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简介：Manyglobalemissionreductionstrategieshavebeenproposed,butfewhavebeenassessedquantitativelyfromtheviewofequality,efficiencyandeffectiveness.Integratedassessmentmodels(IAM)isoneoftheeffectivewaystomakeclimatepolicymodeling.SointhispaperwedevelopedtheMRICES(Multi-regionalintegratedmodelofclimateandeconomywithGDPspillovers)model,whichisanIAMbutextendstoincludeGDPspillovermechanism,tomakeassessmentonseveralstrategiesforglobalemissionreduction,includingtheegalitarianismstrategy,theUNDPstrategyandtheCopenhagenAccord.Using1990asabaselineforhistoricalemissionlevels,theegalitarianstrategyarguesthatdevelopedcountriesshouldimplementurgentemissionreductions,whereasdevelopingcountriesareallowedrelativelyhigherfutureemissionquotas.TheUNDPstrategyaddressestheissueofsubstantialchangesinglobaltemperaturebutacknowledgesthatdevelopingcountriesarenotabletoaffordmorecostsformitigationmeasures,whichisinequitablefromtheperspectiveofacountry’srighttodevelop.WealsosimulatedtheCopenhagenAccordtodeterminetheconsequencesbytheyear2100ifeachcountrycontinuestheircurrentemissionmitigationactions,andresultsindicatedthattheincreaseinglobaltemperaturewillbe2.8℃by2100;consequently,muchstrongeremissionreductioneffortsmustbeimplementedafter2020.Basedonanalysisonmitigationstrategies,itisrecognizedthatthecommonbutdifferentiatedresponsibilityprinciplemustbeinsistedwhenmakingglobalmitigationstrategy.Tocomplywiththisprinciple,theemissionreductionbaselineofdevelopedanddevelopingcountriesshouldbediscriminated,so1990and2005canbetakenasthebaseyearfordevelopedanddevelopingcountriesrespectively.

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简介：Theenvironmentalimpactassessment(EIA)ofcascadedamsbuildingininternationalrivershasbeenwidelydiscussedinChinaandASEANcountriessincethe1990s.InSouthwestChina,allthegreatmountainousrivershavebeenthemajorstatebaseforlarge-scalehydropowerdevelopment.Amongtheserivers,theenvironmentalchangeandresponseofthewatercourseunderthecascadedamsbuildingintheupperMekong(calledLancangRiverinChina)hasbeenthefocusinrecent20years.Inthispaper,theLancangRiver,whichhasover25yearsoflarge-scalehydropowerdevelopment,waschosenasacasestudyforestablishingtheaffectedevaluationindicatorssystemanditsregressionmodelofrunoffandsediment,determiningtheindicatorsweightbythehierarchyanalysismethodandfactoranalysismethod,andsettingupthequantitativeevaluationmodelsofindicatorsaffectedlevelbasedonthe'marginalefficiency'principle.Usingthesemethodsandmodelestablished,theinfluencedegreeofrunoffandsedimentintheLancangRiverfrom1986to2007wereassessed.Themajorresultsare:(1)theimpactofsedimenttransportchangebythecascadedevelopmentismuchhigherthanthatoftherunoffchange;(2)theyears’numberwithdifferentimpactlevelsrespectivelyare72.7%asthe'smallest'level,18.2%as'smaller',and9.1%as'general';(3)thechangeprocessofrunoffandsedimentshowsa'U-shaped'pattern,whichindicatesthebalanceofsedimentchangebecauseoftheinteractionofsedimentreductionbyManwanreservoirstorageandtheincreasebytheDachaoshandamconstruction.

简介：有关农业，农民，和农村区域处理这些问题，中国的中央政府开始了在2005称为新农村建设的新策略。为更好理解它的实际效果，这份报纸在Bohai边界区域(BRR)从586个家庭基于Kruskal-WallisH测试和采样调查数据分析对这新农村构造策略的农民家庭反应的地区性的差异，长江三角洲区域(YDR)，并且平底锅珀尔河三角洲区域(PPR)。结果显示在东方沿海的中国(ECC)的那地区性的差异确实在公认的优先级顺序，政策要求，期望的政策效果，和行为反应形式存在。由于在本地政策实践和家庭之间的偏差固有的需求，农民们经由个人完成他们的事实上的需求而不是政府帮助，并且因此，新农村构造没能执行期望的目标的努力。它因此需要转移当前的政策优先级，保证农民支柱角色，并且提出新农村建设的科学规则。