简介：Producinggoodsandservicesallneedswaterconsumption.Thewaterusedintheprocessofanagriculturalorindustrialproductiscalledthe"VirtualWater"containedinthisproduct.Throughinternationaltrade,water-scarcecountriesandregionscouldpurchasewater-intensiveproducts--especiallyfoods,fromwater-richcountriestobalancetheirwaterdeficitsandachievewatersafety.Chinaisoneofthe13mostwater-deficitcountrieswhosewatersafetyhavebeenseverelychallenged.Thispapergeneralizedtherecentglobalresearchdevelopmentandmadeabriefintroductionaboutthemethodscalculatingvirtualwatercontentinspecificproducts.Asacasestudy,wequalifiedChina'sannualvirtualwaterflowsfromyear2000to2002withtradeincrops,andendedwithsomepolicyadviceforapplicationandpracticeofvirtualwaterstrategy.

简介：InspiredbythephenomenonofheavyreductionintheareaofcultivatedlandfollowingtheentryofKoreaandJapantotheWTO,countrieswithalargepopulationandinadequateamountofcultivatedlandsimilartoChina,thispaperraisestheproblemofthepotentialeffectsoncultivatedlandinChinafollowingitsentrytotheWTO.Thepaperattemptsanalysis,usingeconomicprinciples,oftheeffectsofChineseWTOmembershiponcultivatedlandfromfouraspects;tariffconcessions,quotaincrement,comparativeadvantage,andthesubstitutionprinciple.AndtheconclusionismatChina’sentrytoWTOmayleadtoareductionincultivatedland.Finally,somecountermeasuresareproposedtoresolvetheproblem.

简介：EstablishingpositiveandurgenttargetsforCO2reductionandemissionpeak,andpromotingenergyconservationandenergystructureadjustmentareamongthestrategiestoaddressglobalclimatechangeandCO2emissionsreduction.Theyarealsomeanstobreakthroughtheconstraintsofdomesticresourcesandenvironment,andinternalneeds,toachievesustainabledevelopment.Generallyspeaking,acountry’sCO2emissionpeakappearsafterachievingurbanizationandindustrialization.Bythen,connotativeeconomicgrowthwillappear,GDPwillgrowslowly,energyconsumptionelasticitywilldecrease,andenergyconsumptiongrowthwillslowdown-dependentmainlyonnewandrenewableenergies.Fossilfuelconsumptionwillnotincreasefurther.WhenCO2emissionreachesitspeak,theannualreductionrateofCO2intensityofGDPisgreaterthanGDPannualgrowthrate;andtheannualreductionrateofCO2intensityofenergyuseisgreaterthantheannualgrowthrateofenergyconsumption.Therefore,threeimportantapproachestopromotionofCO2emissionpeakcanbeconcluded:maintainingreasonablecontrolofGDPgrowth,strengtheningenergyconservationtosignificantlyreducetheGDPenergyintensity,andoptimizingtheenergymixtoreducetheCO2intensityofenergyuse.Byaround2030,Chinawillbasicallyhavecompleteditsrapiddevelopmentphaseofindustrializationandurbanization.ConnotativeeconomicgrowthwillappearwiththeaccelerationofindustrialstructureadjustmentThetargetofGDPenergyintensitywillstillbetomaintainanaverageannualreductionof3%orhigher.Theproportionofnon-fossilfuelswillreach20-25%,andtheaimwillbetomaintainanaverageannualgrowthrateof6-8%.Thetotalannualenergydemandgrowthof1.5%willbesatisfiedbythenewlyincreasedsupplyofnon-fossilfuels.TheannualdeclineinCO2intensityofGDPwillreach4.5%orhigher,whichiscompatiblewithanaverageannualGDPgrowth

简介：Inrecentyears,carbonemissionshavegraduallyevolvedfromanenvironmentissueintoapoliticalandeconomicone.Carbontariffhasbroughtaboutnewtradebarriersofdevelopedcountries,andinordertoenhancetheindustrialcompetitivenessofdevelopedcountries,itwillproduceunfavorableimpactondevelopingcountries.Concentratedonthemanufacturingindustry,whichisthemostintensivehigh-carbonindustryinChina’sexportstructure,thisarticlestudiestherelationshipbetweencarbontariffpolicyandindustrystructureofexporttradeandbuildsuparelationbetweenclimatechangeandinternationaltrade.First,bymeansofestablishingapartialequilibriummodel,itappliesgeometricanalysisandmathematicalanalysistocomputetheimpactonChina’smanufacturingexporttradeandtheconsequencesoftheintroductionoftheUScarbontarifftoChina’smanufacturingindustrythathasalreadyimposedadomesticshippingcarbontax.Furthermore,withtheapplicationoftheGTAPmodel,itestimatestheoveralleconomicandwelfareeffectsonChina’smanufacturingindustryiftheUSandEuropeintroducecarbontariffbymeansoffourways,andthenanalyzestheinfluenceonChina’smanufacturingindustryexportstructureandsocialwelfareaswell.TheresultshowsthattheintroductionoftheUScarbonimporttarifflowersChina’sexportpriceandexportvolume,andtheimplementationofadomesticcarbontaxjustifiesahigherexportpriceandalowerexportvolumeforChina.However,thedegreeofexportreductionissmallerthanthatundertheeffectoftheUScarbontariff.InthecaseofdevelopedcountriesimposingcarbontariffonChina’senergy-intensiveindustries,suchaschemicalrubberproducts,oilandcoal-processingindustryandpaperindustry,whoseexportwouldbereduced,thenegativeimpactonthepaperindustryistheseverest,whichwilldecreasethepaperindustry’sexportrangingfrom1.79%to6.05%,whereastheotherindustries’exportwillincrease.Anyhow,itwillpromoteChina�

简介：Researchingthedynamicdistributioncharacteristicsandtrendevolutionofagriculturalcarbonemissionsisofconsiderablesignificanceinformulatinganeffectiveagriculturalcarbonreductionpolicy.Basedonmeasurementofagriculturalcarbonemissionsof31provincesovertheperiod2002-2011,thestudyobservedregionaldifferencesandthedynamicevolutionofdistributionofagriculturalcarbonemissionsusingagriculturalcarbonintensityastheindicator,accompaniedbyGinicoefficientsandthekerneldensityestimationmethod.TheresultsdemonstratefirstthatagriculturalcarbonemissionsforChinashowanobviousnonequilibriumnatureinregardtospatialdistribution.Accordingtothedifferencesinagriculturalcarbonemissionsdynamictrends,wedividedthe31regionsintofourtypes-continuousdecline,fluctuatingdecline,continuousincrease,andfluctuatingincrease.Further,agriculturalcarbonemissionsintensityshowedadownwardtrendwithsignificantdifferencesintheresearchareas.Second,thegapinspatialdistributionofnationalagriculturalcarbonemissionsisgraduallyexpandingbasedontheresultscalculatedbyGinicoefficient.Fromtheperceptionofregionaldifferencesinagriculturalcarbonemissions,theeasternregionshowedanaveragelevel,thegapwasmoreobviousinthecentralregion,whilewesternregionshowedatrendoffluctuatingdownward.Third,accordingtoestimationbykerneldensity,theregionaldisparityinagriculturalcarbonemissionshadadownward,butlimited,trend.Inregardtoagriculturalcarbonemissionsoverthethreeareas,theregionalgapnotonlytendedtodecreasebutalsoshoweda"fourway"differentiationphenomenonintheeasternregion.Thedifferenceinthecentralregiondifferencewasnarrower.Onthewhole,thegapforthewesternregionreducedsteadilyoverasmallrange.

简介：Nowadays,thedisparityofthebasicpensioninlocalregionsofChinacanbedescribedasfollows:thelowleveloftheunificationofthebasicpensionsystems,thelargedisparityofthelevelofthebasicpension,andunfairnessoftheenterprises’paymentforthebasicpensionindifferentlocalregionsinChina.Thesehavealreadybroughtmanynegativeinfluences,whichhavegreatlyheldbackthedevelopmentofthesocietyandnationaleconomy.WeshouldbuildthebasicpensionsysteminalllocalregionsofChinaasawhole,whichcancoverallpeopleanddecreasethedisparityindifferentlocalregionsinChina.

简介：ThepaperanalysestheperiodicalcharacteristicsoftheeconomicdevelopmentofShandongProvincebyusingthemini-mumvariationanalysismodel.Theanalysisshowsthattheeco-nomicdevelopmentprocessofShandongProvincehasshort,mediumandlongcyclesrespectivelyfor6,12,19years,andthefluctuationoftheeconomicdevelopmentbecomesgentlerwithtimepassingby.Thefluctuationofmacro-controlpolicy,invest-mentandconsumptionarethemainreasonsoftheeconomicfluc-tuation.

简介：Theincreasingawarenessofclimatechangehasledorganizationstodemandastandardproceduretomeasureandcommunicategreenhousegas(GHG)emissionslinkedtotheirproductsorservices.ThepubliclyavailablespecificationPAS2050hasbeendevelopedinresponsetobroadcommunityandindustrydesireforaconsistentmethod-carbonfootprintforassessingthelifecycleGHGemissionsofgoodsandservices.Specifically,thispaperillustratestheimplementationofcarbonfootprintforababystrollerinaccordancewithPAS2050.Afialvalueof321kgperonestrollerincludingpackagewascalculated.Moreover,thestudyledtoidentifyrawmaterialsproductionofthestrollerasthemainsourceofGHSemissionswhereeffortsneedtofocusforemissionreductionopportunities.Thiscasestudyishopedtobeastartingpointfororganizationstobenefitfromtheincreasingapplicationofcarbonfootprintassessment.

简介：ThisstudyproposedadecompositionmethodbasedonthenormalizedquadraticshadowunitcostfunctiontoexplorethedeterminantsofthechangeinenergyintensityinChinafrom1985to2010.Thedecompositionanalysisindicatesthat(1)theimprovementintechnicalefficiencydramaticallyreducedtheenergyintensity,whereastechnologicalchangeplayedonlyaminorrole,whichcouldbeattributedtoareboundeffect;(2)theaggregatedallocationeffectwassmallbecausethechangeintheallocativedistortionbetweencapitalandenergysignificantlyenhancedenergyintensitybutwaspartlyoffsetbytheeffectstemmingfromthechangeintheallocativedistortionbetweencapitalandenergy;and(3)thesubstitutionofenergyforlaborincreasedenergyintensity,buttheaggregatedsubstitutioneffectsignificantlyreducedenergyintensitybecausethesubstitutionofcapitalforenergyreducedenergyintensitytoagreatextent.Thesefindingswereobtainedatthenationallevelandvariedatdieregionallevel.

简介：2006年1月6日上午，国务院台湾事务办公室正式公布赠台大熊猫的最终遴选结果：16号，19号熊猫为大陆赠送台湾的熊猫。

简介：Inrecentyears,scientistshavebeenincreasinglyinterestedintheenergyembodiedintradedgoodsamongcountries.Inthisarticle,thedirectenergyintensitiesinvariouseconomicsectorsofChinawerecalculatedwiththedataofenergyconsumptionandoutputvalueofeachsector,andtheinput-outputtablewasusedtoestimatetheexternalenergyconsumption.Thetotalenergyintensityofallsectorswasthenobtained.Fromthedataofinternationaltrade,theenergyembodiedingoodstradeofChinawasestimatedfortheperiodof1994-2001.Duringthisperiod,theaverageenergyintensityofimportedgoodswasalwayshigherthanthatofexportedones.Asacountrywithasurplusininternationalgoodstrade,Chinaactuallyimportednetembodiedenergyinthepastfewyears.Thenetembodiedenergyimportedwasatthesamemagnitudeoftheimportedenergyintheformoffossilfuels.

简介：Thenaturalsupplyoflandresourcesislimited,buttheeconomicsupplymaychangealongwithsocialandeconomicdevelopment,anditssizeisdecidedbyenatureandsocialandeconomicbodyconditions.Whenthesupplyingabilityoflandresourcesthreatensthedevelopmentofsocietyandtheconflictbetweenpeopleandlandbecomestense,itforcedpeopletoim-provelandutilizationandtoincreasetheeffectivesupplyoflandresources.ThepapermadeanoverallconsiderationonthecharacteristicsoftheirrigatedfarmingandthefrailecologicalenvironmentinFuhaiCounty,AltayArea,XinjiangUigurAutonomousRegionandexploredlandarrangementplanningaswellaswaterresourceplanningandenvironmentalprotection.Thepaperevaluatednaturalresources,landutilizationandwaterresourceofthecasestudyareasandfocusedonthespatio-temporalbalancebetweentheutilizationofwaterandlandresources.Intheendthepaperafeasibleplanwasmadeoutforthelandarrangementproject.

简介：

简介：Developinglow-carboneconomyandenhancingcarbonproductivityarebasicapproachestocoordinatingeconomicdevelopmentandprotectingglobalenvironment,whicharealsothemajorwaystoaddressclimatechangeundertheframeworkofsustainabledevelopment.Inthispaper,theauthorsanalyzetheannualrateofcarbonproductivitygrowth,thedifferencesofcarbonproductivityofdifferentcountries,andthefactorsforenhancingcarbonproductivity.Consequently,theauthorsclarifytheirviewpointthattheannualrateofcarbonproductivitygrowthcanbeusedtoweightheeffortsthatacountrytakestoaddressclimatechange,andproposepoliciesandsuggestionsonpromotingcarbonproduction.

简介：Thisarticledevelopedadecompositionmodelofenergyproductivityonthebasisoftheeconomicgrowthmodel.FourfactorswereconsideredwhichmayinfluenceChina’senergyproductivityaccordingtothismodel:technologyimprovement,resourceallocationstructure,industrialstructureandinstitutearrangement.Then,aneconometricmodelwasemployedtotestthefourfactorsempiricallyonthebasisofChina’sstatisticaldatafrom1978to2004.Resultsindicatedthatcapitaldeepeningcon-tributesthemost(207%)toenergyefficiencyimprovement,andimpactfromlaborforces(13%)istheweakestoneinresourcefactor;industrialstructure(7%)andinstituteinnovation(9.5%)positivelyimprovetheenergyproductivity.

简介：全球知名的以生态保护为宗旨的绿色和平组织、其船长最近又添新力军，购自原俄国的消防船（MVEsperanza），将取代老旧的“绿色和平号”，正式投入使用。2003年9月4日和5日，“希望号”抵访加拿大温哥华市，笔者闻讯赶到码头，不料却扑了一空，急询在场的绿色和平组织的义工，方得知“希望号”因前一天的抗议活动被码头管理公司下了逐客令，我和一群参观者马不停蹄地又赶到新的泊船地点，却是在温哥华的英格兰海湾中，经由小气艇驳接，终于在秋

简介：Afterthe1992UNConferenceonEnvironmentandDevelopmentinRiodeJaneiro,theconceptofsustainabledevelopmenthasbeenwidelyrecognizedallovertheworld.Morethan100countries,includingChina,haveadoptedsustainabledevelopmentstrategiesaccordingwiththeirownsituations.For20years,

简介：Withtheimplementationofreformandopening-up,theoveralleconomyofChinahasmadebrilliantachievements;meanwhile,however,theeconomicdisparityhasbeenenlargingamongsomeregions,andbetweenthecityandthecountryside.Theexistenceandevolutionofthiskindofeconomicdisparityisconcernedwithsocialstability,sustainabledevelopmentandtheconstructionofharmonioussociety,whichhasgraduallybecomethehotspotinsocialeconomicdevelopment.TheWestCoastoftheStrait(WCS)locatedinsoutheastlittoralareasisadjacenttothePearlandYangtzeRiverDeltainthesouthandnorthandfacesTaiwanProvinceintheeast.Thestabilityanddevelopmentofthisregionhasvitalpoliticalandeconomicmeaninginthesocialeco-nomicdevelopmentofourcountry.Ithasimportanttheoreticalmeaningandpracticalvaluetoresearchtheform,characteristicsandevolutionofregionaleconomicdisparityintheWCS.BasedoninsightfulanalysisonexistingstudyresultsontheWCS,thepaperdefinestheconnotationandextension.Byaseriesofabso-luteandcomparativerelativeevaluationindexesandtakingtheWCSsince1992asthestudyobject,thepapermakesanalysisondifferentscalesincludingthreeregions,fourregions,20citiesand152counties,quantitativelyevaluatesthelevel,characteristicsandevolutionoftheregionaleconomicdisparityandcomparestheregionaleconomicdisparityondifferentscales.Themainconclu-sionsareasfollows:thevariationtrendoftheabsolutedisparityofthewholeregionisobviousandstable,whichhaspresentedaninflatingtrend;thecomparativevariationtrendonalargescalehaswaved,Thecomparativedisparityofthethreeregionsin-creasedannuallyfrom1992toaround2000,whichhadadecreas-ingtrendfromaround2000to2005;thecomparativevariationtrendonasmallscalewasnotstable,whichshowedanannualincreaseoffourregions,20citiesand152countiesfrom1992toaround2003andadecreasefromaround2003to2005;ther

简介：Thetransportationindustryisanessentialsectorforcarbonemissionsmitigation.ThispaperfirstlyusedtheLMDI(LogarithmicMeanDivisiaIndex)decompositionmethodtoestablishfactorsdecompositionmodelonChina’stransportationcarbonemission.Then,aquantitativeanalysiswasperformedtostudythefactorsinfluencingChina’stransportationcarbonemissionsfrom1991to2008,whichareidentifiedastransportationenergyefficiency,transportationstructureandtransportationdevelopment.Theresultsshowedthat:(1)Theimpactoftransportationdevelopmentontransportationcarbonemissionsshowedpullingfunction.Itscontributionvaluetocarbonemissionsremainedathighgrowthsince1991andshowedanexponentialgrowthtrend.(2)Theimpactoftransportationstructureontransportationcarbonemissionsshowedpromotingfunctioningeneral,butitsroleinpromotingcarbonemissionsdecreasedyearbyyear.Andwiththecontinuousoptimizationoftransportationstructure,thepromotingeffectdecreasedgraduallyandshowedtheinversed"U"trend.(3)Theimpactoftransportationenergyefficiencyontransportationcarbonemissionsshowedafunctionofinhibitionbeforepulling.Inordertopredictthepotentialofcarbonemissionreduction,threescenarioswereset.Analysisofthescenariosshowedthatifgreaterintensityemissionreductionmeasuresaretaken,thecarbonemissionswillreduceby31.01milliontonsby2015andby48.81milliontonsby2020.

简介：TheimportanceofsolvingtheemploymentproblemsbynongovernmentaleconomyinChinahasarousedtheconcernofmanyscholarswidely.However,fewliteraturescouldbefoundtodealwiththeimpactsonnonagriculturalemploymentgrowthinChinabynongovernmentaleconomyfromseverallevelssuchasthewholenation,urbanandrural.Basedontheresearchaccessedontherelationshipsbetweennongovernmentaleconomyandem-ployment,theimpactsofthedevelopmentofnongovernmentaleconomyonnon-agriculturalemploymentgrowthinChinaareemphasizedinthispaper.Takingtimeseriesdataofnon-agriculturalemploymentinChina’sdifferenteconomytypesin1992–2005asstudyobjects,byestablishingeconometricre-gressionmodels,somemeaningfulpointsarefoundasfollows,theimpactsofnongovernmentaleconomyonthenonagriculturalemploymentineithernationalorurban-rurallevelarerathersig-nificantalthoughtheirimpacts’degreesaredifferent.Basedontheresearchfindingsabove,somecountermeasuresareproposedtoacceleratethenongovernmentaleconomicdevelopmentandim-proveitsabilitytoabsorbnonagriculturalemployment.