简介:ObjectiveUnderstandingthedynamicsofsedimentgravityflowsisofgreatimportancetocorrectlyinterprettheirrelateddeposits.Thediscoveryofsupercriticalsedimentgravityflowsprovidessomenewviewpointsfortheexplanationofcontroversialsedimentgravityflowdeposits.However,thedynamics,formation,evolutionprocessesofsupercritical
简介:China'sislandandreefcoastsaremainlydistributedalongthecoastsofZhejiangandFujianprovinces.Theseareashavefavorabledeep-waterconditionsandgreatdevelopmentpotential.TheZhoushanArchipelagoisatypicalislandandreefcoast.Inthemidstoftheislands,therearemanytidalchannelswithhighwaterdepthandhighcurrentvelocity.DaishanIslandislocatedonthenorthernpartoftheZhoushanArchipelago.TheseanorthofDaishanIslandcanbecharacterizedashavinggreatwaterdepth(generallybetween10and20m),highcurrentvelocity(themaximummeasuredvalueisabout2m/s),andhyperconcentratedsuspendedsediment(annualaverageconcentrationundernormalweatherconditionsisabout0.6kg/m3).Sedimenttransportisinfluencedbytheco-actionofwavesandcurrents.Landreclamationcaneasethecontradictionbetweenthedesirefordevelopmentandthelandresourceshortageonislandandreefcoasts.Landreclamationgenerallystartsfromdeposition-promotingprojectsonislandandreefcoastswithhyperconcentrationofsuspendedsedimentwiththeaimofreducingthereclamationcost.BasedonthemorphodynamiccharacteristicsoftheseaareanearnorthofDaishanIsland,atwo-dimensionalmathematicalmodelwasdevelopedtoanalyzetheco-actionofcurrentandwavesandthemodelwasverifiedforspringaswellasneaptidesin2007and2012.Thesimulatedvaluesoftidalstages,tidalcurrentvelocities,tidalcurrentdirections,andsuspendedsedimentconcentrationat15stationsin2007and9stationsin2012wereingoodagreementwiththein-situmeasuredvalues.Furthermore,thesimulatedmagnitudeandpatternoferosionandsedimentationagreedwellwiththeobservations.Thismodelwasusedtoevaluatetheeffectsofaproposedsiltationschemeonthehydrodynamicenvironmentandmorphologicalchangeofthestudyarea.Theresultsofthisstudycaninformtheprotection,development,andutilizationofshoal-channelsonislandandreefcoasts,aswellprovideascientific
简介:Disturbancesthatcreategapscanshapethestructureandfunctionofforests.However,suchdisturbanceregimesinAsiantropicalmontanerainforestsremainlargelyunquantified.Leaststudiedaretyphoondisturbancesthatareattributabletoclimatechange.Weinvestigatedgapcharacteristicsintermsofsize,age,andgapmakertoquantifythegapdisturbanceregimesinanintactold-growthtropicalmontanerainforestonHainanIsland,China.Theintensityoftyphoonshasincreasedsince1949,andtyphoonwindsblowmostly(45.5%)fromthenortheastcornerofHainanIsland,resultinginahigherfrequencyofgapsinthenortheast.Atotalof221gap-makers(treesthatfelltocreatecanopygaps)and53gapswereobservedina3.16haold-growthrainforest.Mostcanopygaps(85%)were\200m2.Theaveragesizeofcanopygapswassmallerintherainforestthaninothertropicalforests,whiletheaveragesizeofexpandedgapswassimilartothoseinothertropicalforests.Themaximumageofgapswas23.5yearsindicatingthatgapshadmorerapidturnoverthanotherpartsoftropicalforests.Thefrequencydistributionofgap-makersfollowedalognormaldistributionwithadistinctivepeakatthreegap-makers,whichwasdifferentfromtheinverseJ-shapedcurvetypicalofothertropicalforests.Gapswererecordedmainlyonslopesbetween20_and35_andwooddensityofgap-makerswasbetween0.6and0.7gcm-3.Ourresultssuggestthatsmall-scaledisturbancewasthedominantagentofgapformationinthisold-growthrainforestthatissubjecttoincreasingtyphoondisturbances.