简介:Fromtheperspectiveoftourismcompetitiveness,thepapertakes12islandcountiesofChinaastheresearchobject,andappliesthemethodoffactoranalysistostudytheircompetitiveness.TheresultshowsthatPutuoandDinghaiaremorecompetitivewhilePingtanandNan’aoarelesscompetitive.Finally,the12islandcountiesaredividedintofourstyles:first-classcompetitivecounty(Putuo),seond-classcompetitivecounties(Dinghai,Yuhuan),third-classcompetitivecounties(Chongming,Daishan,Changdao,ChanghaiandShengsi),fourth-classcompetitivecounties(Dongshan,Dongtou,PingtanandNan’ao)byclusteranalysis.Theclassificationofislandcountiesistocleartheirrelativeposition,thentopromotetheirdevelopment.
简介:Thearticleestablishestheappraisalindexsystemforentireurbanagglomerationanditsinteriorcitiesindividually,concretelyincludingfiveaspects:drivingforcesfortourismdevelopment,theleveloftourismdevelopment,tourismimpacts,tourismeconomicconnectionandtourismcontributionsofdifferentcitiestothewholeurbanagglomeration.Astourismcompetitivenesshasthecharacteristicsofcomprehensiveness,systematicnessanddynamicness,thearticleattemptstoapplythestructuralpredictionmeansofsystemdynamicstoevaluatingtourismcompetitiveness,aimingtoprovidesomeresearchmethodsandanalysisideasfortourismcompetitivenessmeasurementandtrendsanalysisinurbanagglomeration.TakingShandongPeninsulaurbanagglomerationasthestudyarea,thearticlesimulatesandanalyzesthetourismcompetitivenesstrendofthewholeregionanditsinteriorcitiesfrom2005to2020,andtheresultreflectsthatintegrateddevelopmentandregionalcombinationoftourismareimportantmeanstoupgradetourismcompetitivenessinthisregion.
简介:Thewideapplicationofnewinformationandcommunicationtechnologies(ICTs)hasbeenarguedtobecriticaltobusinesssuccessofsmallandmedium-sizedenterprises(SMEs),especiallytothoseinthedevelopingcountries.Drawinguponexistingliterature,thisarticlewillexaminethedeterminantsofICTsapplicationinSMEsinChinabasedondatacollectedfrominterviewswithtopmanagersand/orownersof70SMEs.Weidentify20factorsaffectingICTsapplicationinSMEsinChinaanddividethemintofourbroadcategories,namelypressures,firmspecificfactors,technicalfactorsandlocalmilieu.WealsopayspecialattentiontotheChinesebusinessenvironmentaffectingICTsapplication.OuranalysisshowsthatlocalICTinfrastructure,externalpressuresfromcompetitorsandICTknowledgeofemployeesarethedeterminantsofInternetapplicationbySMEs,whileproductcharacteristicsandmarkettargetareimportantfactorsofe-commerceadoption.
简介:'Tourism-AssistingthePoor'hasbeenanimportantapproachinanti-povertystrategy.Studiessuggestthattheconventionaltourismmodelfailstogeneratebenefitsforthepoorandtosomeextentenlargesthegapbetweenthepoorandtherich,whichsubsequentlycausesmoresocialproblems.Pro-poortourism(PPT)isregardedasanalternativemodel.Preciselytargetedassistancetothepooristhekeytoinitiatingthismodel,whiletheinstitutionalchangeandimplementationmechanismareessentialtorunitsuccessfullyandsustainably.Socialentrepreneurshipfocusingonsocialvalueswhileadoptingmodernbusinessphilosophyhasbeenintroducedrecentlyasaninstrumentinhelpingdisadvantagepopulation.ThispapertakestheSmanguscommunityinTaiwanasanexampletoexploretheroleofsocialentrepreneurshipandsocialenterprisesinPPTdevelopment.Italsodiscussestheirimplicationsfortheanti-povertypracticeinotherregionsincludingethnicareasinChina.
简介:Thefivecentralcities-Beijing,Tianjin,Shanghai,GuangzhouandShenzhen-ofthethreemostimportantstrategicregionsinChina,namelyBeijing-Tianjin-Hebeimetropolitanregion,theYangtzeRiverDeltaandthePearlRiverDelta,aretakenasacomparativeanalysisonurbanproducerservices'competitiveness,especiallyfocusingonthecomparativeadvantagesanddisadvantagesofproducerservicesinBeijing.Firstly,basedonanintegratedindicatorsystemincludingoneobjectivehierarchy,fourstandardhierarchiesand35indicatorhierarchies,thestudyappliesfactoranalysismodelandanalytichierarchyprocessmodelreformedbyentropytechnologytomeasurethecomprehensivecompetitivenessofproducerservicesintheabovefivecities.Secondly,Beijinghascomparativeadvantagesofcapitalresource,industrialbase,scientificresearchresourceandmarketscale,sinceittakesthefirstplaceofthefivecitiesinthecomprehensivecompetitivenessofproducerservices,thecompetitivenessofindustrialdevelopment,businessenvironmentandlivingenvironment,onlyinferiortoShanghaiinthecompetitivenessoftalentcapital.Thirdly,Beijinghascomparativedisadvantagesinthelevelofproducerservicesdevelopment,urbaninnovationcapabilityandlivingenvironment.Finally,fiveproposalsareputforthtoenhancethecompetitivenessofproducerservicesinBeijing,namelyperfectingthesystemoflawsandstatutes,supportingthedevelopmentofindustryassociation,implementingscientificdevelopmentplanning,introducingpreferentialfiscalandtaxationpoliciesandstrengtheninghumancapitalreserve.
简介:Inthispaper,weconstructamodelinwhichtheimpactofpollutiononhealthisexertedthroughbothdirectandindirectchannels.Theindirectchanneliscapturedbyaproductionfunc-tioninwhichtheprincipalhealth-improvingfactor,incomegrowth,canberealizedonlyinthecostofpollutionincrease.Thismodelisthentestedbytheaggregatedchroniclediseasedatainover78Chinesecounties.Ourresultsshow,afterattainingthethresholdof8μg/m2,continuousincreaseinindustrialSO2emissiondensitywillleadtheratioofpopulationsufferingchroniclediseases,amongwhichrespiratorydiseasesoccupyasignificantproportion,torise.However,owingtotechnologicalprogressinpollutioncontrolactivities,theneededSO2emissiontoproduceoneunitofGDPdiminisheswithtime.Therefore,thenegativeeffectfrompollutionaugmentationonpublichealthseemstoberecompensedmoreandmorebythepositiveeffectofeconomicgrowth.
简介:ThispaperanalyzesthethreemainfundamentalissuesinthedesignofChina’sETSpilots,includingallowanceallocation,pricemechanismandstate-ownedkeyenterprises,andproposedsuggestedsolutions.Fortheissueofallowanceallocation,wesuggestthatthegradualhybridmodecouldbeappliedatthebeginning,whichstartswithmainlyfreeallocationandthenincreasesauctionratiogradually.Andgrandfatheringisasuitablemethodoffreeallocation.Fortheissueofpricemechanism,wesuggestapricefloatingzonewithopenmarketoperationtoreducetheuncertaintyofprices.Fortheissueofstate-ownedkeyenterprises,wesuggestagoodcoordinationwithSASAC,definingthestate-ownedpropertyrightandsupervisionrightwhenstate-ownedkeyenterprisesareinvolvedintothecarbonmarket,andthelocalgovernmentcansetrulesofallocationandtransactiontolimittheirpotentialmarketpower.
简介:为了探讨有害因子胁迫与二氧化硫(SO2)细胞生物合成的关系,采用体外培养实验方法研究了不同浓度H2O2(0.1、1、10mmol·L^-1)以及不同pH值(6.8、7.2、8.0)培养液对人支气管上皮细胞(BEP2D)SO2产生量(以胞内SO3^2-含量代表)的影响.结果表明:1)培养液过酸(pH6.8)和过碱(pH8.0)均可使BEP2D细胞SO2产生量显著增加(与对照相比,p〈0.05);2)H2O2胁迫也可使BEP2D细胞SO2产生量增加,当H2O2浓度≥1mmol·L^-1时,与对照相比,差异达到显著(p〈0.05).以上结果提示:人支气管上皮细胞在有害因子的胁迫下可产生内源性SO2;SO2可能是一种生物气体应激分子,能像应激蛋白那样提高生物体对有害因子的抵御能力.
简介:为了阐明大气污染物SO2对神经系统和心血管系统的毒作用机制,采用全细胞膜片钳技术研究了SO2衍生物(NaHSO3和Na2SO3,分子比为1:3)对大鼠海马、背根节神经元和心肌细胞膜上钠、钾、钙离子通道的影响.结果显示:(1)SO2衍生物可显著增大大鼠海马CA1区神经元钠电流,不影响钠通道的激活过程,但可使钠电流的失活曲线向去极化方向移动,延迟钠通道的失活过程;另外,SO2衍生物可显著增大瞬间外向钾电流(IA)和延迟整流钾电流(IK),不影响IA的激活过程,使IK的激活过程向负电压方向移动,促进IK的激活过程,而使IA的失活曲线向正电压方向移动,延迟IA的失活过程.(2)SO2衍生物显著增大大鼠背根节神经元钠电流(TTX-S钠电流和TTX-R钠电流),可使两种钠电流的激活和失活曲线均向去极化方向移动,但对失活的影响大于对激活的影响,即延迟钠通道的失活过程;SO2衍生物显著增大背根节神经元瞬间外向钾电流(TOCs)和延迟整流钾电流(IK),不影响TOCs的激活过程,但可使IK的激活曲线向超极化方向移动,促进IK的激活.另外,还可使TOCs的失活曲线向去极化方向移动,即延迟TOCs的失活.(3)SO2衍生物可显著增大大鼠心肌细胞L-型钙电流(ICa·L),使ICa·L的激活和失活曲线均向去极化方向移动,但对失活的影响大于对激活的影响;SO2衍生物显著增大心肌细胞钠电流,不影响钠通道的激活过程,但可使钠电流的失活曲线向去极化方向移动,延迟钠通道的失活过程;SO2衍生物显著增大心肌细胞瞬间外向钾电流(Ito),使Ito的激活曲线向超极化方向移动,促进Ito的激活过程,但可使Ito的失活曲线向去极化方向移动,延迟Ito的失活过程;此外,SO2衍生物还可显著增大心肌细胞内向整流钾电流(IKI),但不影响其反转电位.结果表
简介:为探讨二氧化硫(SO2)的肝脏免疫毒理效应,利用流式细胞仪(FACS)检测技术,分析了SO2体内代谢衍生物——亚硫酸钠(Na2SO3)与亚硫酸氢钠(NaHSO3)混合液(两者摩尔比为3:1)腹腔注射染毒对C57BL/6小鼠肝脏淋巴细胞T细胞亚群CD4+和CD8+的百分数以及CD4+/CD8+细胞比值的影响.实验组剂量分别为25、100、400mg·kg-1(bodyweight),染毒一周后,制备肝脏淋巴细胞悬液,经特异性荧光标记的CD4(FITC)、CD8(PE)单克隆抗体染色后,采用FACS流式细胞仪检测T淋巴细胞亚群百分数.研究发现:1)染毒后所有处理组肝脏CD4+T细胞所占的百分数显著升高(p〈0.05);2)CD8+T细胞所占的百分数在100mg·kg-1、400mg·kg-1染毒组显著降低(p〈0.05);3)CD4+/CD8+的比值在100mg·kg-1、400mg·kg-1染毒组显著升高(p〈0.01).研究结果显示:SO2体内衍生物亚硫酸钠和亚硫酸氢钠可使肝脏CD4+/CD8+T细胞的比值显著升高,即SO2衍生物可使肝脏CD4和CD8淋巴细胞比例严重失调而使机体产生免疫紊乱.
简介:化学品生态风险评价和水质基准研究需要大量生态毒理数据,由于目前关于化学品毒性效应的研究较多,不同文献对同一测试终点的报道常常存在一定的差异,数据选择不当会直接影响最终评价结果。为了降低专业人员在数据筛选过程中的主观影响,有必要制定一套科学合理、操作性强的数据筛查与评价准则。本文整理比较了美国、荷兰、德国和澳大利亚等4个国家的5个毒理数据筛查与评价方法,并以荷兰的CRED方法为主,结合另外4个筛选方法以及现有的水质基准推导指南和生态风险评价技术导则,从可靠性、相关性、精确性三个方面详细阐述了数据质量评价标准与使用规范。其中数据质量评价包括五个方面:(1)实验设计,包括测试标准、操作规程、数据有效性、对照组设置;(2)实验试剂的纯度及其杂质的物理化学性质;(3)受试生物的基本信息和来源;(4)暴露条件,包括试验系统、暴露浓度设置及变化、暴露时间、生物负荷;(5)数据分析,包括平行样、统计分析方法、浓度-效应关系、原始数据;数据使用规范主要考虑受试生物、测试终点和暴露场景与评价目标的相关性,以及生态风险评价和水质基准推导对数据精确性的要求。这些均可为我国从事生态风险评价和水质基准研究的工作人员提供有益借鉴,使数据筛选过程更加客观、统一,同时还可以作为毒理实验论文撰写依据,提高数据报道质量。