简介：Aratmodelofchronictympanicmembraneperforationwasdevelopedtobeusedinthesearchofnewmaterialsforthesealingoftheseperforations.AlongitudinalstudywascarriedoutinratssubjectedtoincisionalmyringotomyfollowedbytheapplicationofmitomycinCaloneorwithdexamethasone.Ratswerecheckedatdays3,7,10,14andweeklythereafteruntilperforationclosure,forupto6months.Theadditionofdexamethasoneisakeycomponentinordertoobtainachronicopening.Myringotomiestreatedwithsalinehadameanhealingtimeof8.5days.At8weeks,between62.5%and77.7%oftympanicmembranestreatedwithmitomycinCanddexamethasoneremainedperforatedandat6monthsthisnumberfellto21.4%.Thistechniqueisabletomaintainmosttympanicmembraneperforationspatentforatleast8weeks.Thisratmodelisadequateforitsuseinpreclinicalortranslationalresearch.

简介：Objective:EvaluatingtheauditoryfunctioninpatientswithchronichepatitisCtreatedwithsofosbuvirandribavirin.Methods:Thisstudyinvolved80patientswithchronichepatitisCwhoagreedtoreceivesofosbuvirandribavirin.Allparticipantsweresubjectedtobaselineotologicalandaudiologicalassessmentjustbeforetreatment.Theaudiologicalassessmentincludedstandardpuretoneaudiometry,extendedhighfrequencyaudiometry,immitancemetryandotoacousticemissions(OAEs)(transientanddistortionproduct).Accordingtobaselinehearingthresholdmeasurements,thestudypopulationwasdividedinto2groups.Group1included42patientswithnormalhearingsensitivity(250e8000Hz),andGroup2included38patientswithsensorineuralhearingloss.After24weeksoftherapy,otologicalandaudiologicalassessmentswererepeatedandcomparedbetweenthetwogroupsandbeforeandaftertherapy.Results:Post-treatmenthearingthresholdevaluationshowednosignificantdifferencefrompretreatmentevaluationatalltestedfrequencies.Therewasnostatisticallysignificantdifferencebetweenpreandpost-treatmentotoacousticemissionsresults.Conclusion:TherapywithsofosbuvirandribavirininchronichepatitisChasnonoticeableeffectsoncochlearfunctions.

简介：目的探讨4～6岁听障儿童看图讲述的特点及与健听儿童的差异。方法参考听障儿童语言能力评估标准中看图讲述能力三级水平,编制4幅彩图，对44名听障儿童和14名健听儿童进行测验。结果听障儿童看图讲述的得分存在显著的年龄差异（F=4.173，P＜0.05）；听障儿童与同龄健听儿童的得分也存在显著差异（P＜0.01）。结论听障儿童看图讲述的能力与其认知发展存在密切关系；4岁听障儿童看图讲述能力落后于同龄健听儿童。

简介：1心理理论的理论解释心理理论的概念最早由Premark和Woodruff于1978年在《黑猩猩有心理理论吗》一书中首次明确提出。心理理论是指个体对自己和他人心理状态（如需要、信念、意图、愿望、情绪等）的认识．并由此对相应行为作出因果性的预测和解释。之所以将心理理论称为一种“理论”，Premark和Woodruff认为这种能力实际为一个推理系统，通过这一系统对不可观测的心理状态进行推测，可对他人的行为进行预测．因而可将该推理系统视为一个“理论”^[1]。

简介：ObjectiveToconstructaprokaryoticexpressionvectorbearingfusiongeneNT4-ADNF-9forfuturestudiesongenetictherapiesforsensorineuraldeafness.MethodsDoublestrandADNF-9cDNAwassynthesizedusingasymmetricalprimer/templatesandligatedtothe3'terminalofsignalandleaderpeptidesofneurotrophin4(NT4).ThefusiongeneNT4-ADNF-9,wassubclonedintoprokaryoticexpressionvectorpBV220,andnamedpBV220/NT4-ADNF-9.DNAsequenceofthefusiongenewasanalyzed.ThefusionproteinwasisolatedbySDS-PAGEanditsbioactivitywasevaluatedusingprimarycultureofday8chickenembryonicDRGcells.ResultsThecorrectsequenceoffusiongeneNT4-ADNF-9wassuccessfullysubclonedintothepBV220vector.TheexpressedADNF-9proteinshoweditseffectsinpromotingcellsurvivalandneuritegrowth.ConclusionProkaryoticexpressionvectorpBV220/NT4-ADNF-9wasconstructedsuccessfullyandtheexpressedfusionproteindemonstratedsatisfactorybioactivity.

简介：ObjectiveToinvestigatetheearlychangeofcochlearribbonsynapsesoninnerhaircellsinresponsetoaminoglycosideototoxicity.MethodsC57BL/6Jmicereceivedintraperitonealinjectionofgentamicin(100mg/kg/day),andtheapicalcoilorganofCortiwasexaminedonthe4th,7thand10thday(n=10).Litter-mateswithoutgentamicintreatmentservedascontrols(n=10).RIBEYEonthepresynapticmembraneandAMPAreceptorsonthepostsynapticmembranewerelabeledwithCtBP2orGluR2/3respectively.Threedi-mensionreconstructionwasconductedusingthe3DSMAX8.0software.ResultsTherewerenodisruptionsofouterorinnerhaircellsinallgroups.However,thenumberofribbonsynapsesoncochlearinnerhaircellsincreasedsignificantlywithin7daysaftergentamicinexposure(P<0.01),followedbyasignificantde-creaseafter7days.ConclusionDuringtheearlystageofaminoglycosideototoxicity,increasedpopulationofcochlearribbonsynapsesmayindicateasignificantdown-regulationofsynapticfunction.

简介：ObjectiveTostudycharacteristicsofhearinglossafterexposuretomoderatenoiseexposureinC57BL/6Jmice.MethodsMaleC57BL/6Jmicewithnormalhearingatageof5-6weekswerechosenforthisstudy.Themicewererandomlyselectedtobestudiedimmediatelyafterexposure(GroupP0),or1day(GroupP1),3days(GroupP3),7days(GroupP7)or14days(P14)afterexposure.Theirbeforeexposureconditionservedasthenormalcontrol.Allmicewereexposedtoabroad-bandwhitenoiseat100dBSPLfor2hours,ABRthresholdswereusedtoestimatehearingstatusateachtimepoint.ResultsABRthresholdelevationwasseenateverytestedfrequencyatP0(P<0.01).Elevationathigh-frequencies(16kHzand32kHz)wasgreaterthanatlowerfrequencies(4kHzand8kHz,P<0.05).FromP1toP14,ABRthresholdscontinuouslyimproved,andtherewasnosignificantdifferencebetweenP14andbeforeexposure(P>0.05).ConclusionThereisafrequencyspecificresponseto100dBSPLbroad-bandwhitenoiseinC57BL/6Jmice,withthehigh-frequencybeingmoresusceptible.HearinglossinducedbymoderatenoiseexposureappearsreversibleinC57BL/6Jmice.

简介：Objective:Todeterminewhetheranew-bornchildfromafamilycarryingadeafnessgeneneedscochlearimplantationtoavoiddysphoniabyscreeningandsequencingadeafness-relatedgene.Results:BothscreeningandsequencingresultsconfirmedthatthenewbornchildhadanormalGJB2genedespitethefactthatshehasabrothersufferingfromhearinglosstriggeredbyanallelicGJB2c.176del16mutation.WeclonedtheGJB2genesderivedfromtheirrespectivebloodgenomicDNAintoGFPfusedplasmidsandtransfectedthoseplasmidsintothe293Tcelllinetotestforgenefunction.WhilethemutatedGJB2gene(GJB2c.176del16)ofherdeafbrotherwasfoundtobeunabletoformthegapjunctionstructurebetweentwoadjacentcells,thebabygirl’sGJB2generanintonosuchproblems.Conclusion:ThescreeningandsequencingaswellastheGJB2genefunctiontestsinvariablyshowedresultsconsistentwiththeABRtestedhearingphenotype,whichmeansthatthechild,withanormalwildtypeGJB2gene,doesnotneedearlyinterventiontopreventherfromdevelopinghearinglossanddysphoniaatalaterstageinlife.

简介：目的分析一个大前庭水管综合征家系的临床特征和SLC26A4基因检测特点。方法对一个大前庭水管综合征家系进行病史采集和听力学检测,绘制耳聋家系系谱图,提取受检者的基因组DNA,对所有家系成员进行耳聋基因芯片分析和SLC26A4基因全外显子及外显子侧翼序列的检测。结果该家系共5代合计30人（男17人,女13人）,现存26人,其中第四代7人为耳聋患者,6人均为语前感音神经性聋。1人为语后感音神经性聋,颞骨CT显示均为前庭水管扩大,第五代1人为耳聋患者,表现为前庭水管扩大合并语前感音神经性聋。在家系中共发现SLC26A4基因c.754C〉T、c.919-2A〉G、c.1264-12T〉A和c.1548_1549insC四种已知致病突变类型。耳聋患者均为复合杂合突变。10人为SLC26A4基因携带者。结论该家系的8例耳聋患者由SLC26A4基因复合杂合突变导致前庭水管扩大,病因学分析可为患者提供预见性的临床措施,并为该家系的后代遗传咨询与婚育指导提供理论依据及科学手段,有效地防止聋儿后代出生。

简介：KCNQ4基因是非综合征性常染色体显性遗传性耳聋DFNA2的致病基因，自从1999年其第一个突变被发现以来，到目前为止已有23种突变被发现。随着第二代测序技术的普遍应用，越来越多的新突变不断被挖掘出来。本文对所有已经发现的KCNQ4基因突变及其相关致聋机制进行了逐一介绍，以使研究人员能够快速全面地了解目前的研究进展。

简介：1前言在声音从外耳道传递至内耳过程中，中耳起着关键传声作用。由于中耳结构个体差异较大，因而中耳传声效能也有一定个体差异。尤其是当中耳存在听骨链固定等病理改变而行听骨链手术后，中耳传声功能更加干差万别。

简介：耳鸣听力学治疗是基于多年临床实践和应用研究，结合世界卫生组织所倡导的“功能、残疾和健康的国际分类标准”，提出来的一种耳鸣治疗干预措施及其应用方法，其目的是让临床医师和患者意识到药物和手术并非根除耳鸣病因的有效治疗手段，至少当今的医疗技术难以彻底根除耳鸣。从听力学角度来考评耳鸣治疗的现状和进展，可能远比从药物和手术层面，更具有实际意义和应用价值；将改善耳鸣患者的生活质量作为干预和治疗目标，可能比彻底消除导致耳鸣的病因更容易实现。

简介：目的连接蛋白基因和遗传性耳聋及角皮病有明确的相关性.现有4个连接蛋白基因突变可导致角皮病,即:GJB4、GJB2、GJB3和GJB6,其中3个基因既可导致遗传性耳聋,即GJB2、GJB3和GJB6,而GJB4是否与遗传性耳聋相关还有待于进一步证实.为证实GJB4和遗传性耳聋的相关性,在非综合征型遗传性耳聋中进行突变检测.方法本实验采用PCR-直接测序法对60个非综合征型遗传性耳聋家系先证者进行GJB4的突变检测,其中32个显性遗传,28个隐性遗传.结果发现了四种碱基改变:109G＞A、3'UTR+17A＞G、611A＞C和507C＞G.109G＞A和3'UTR+17A＞G是新发现的碱基改变,但在家系突变检测中证实为多态.611A＞C和507C＞G两种碱基改变是已报道的多态,611A＞C是我们检测到的最常见的多态.结论本研究发现了GJB4的109G＞A和3'UTR+17A＞G两种新多态,为今后进一步研究打下了基础,但未能最终证实GJB4为遗传性耳聋的致病基因,可是从该基因背景来分析GJB4仍可能是一个很好的耳聋候选基因,有待于扩大家系收集范围进一步检测.

简介：目的探讨浆膜蛋白RTN1和RTN4基因在小鼠内耳的表达.方法采用5只成年小鼠内耳组织提取总RNA,逆转录后获得小鼠内耳细胞cDNA,根据RTN1和RTN4基因编码区序列设计的引物进行PCR扩增,通过PCR产物分析和DNA测序确定RTN1和RTN4是否在小鼠内耳细胞表达.结果采用小鼠内耳组织总RNA,RT-PCR扩增出RTN1和RTN4基因部分编码区,扩增产物测序证实小鼠内耳中有RTN1和RTN4基因的表达.结论RTN1和RTN4基因在内耳有表达,为RTN1和RTN4与连接蛋白26(connexin26)蛋白的互作关系提供了进一步的证据.浆膜蛋白RTN1和RTN4可能与连接蛋白26在听觉生理中起作用.

简介：Recently,thehumancochleahasbeenshowntocontainnumerousresidentmacrophagesundersteady-state.Themacrophagesaccumulateinthestriavascularis,amongtheauditorynerves,andarealsospottedinthehumanorganofCorti.ThesemacrophagesmayprocessantigensreachingthecochleabyinvasionofpathogensandinsertionofCIelectrode.Thus,macrophagesexecuteaninnate,andpossiblyanadaptiveimmunity.Here,wedescribethemolecularmarkersCD4andCD8ofTcells,macrophagemarkersMHCⅡandCD11b,aswellasthemicroglialmarkersTEME119andP2Y12,inthehumancochlea.Immunohistochemistryandtheadvantageoussuper-resolutionstructuredilluminationmicroscopy(SR-SIM)wereusedinthestudy.CD4~+andCD8~+cellswerefoundinthehumancochleae.Theywereseeninthemodiolusinasubstantialnumberadjacenttothevessels,intheperipheralregionoftheRosenthal’scanal,andoccasionallyinthespiralligament.Whilethereareasurprisinglylargenumberofmacrophagesinthestriavascularisaswellasbetweentheauditoryneurons,CD4~+andCD8~+cellsarehardlyseenintheseareas,andneitherareseenintheorganofCorti.Inthemodiolus,macrophages,CD4~+andCD8~+cellsappearedofteninclusters.InteractionbetweenthesedifferentcellswaseasilyobservedwithSR-SIM,showingcloselyplacedcellbodies,andtheprocessesfrommacrophagesreachingoutandtouchingthelymphocytes.OtherwisetheCD4~+andCD8~+cellsinhumancochleartissuearediscretelyscattered.Thepossiblerolesoftheseimmunecellsarespeculated.

简介：目的比较4岁听障儿童与健听儿童通过听觉记忆词汇的测试结果，探讨两类儿童词汇记忆的差异。方法选取4岁听障儿童24名（其中助听时间1～2年的10名，助听时间2～3年的14名）和健听儿童14名，采用言语听觉反应评估（evaluationofauditoryresponsetospeech，EARS）中的封闭式句子测试内容分别对儿童进行测试，比较其结果。结果①在记忆句中名词、形容词方面，3组儿童之间不存在显著性差异（P〉0．05）；②在记忆句中动词方面，助听时间1～2年与2～3年的听障儿童之间存在极显著性差异（P〈0．01），助听时间1～2年的听障儿童与健听儿童之间也存在显著性差异（P〈0．05），但助听时间2～3年的听障儿童与健听儿童之间不存在显著性差异（P〉0．05）。结论①助听时间越长，听障儿童通过听觉记忆句子中词汇的能力越强；②助听时间的长短影响听障儿童在记忆不同词性词汇方面的能力，这为听障儿童听觉训练提供了参考依据。

简介：目的进一步探讨bFGF-Math1基因在前庭上皮细胞系(UEC-4)细胞中的表达及生物学作用.方法利用阳离子脂质体LipofectamineTM2000介导bFGF-Math1基因真核表达质粒(pCI-bFGF-Math1)转染UEC-4细胞,利用RT-PCR技术检测基因在细胞中的表达,并利用免疫组织化学方法观察细胞的分化及特异性抗体的表达.结果脂质体介导的基因可在细胞内获得良好的表达,转染后24h,相差显微镜下观察细胞形态发生变化,免疫组织化学显示转染后细胞可以表达毛细胞特异性蛋白Myosin7a.结论bFGF-Math1基因有良好的生物学特性,可以有效地诱导支持细胞向毛细胞样细胞转变.

简介：目的观察Nucleus24CA型人工耳蜗植入后电极阻抗、行为反应阈值（T-level,T级）及最大舒适级（C-level,C级）的变化规律,分析其内在联系,探讨其对术后调机的指导意义。方法对81例植入Nucleus24CA型人工耳蜗患儿,分别在术中、术后1、2、6个月进行电极阻抗阈值测试,收集术后对应T、C值,并对其变化规律及相关性进行统计学分析。结果电极阻抗值术中检测最低,术后1月开机最高,此后逐渐减低（P〈0.01）;自蜗顶至蜗底各通道间电极阻抗值无显著差异（P〉0.05）。各电极通道T值、C值随术后时间延长逐渐增高（P〈0.05）,并与电极阻抗值呈线性相关。结论测定电极阻抗值是评估人工耳蜗刺激电极状态的有效手段;术后2月应同时调试T值及C值,此后则应对C值进行重点调试。

简介：听觉是信息输入的重要渠道,不仅需要对听障儿童进行听觉干预,其他类型的听知觉障碍者也需要相应的干预。本文建构了听觉干预的框架,理清了听觉干预的流程,阐述了听觉干预的内容,说明了听觉干预的原则,为听觉干预的实践提供了较为完整的理论体系和指导模式。

简介：Objective:Basedontheclinicalmanifestationsofahearinglosspatient,thePOU3F4genewastestedfordiagnosisofetiology.Methods:Acomprehensivephysicalexaminationwasperformedontheprobandtoexcludeabnormalitiesofotherorgans,anddetailedaudiologicaltestingandtemporalboneCTscanwerealsoperformed.GenomicDNAwasextractedusingtheproband’speripheralbloodleukocytes.Polymerasechainreactions(PCR)wereperformedinthecodingsequenceofthePOU3F4gene.DirectDNAsequencingwassubsequentlyappliedtoscreentheentirecodingregionofthePOU3F4gene.Results:Theprobandhadseveresensorineuralhearingloss.TemporalCTshowedbilateralcochlearincompletepartition,vestibuledysplasia,internalauditorycanalfundusexpansion,andcochlearinterlinkwiththeinternalauditorycanalfundus.Anovelmutation(c.530C>A(p.S177X))inthePOU3F4genewasfoundinthispatient,creatingannewstopcodonandwaspredictedtoresultinatruncatedproteinlackingnormalPOU3F4transcriptionfactorfunction.Conclusion:ThroughanalysisofthePOU3F4geneandclinicalmanifestationsinthepatient,weconcludethatanovelmutationmayhaveresultedinaprematurestopcodon,contributingtothemutationofPOU3F4gene.