascausedsignificantchangestolaborrelations.Ithasmadethelaborrelationsmorecomplexandlaborconflictsapparentandfrequent.Howeverthecoordinationmechanismhasnotbeendevelopedcorrespondingly.Basedontheempiricalresearchuponcurrentdomesticandoverseaslaborrelations,itisconcludedthatthesupplyoflaborforceexceedingthedemandofitisthefundamentalreasonsforexplaininglaborconflictsintheeconomictransformationinChina.Italsosuggestedthatthecoordinationmechanismoflaborconflictshasmechanicaldysfunctionandthestructureofharmoniclaborrelationswouldtakealongtime.

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简介：Fiftyyearsago,theTibetansocietycomprisedserfsandslaves(referredtoasserfs),whoconstituted95percentofTibet’stotalpopulation,andthethreekindsofmanorlords(referredtoasserfowners),whoconstituted5％ofthetotalpopulation.Thethreemanorlordswereofficials(ofthelocalgovemment),feudallordsandtheupperstratumoftheclergy.TheyownedalllandinTibet(including

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简介：Theacademiccirclesholdageneralviewthattherurallaborshortagebringsoutsomepositiveeffects.Thispaperanalyzesthepositiveeffectsintherealitybymeansofempiricalstudy,andanalyzesthecausewhythepositiveeffectsisdifficulttocometrueeffectively.Atpresent,rurallaborshortagecannotimprovetheruralmigrantworker'swagesandwelfareradically,cannotachievetheindustrialupgradingeffectively.Thepositiveeffectsoftherurallaborshortagewouldundergoakindofslowanddifficultprocess;thegovernmentshouldestablishandimprovetheguidanceandtheregulativemechanismtostimulatethepositiveeffectsoftherurallaborshortage.