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简介：AktandBcl-xLbothpromoteresistancetoapoptosis.AcomparisonofAkt-andBcl-xL-dependentcellsurvivalwasundertaken.ExpressionofconstitutivelyactiveAktallowscellstosurviveforprolongedperiodsintheabsenceofgrowthfactors.ThissurvivalcorrelateswiththeexpressionlevelofactivatedAktandiscomparableinmagnitudetotheprotectionprovidedbytheanti-apoptoticgeneBcl-xL.Althoughbothgenespreventcelldeath,Akt-protectedcellscanbedistinguishedfromBcl-xL-protectedcellsonthebasisofincreasedglucosetransporterexpression,glycolyticactivity,mitochondrialpotential,andcellsize.Inaddition,Akt-expressingcellsrequirehighlevelsofextracellularnutrientstosupportcellsurvival.In

简介：PTEN，phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/AKT小径的一个否定管理者，是胰岛素发信号的一个重要调节的人。决定胰腺的Pten的新陈代谢的函数，我们产生了胰特定的Pten大美人(PPKO)鼠标。PPKO老鼠扩大了胰并且提高了acinar房间的增长。他们也展出了低血糖症，hypoinsulinemia，和改变的氨基的新陈代谢。尤其是，PPKO老鼠证明streptozotocin(STZ)的推迟的发作导致了糖尿病，到high-fat-diet(HFD)的偏导性的抵抗导致了糖尿病。在PPKO老鼠为抵抗调查机制到导致HFD的多糖症，我们在主要胰岛素应答的纸巾评估了AKTphosphorylation：肝，肌肉，和脂肪。我们发现在胰的Pten损失引起在肝发信号的AKT的举起。AKT和它的下游的底层GSK3尾的phosphorylation在PPKO老鼠的肝被增加，当没有Pten等位基因的可检测的切除，PTEN水平在PPKO老鼠的肝被减少时。戏剧性地揭示的Proteomics分析减少了在PPKO老鼠的肝78-kDa铺平调整葡萄糖的蛋白质(GRP78)，它可以也贡献用HFD喂的PPKO老鼠的更低的血葡萄糖水平。一起，我们的调查结果在新陈代谢的规定在肝揭示新奇回答到胰腺的缺点，把一种新尺寸加到理解糖尿病抵抗。

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简介：Uponencounteringtheantigen(Ag),theimmunesystemcaneitherdevelopaspecificimmuneresponseofenteraspecificstateofunresponsiveness,tolerance.TheresponseofBcellstotheirspecificAgcanbeactivationandproliferation,leadingtotheimmuneresponse,oranergyandactivation-inducedcelldeath(AICD),leadingtotolerance.AICDinBlymphocytesisahighlyregulatedeventinitiatedbycrosslinkingoftheBcellreceptor(BCR).BCRengagementinitiatesseveralsignalingeventssuchasactivationofPLCγ,Ras,andPI3K,whichgenerallyspeaking,leadtosurvival.However,intheabsenceofsurvivalsignals(CD40orIL-4Rengagement),BCRcrosslinkingcanalsopromoteapoptoticsignaltransductionpathwayssuchasactivationofeffectorcaspases,expressionofpro-apoptoticgenes,andinhibitionofpro-survivalgenes.ThecomplexinterplaybetweensurvivalanddeathsignalsdeterminestheBcellfateand,consequently,theimmuneresponse.

简介：ApoptosisproducedinBcellsthroughFas(APO-1,CD95)triggeringisregulatedbysignalsderivedfromothersurfacereceptors:CD40engagementproducesupregulationofFasexpressionandmarkedsusceptibilitytoFas-inducedcelldeath,whereasantigenreceptorengagement,orIL-4Rengagement,inhibitsFaskillingandinsodoinginducesastateofFas-resistance,eveninotherwisesensitive,CD40-stimulatedtargets.SurfaceimmunoglobulinandIL-4RutilizeatleastpartiallydistinctpathwaystoproduceFas-resistancethatdifferentiallydependonPKCandSTAT6,respectively.Further,surfaceimmunoglobulinsignalingforinducibleFas-resistancebypassesBtk,requiresNF-κB,andentailsnewmacromolecularsynthesis.TerminaleffectorsofBcellFas-resistanceincludetheknownanti-apoptoticgeneproducts,Bcl-XLandFLIP,andanovelanti-apoptoticgenethatencodesFAIM(FasApoptosisInhibitoryMolecule).faimwasidentifiedbydifferentialdisplayandexistsintwoalternativelysplicedforms;faim-Sisbroadlyexpressed,butfaim-Lexpressionistissue-specific.TheFAIMsequenceishighlyevolutionarilyconserved,suggestinganimportantroleforthismoleculethroughoutphylogeny.InducibleresistancetoFaskillingishypothesizedtoprotectforeignantigen-specificBcellsduringpotentiallyhazardousinteractionswithFasL-bearingTcells,whereasautoreactiveBcellsfailtobecomeFas-resistantandaredeletedviaFas-dependentcytotoxicity.InadvertentoraberrantacquisitionofFas-resistancemaypermitautoreactiveBcellstoescapeFasdeletion,andmalignantlymphocytestoimpedeanti-tumorimmunity.

简介：<正>ThesusceptibilityofprimaryBcellstoFas(APO-1,CD95)-mediatedapoptosisisregulatedbysignalsderivedfromadditionalsurfacereceptors.CD40engagementproducesupregulationofFasexpressionandinducesmarkedsensitivitytoFas-inducedcelldeath,whereasBcellantigenreceptor(BCR)engagementinhibitsFaskillingandtherebyproducesFas-resistance,eveninotherwisesusceptible,CD40-stimulatedtargets.BCRsignalingforinducibleFas-resistancedevelopsoveraperiodof12hoursanddependson

简介：被象染色体冷凝作用，面向双性人的锭子形成，染色体大会离子，分离和胞质分裂那样的一系列紧安排的事件精确通过有丝分裂调整。染色体运动被和位于着丝点以内的一个专业化染色体领域的锭子微导管的相互作用在有丝分裂期间管理。这个专业化区域，叫了kinetochore，是为锭子微导管着丝点的地点协会。除了用作在染色体和锭子微导管之间的一个物理连接，kinetochore通过微导管马达和定位在或在它附近的锭子集会检查点(囊)传感器在chromosomal分离展出一个活跃角色[例如，1]。

简介：<正>WeandothershavefirmlyestablishedthatsurfaceIgMreceptor(sIgM-R)crosslinkingwithantibodiestotheiheavychain(anti-i)leadstogrowtharrestandapoptosisinaseriesofwellcharacterizedB-celllymphomas.Thisrequiresablationofc-Mycproteinexpressionandtheconcomitantinductionofthecyclin-dependent-kinaseinhibitor,p27Kip1.Thesignalingmechanismsregulatingc-Mycandp27Kip1proteinexpressionarepoorlyunderstood.However,werecentlyestablishedthatsIgM-Rmediateddown-modulationofthePI-3Kpathwaydirectlyaffectedc-Mycandp27Kip1expressionandaccuratelypredictedgrowtharrest

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