简介:and Quarterly Journal of Economics).[5] The median age of authors in the 1980s and 1990s was 36. Scholars over age 50 when their studies are published are a minute fraction of all authors in these journals. Creative economics at the highest levels is mainly for the young. That is as true in the 1990s as it was in the 1960s,The evidence in section I documents the decline in productivity at the sample means. Information on the age-productivity relationship at the extremes of the sample is interesting in its own right and might help shed some light on the possible causes of the apparent decline in productivity with age. The simplest test compares productivity losses among the top early performers with that of the entire sample of economists at elite institutions. Among the top 10% of early producers the mean values of I1,Abstract--Economists' productivity over their careers and as measured by publication in leading journals declines very sharply with age. There is no difference by age in the probability that an article submitted to a leading journal will be accepted. Rates of declining productivity are no greater among the very top publishers than among others
简介:and Quarterly Journal of Economics).[5 The median age of authors in the 1980s and 1990s was 36. Scholars over age 50 when their studies are published are a minute fraction of all authors in these journals. Creative economics at the highest levels is mainly for the young. That is as true in the 1990s as it was in the 1960s,The evidence in section I documents the decline in productivity at the sample means. Information on the age-productivity relationship at the extremes of the sample is interesting in its own right and might help shed some light on the possible causes of the apparent decline in productivity with age. The simplest test compares productivity losses among the top early performers with that of the entire sample of economists at elite institutions. Among the top 10%26#37,the decline appears to be quite substantial. Between years 9-10 and 14-15 elite economists as a group lose 29 to 32%26#37
简介:and Quarterly Journal of Economics).[5 The median age of authors in the 1980s and 1990s was 36. Scholars over age 50 when their studies are published are a minute fraction of all authors in these journals. Creative economics at the highest levels is mainly for the young. That is as true in the 1990s as it was in the 1960s,The evidence in section I documents the decline in productivity at the sample means. Information on the age-productivity relationship at the extremes of the sample is interesting in its own right and might help shed some light on the possible causes of the apparent decline in productivity with age. The simplest test compares productivity losses among the top early performers with that of the entire sample of economists at elite institutions. Among the top 10%26#37,the decline appears to be quite substantial. Between years 9-10 and 14-15 elite economists as a group lose 29 to 32%26#37
简介:and Quarterly Journal of Economics).[5 The median age of authors in the 1980s and 1990s was 36. Scholars over age 50 when their studies are published are a minute fraction of all authors in these journals. Creative economics at the highest levels is mainly for the young. That is as true in the 1990s as it was in the 1960s,The evidence in section I documents the decline in productivity at the sample means. Information on the age-productivity relationship at the extremes of the sample is interesting in its own right and might help shed some light on the possible causes of the apparent decline in productivity with age. The simplest test compares productivity losses among the top early performers with that of the entire sample of economists at elite institutions. Among the top 10%26#37,the decline appears to be quite substantial. Between years 9-10 and 14-15 elite economists as a group lose 29 to 32%26#37
简介:Objective:Toinvestigatethedepressionstatusofpatientswithsexuallytransmitteddiseases(STDs).Methods:Thedepressionstatusoffifty-onehospitalizedSTDpatientswasevaluatedinarandomizedcontrolstudyusingZung'sQuantitativeTable.18healthycontrolpatientswithsimilardemographicbackgroundswererandomlychosenascontrols.Patientswithscoresaboveorequalto40wereconsideredtobesufferingfromdepression.Results:Theprevalencerateofdepressioninthepatientgroupwasobviouslyhigherthanthatofinthecontrol(X2=16.456,P<0.01).Prevalenceofdepressionwasfoundtobesignificantlyrelatedtooccupation(P<0.05).Thoughtheprevalencewasnotfoundtodiffersignificantlybetweenthosewithatreatmentcourselessthan2monthsandthosewithonelongerorequalto2months(X2=0.041,P>0.05),themeandepressionscoresoftheformergroupweresignificantlyhigherthanthoseofthelatter(P<0.01).Nosignificantdifferenceswerefoundbetweennewversusrelapsingdisease,marriedversusnon-married,maleversusfemale,ordifferingeducationalbackgrounds.
简介:InsightfultheoremsareestablishedoninterrelationshipsamongcoalitionandnoncooperativestabilityconceptsdefinedwithintheparadigmoftheGraphModelforConflictResolution.Morespecifically,thenewlydefinedcoalitionstabilitydefinitionsthatareconsideredarecoalitionNashstability(CNash),coalitiongeneralmetarationality(CGMR),coalitionsymmetricmetarationality(CSMR)andcoalitionsequentialstability(CSEQ),alongwiththeirearlier-definednoncooperativeversions.Arangeofinterestingnewtheoremsarederivedtoestablishconnectionsamongthesecoalitionstabilityconceptsaswellasbetweennoncooperativeandcoalitionstabilitydefinitions.ApplicationswithrespecttothegamesofPrisoner′sDilemmaandChicken,aswellasagroundwatercontaminationdispute,demonstratehowthevariousstabilitydefinitionscanbeappliedinpracticeandconfirmthevalidityofsomeofthetheoremsaswellaspointout,byexample,certaintypesofrelationshipswhichcannothold.
简介:Theyear2001wasdesignatedasthe"UnitedNations(UN)YearofDialogueamongCivilizations",amajormovebasedontheGeneralAssemblyresolution53/22of1998,takenatthedawnofthenewmillennium.Persistentprogressofsuchdialoguewillbringaboutnotonlyarosypictureforhumancivilizationsbutalsoabrightfutureforinternationalrelations.Thisarticleintendstooffersomeviewsabouttssignificanceinthelatterrespect.Thecitatlonofawealthofbasicmaterialismeantforinvitingmorein-depthdiscussions.
简介:瞄准:在日本在胃的肠学之中澄清防御的药和特定的防御的药惯例的流行。方法:在广岛的调查ofgastroenterologists,日本,被邮件在2006年3月进行。在他们实践和报导的防御的药的范围报导防御的药行为或变化的数字ofgastroenterologists练习,即,保证和回避行为,是examined.RESULTS:从171胃的肠学的131的一个总数(77%)完成了调查。三(2%)回答者们被控告,并且大多数回答者(96%)有责任保险。将近,所有回答者(98%)报导了练习防御的药。回避行为例如避免某些过程或干预并且避免喜欢高风险的病人,是很普通的(96%)。百分之七十五个回答者报导了经常避免某些过程或干预。然而,经验丰富的胃的肠学(那些在为超过20年的实践)在实践比那些不太经常显著地采用了回避行为不到10年。Assurancebehaviors,即,供应边缘或不医药的价值的另外的服务,也是普遍的(91%)。百分之68个回答者报导他们有时或经常不必要地提交了病人给另外的专家。结论:防御的药可以是在整个日本的高度流行的amonggastroenterologists,与关于费用,存取,和照顾的技术、人与人之间的质量的潜在地严肃的含意。
简介:Thispaperexaminestheconnectionsamongsustain-ability,governanceandGDP,usingthedatafrom123countries.SustainabilityisfoundtoberelatedwithGDPintwocontradic-toryways.Ontheonehand,growthinGDPstrengthensanation’sabilitytomaintainfavorableenvironmentalconditionsintothefuture.Ontheotherhand,GDPgrowthisbuiltonmoreconsump-tionofnaturalresources,andthereforegeneratesalarger“foot-print”ontheEarth.Governanceplaysakeyroleinsustainabledevelopment.However,itisnothelpingtoreduceourfootprintontheEarth.Infact,goodgovernanceislinkedtoalargerfootprint.Thisreflectsourmaterialistvalueandhumanimpulse.Whenasocietyprefersthecomfortandwell-beingofhumanbeingstothewelfareofitsenvironment,democraticgovernancemightbeusedasaneffectivetoolagainstnature.