简介：Purpose:Thisstudyaimedtoinvestigatewhetherworkloadintensitymodulatesexercise-inducedeffectonreactiontime(RT)performances,andmorespecificallytoclarifywhethercognitivecontrolthatplaysacrucialroleinrapiddecisionmakingisaltered.Methods:FourteenparticipantsperformedaSimonTaskwhilecycling20minatalight(firstventilatorythreshold,VT1e20%),moderate(VT1),orveryhard(VT1t20%)levelofexercise.Results:After15minofcycling,RTsarefasterthanduringthefirst5minofexercise.ThisbenefitdoesnotfluctuatewiththeintensityofexerciseandenlargesasRTlengthens.Despiteanumericaldifferencesuggestingagreaterfacilitationduringmoderateexercise(16ms)thanduringalightexercise(10ms),thebenefitisnotstatisticallydifferent.Interestingly,wedidnotobserveanysignsofworseningonRToronaccuracyduringveryhardexercise.Conclusion:Cognitivecontrolisextremelyrobustandappearsnottobeaffectedbytheintensityofexercise.Theselectiveinhibitionandthebetween-trialsadjustmentsareeffectivefromthebeginningtotheendofexercise,regardlessoftheworkloadoutput.

简介：Purpose:Thepurposeofthisstudywastoestablishtherelationshipbetweenvariousexpressionsofrelativeexerciseintensitypercentageofmaximaloxygenuptake(%VO_(2max)),percentageofmaximalheartrate(%HR_(max)),%VO_2reserve(%VO_2R),and%HRreserve(%HRR))inordertoobtainthemoreappropriatemethodforexerciseintensityprescriptionwhenusinganimmersibleergocycle(IE)andtoproposeapredictionequationtoestimateoxygenconsumption(VO_2)basedonIEpedalingrate(rpm)foranindividualizedexercisetrainingprescription.Methods:Thirty-threehealthyparticipantsperformedincrementalexercisetestsonIEanddrylandergocycle(DE)atequalexternalpoweroutput(Pext).ExerciseonIEbeganat40rpmandwasincreasedby10rpmuntilexhaustion.ExerciseonDEbeganwithaninitialloadof25Wandincreasedby25W/minuntilexhaustion.VO_2wasmeasuredwithaportablegasanalyzer(COSMEDK4b~2)duringbothincrementaltests.OnIEandDE,%VO_2R,%HRmax,and%HRRatequalPextdidnotdiffer(p>0.05).Results:The%HRRvs.%VO_2RregressionforbothIEandDEdidnotdifferfromtheidentityline%VO_2RIE=0.99×HRRIE(%)+0.01(r~2=0.91,SEE=11%);%VO_2RDE=0.94×HRRDE(%)+0.01(r~2=0.94,SEE=8%).Similarmeanvaluesfor%HRmax,%VO_2R,and%HRRatequalPextwereobservedonIEandDE.PredictedVO_2obtainedaccordingtorpmonIEisrepresentedby:VO_2(L/min)=0.000542×rpm2-0.026×rpm+0.739(r=0.91,SEE=0.319L/min).Conclusion:The%HRR–%VO_2RrelationshipappearstobethemostaccurateforexercisetrainingprescriptiononIE.Thisstudyoffersnewtoolstobetterprescribe,control,andindividualizeexerciseintensityonIE.

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简介：Purpose:Thepurposeofthisstudywastoinvestigatetheeffectofvariableintensitiesonasimplememoryrecognitiontaskduringexercise.Methods:Twentyactiveparticipantstookpartininitialtesting,afamiliarizationtrialandthenfour60mincyclinginterventionsinarandomizedorder.Interventionsconsistedofnoexercise（control）,constantexerciseat90%ventilatorythreshold（constant）and2trialsthatinitiallymimickedtheconstanttrial,butthenincludedperiodsofhigh(90%VO2peak)andlowintensities(50%VO2peak).Cardiorespiratorymeasuresandcapillarybloodsamplesweretakenthroughout.Ashorttablet-basedcognitivetaskwascompletedpriortoandduring（50and55minintoexercise）eachintervention.Results:Theexerciseconditionsfacilitatedresponsetime（p=0.009）,althoughtheextentofthiseffectwasnotasstronginthevariableexerciseconditions（p=0.011–0.089）.Highintensityexerciseperiodsresultedinsomecognitiveregressionbacktowardscontroltrialperformance.Elevationsincardiorespiratorymeasuresandperiodsofhypocapniacouldnotexplainchangesincognitiveperformance.Conclusion:Changesincognitiveperformancewithvariationsinexerciseintensityarelikelytohaveimplicationsforsportandoccupationalsettings.Thetimingofcognitiveteststoexerciseintensitychangesaswellasuseofshortcognitiveassessmentswillbeimportantforfuturework.

简介：Background:Dissociativeattentionalstimuli(e.g.,music,video)areeffectiveindecreasingratingsofperceivedexertion(RPE)duringlow-tomoderateintensityexercise,buthaveinconsistentresultsduringexerciseathigherintensity.ThepurposeofthisstudywastoassessattentionalfocusandRPEduringhigh-intensityexerciseasafunctionofbeingexposedtomusic,video,both(musicandvideo),orano-treatmentcontrolcondition.Methods:Duringthefirstsession,healthymen(n=15)completedamaximalfitnesstesttodeterminetheworkloadnecessaryforhigh-intensityexercise(operationalizedas125%ventilatorythreshold)tobeperformedduringsubsequentsessions.On4subsequentdays,theycompleted20minofhigh-intensityexerciseinano-treatmentcontrolconditionorwhilelisteningtomusic,watchingavideo,orboth.Attentionalfocus,RPE,heartrate,anddistancecoveredweremeasuredevery4minduringtheexercise.Results:MusicandvideoincombinationresultedinsignificantlylowerRPEacrosstime(partialη~2=0.36)andthesizeoftheeffectincreasedovertime(partialη~2=0.14).Additionally,musicandvideoincombinationresultedinasignificantlymoredissociativefocusthantheotherconditions(partialη~2=0.29).Conclusion:Musicandvideoincombinationmayresultinlowerperceivedexertionduringhigh-intensityexercisewhencomparedtomusicorvideoinisolation.Futureresearchwillbenecessarytotestifreductionsinperceivedexertioninresponsetodissociativeattentionalstimulihaveimplicationsforexerciseadherence.

简介：InarecentissueoftheJournalofSportandHealthScience,García-Pinillosetal.~1reviewedevidenceontheeffectsofhighintensityintermittenttraining(intervaltraining)(HIIT)onmuscularandperformanceadaptationsinrecreationalrunners.

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简介：这研究的PurposeThe目的是比较在膝extensors.MethodsSixty的力量和力量上在一样的加速下面在各种各样的频率和振幅设置训练程序的8星期的整个身体的颤动的效果--四个年轻参加者随机与一样的加速(4g)被分到4个组中的1个：高频率和低振幅(n=16，32Hz，1mm)组，中等频率和中等振幅(n=16，18Hz，3mm)组，低频率和高振幅(n=16，3Hz，114mm)组织，并且控制n=16，没有颤动)组。参加者8星期与身体训练经历了的所有集中动态蹲，3个会议结果显示出的week.ResultsThe高频率和低振幅组在等轴的收缩力量和120摥琠?硥浡湩?桷瑥敨?显著地增加了?敭瑮污琠慲湩湩?湩整癲湥楴湯挠湡椠据敲獡?桴?敬敶?景倠?湩礠畯杮朠物獬?瑥潨獤?慳灭敬漠??朠物獬愠敧吗？？

简介：1.IntroductionDailyphysicalactivity（PA）participationiscrucialtothehealthandwell-beingofyoungchildren.Alongwithtotalphysicalactivity（TPA;all-intensity）,moderate-to-vigorousphysicalactivity（MVPA）,orenergeticplay,isassociatedwithgreaterhealthbenefits,particularlyforpreschoolers（3-4years）,includingbutnotlimitedtoimprovedboneandskeletalpropertiesandcognitiveandpsychosocialhealth.1Centeredonthis,bothCanadaandAustraliahaverecentlyestablished24-HourMovementGuidelinesfortheEarlyYears,recommendingthat.

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简介：Purpose:Thepurposeofthisstudywastoinvestigatetheeffectsofobesityandhigh-intensityacuteexerciseonoxidant-antioxidantstatus,neurotrophicfactorexpression,andblood-brainbarrier(BBB)disruption.Methods:Twenty-fourhealthy,untrainedmen(12non-obese(mean14.9%bodyfat)and12obesesubjects(mean29.8%bodyfat))performed20minofcontinuoussubmaximalaerobicexerciseat85%maximaloxygenconsumption.Bloodsamplingwasperformedtoexaminetheoxidant-antioxidantstatus(reactiveoxygenspecies(ROS)andsuperoxidedismutase(SOD)),neurotrophicfactors(brain-derivedneurotrophicfactor(BDNF)andnervegrowthfactor(NGF)),andBBBdisruption(S100βandneuron-specificenolase)beforeandafteracuteexercise.Results:Theobesegroupshowedsignificantlyhigherpre-exerciseserumROSlevelsandsignificantlylowerpre-exerciseserumSODlevelsthanthenon-obesegroup(p<0.05).SerumROS,SOD,BDNF,NGF,andS100βlevelsweresignificantlyincreasedpost-exercisecomparedwithpre-exerciselevelsinboththenon-obeseandtheobesegroups(p<0.05).TheobesegroupshowedsignificantlyhigherserumROS,BDNF,NGF,andS100βlevelspost-exercisecomparedtothenon-obesegroup(p<0.05).Conclusion:OurstudysuggeststhatepisodicvigorousexercisecanincreaseoxidativestressandbloodneurotrophicfactorlevelsandinducedisruptionoftheBBB.Moreover,highlevelsofneurotrophicfactorinthebloodafterexerciseintheobesegroupmaybeduetoBBBdisruption,anditisassumedthatoxidativestresswasthemaincauseofthisBBBdisruption.

简介：Objective:Thissystematicreviewaimedtocriticallyanalyzetheliteraturetodeterminehowhigh-intensityintermittenttraining(HIIT)affectsrecreationalendurancerunnersintheshort-andlong-term.Methods:ElectronicdatabasesweresearchedforliteraturedatingfromJanuary2000toOctober2015.Thesearchwasconductedusingthekeywords'high-intensityintermittenttraining'or'high-intensityintervalexercise'or'intervalrunning'or'sprintintervaltraining'and'endurancerunners'or'longdistancerunners'.Asystematicapproachwasusedtoevaluatethe783articlesidentifiedforinitialreview.StudieswereincludediftheyinvestigatedHIITinrecreationalendurancerunners.ThemethodologicalqualityofthestudieswasevaluatedusingthePhysiotherapyEvidenceDatabase(PEDro)scale(forinterventionstudies)andthemodifiedDownsandBlackQualityIndex(forcross-sectionalstudies).Results:Twenty-threestudiesmettheinclusionarycriteriaforreview.Theresultsarepresentedin2parts:cross-sectional(n=15)andinterventionstudies(n=8).Inthe15cross-sectionalstudiesselected,endurancerunnersperformedatleast1HIITprotocol,andtheacuteimpactonphysiological,neuromuscular,metabolicand/orbiomechanicalvariableswasassessed.Interventionstudieslastedaminimumof4weeks,with10weeksbeingthelongestinterventionperiod,andincluded2to4HIITsessionsperweek.MostofthesestudiescombinedHIITsessionswithcontinuousrun(CR)sessions;2studies’subjectsperformedHIITexclusively.Conclusion:HIIT-basedrunningplans(2to3HIITsessionsperweek,combiningHIITandCRruns)showathleticperformanceimprovementsinendurancerunnersbyimprovingmaximaloxygenuptakeandrunningeconomyalongwithmuscularandmetabolicadaptations.Tomaximizetheadaptationstotraining,bothHIITandCRmustbepartoftrainingprogramsforendurancerunners.

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简介：Background:Identifyingfactorsassociatedwithphysicalactivity(PA)isusefulinplanninginterventionsandpolicies.Theaimofthisstudywastoidentifysociodemographic,biological,andpsychosocialfactorsassociatedwithPAperformedinschoolsettings.Methods:Datacollectedforthepresentstudyincludedgender,age,socioeconomicstatus,bodyfatpercentage,aerobicfitness,self-efficacy,attitudes,peerandparentalsupport,andperceptionofschoolenvironment.Dependentvariableswerelight-intensityPA(LPA)andmoderate-to-vigorousintensityPA(MVPA)performedduringschooltime,recesses,andphysicaleducation(PE)classes.Multipleregressionanalyseswereperformed.Results:Participatingadolescents(n=567,53%female,12.9±5.3years)spent5%ofschooltimeinMVPAand27%inLPA,15%ofrecessesinMVPAand44%inLPA,and16%ofPEclassesinMVPAand41%inLPA.BoysengagedinmoreMVPAinallcategories.AgewasinverselyrelatedwithMVPAandLPAinallperiods,whereasbodyfatpercentagewasinverselyrelatedwithMVPAinschooltimeandPEclasses.AttitudewasinverselyrelatedwithMVPAinallperiodsandwithLPAinrecesses.ConsideringPAtobegoodandenjoyablewaspositivelyassociatedwithMVPAinschooltime.Conclusion:AdolescentsspentlittletimeinPAduringschool.Futureinterventionsshouldimplementenjoyableactivitiesatschool.

简介：Purpose：Theaimofthisstudywastoinvestigatetheinfluenceofthecardiorespiratoryfitnesslevelontheresponsetohigh-intensityintervaltraining（HIIT）withanindividuallyadjustedrunningspeedofthesamerelativeintensity.Theevaluationfocusedonacutecardiorespiratoryresponse,postexercisecardiacautonomicmodulation（heartratevariability（HRV））andbiochemicalmarkersofinflammation,oxidativestress,andmuscledamage.Methods：Thirtyparticipantsweredividedinto3subgroups：welltrained,moderatelytrained,anduntrained.Alltheparticipantsperformed30minHIITcomposedof6×2minintervalexercisewithwork-to-reliefratio=1andworkintensity100%ofindividualvelocityatmaximaloxygenconsumption（VO2max）.Acutecardiorespiratoryvariables,postexerciseHRV,lactate,interleukin-6（IL-6）,totalantioxidantcapacity（TAC）,creatinekinase,andmyoglobinupto4hafterHIITweremonitored.Results：Thedifferencesinrelativelyexpressedcardiorespiratoryvariables（heartrate,VO2）duringHIITwereatmostmoderate,withthemostpronouncedbetween-groupdifferencesinabsoluteVO2values.ThedisruptionofthepostexerciseHRVwasthemostpronouncedinuntrainedindividuals,andthisdifferencepersisted1hafterHIIT.ThehighestpostexerciseIL-6andTACconcentrationsandthelowestchangesincreatinekinaseandmyoglobinwererevealedinwell-trainedindividuals.Conclusion：Thehigherfitnesslevelwasassociatedwiththelesspronouncedpostexercisecardiacautonomicchangesandtheirfasterrestoration,evenwhenthereweresimilaracutecardiorespiratoryresponses.ThesefindingsweresimultaneouslyaccompaniedbythehigherpostexerciseIL-6andTACconcentrationsandlesssignificantchangesinmuscledamagebiochemicalmarkersinwell-trainedindividuals.

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