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简介：Hepaticencephalopathy(HE)isasevereneuropsychiatricsyndromethatmostcommonlyoccursindecompensatedlivercirrhosisandincorporatesaspectrumofmanifestationsthatrangesfrommildcognitiveimpairmenttocoma.AlthoughtheetiologyofHEisnotcompletelyunderstood,itisbelievedthatmultipleunderlyingmechanismsareinvolvedinthepathogenesisofHE,andoneofthemainfactorsisthoughttobeammonia;however,theammoniahypothesisinthepathogenesisofHEisincomplete.Recently,ithasbeenincreasinglydemonstratedthatinflammation,includingsystemicinflammation,neuroinflammationandendotoxemia,actsinconcertwithammoniainthepathogenesisofHEincirrhoticpatients.Meanwhile,agoodnumberofstudieshavefoundthatcurrenttherapiesforHE,suchaslactulose,rifaximin,probioticsandthemolecularadsorbentrecirculatingsystem,couldinhibitdifferenttypesofinflammation,therebyimprovingtheneuropsychiatricmanifestationsandpreventingtheprogressionofHEincirrhoticpatients.TheantiinflammatoryeffectsofthesecurrenttherapiesprovideanoveltherapeuticapproachforcirrhoticpatientswithHE.ThepurposeofthisreviewistodescribetheinflammatorymechanismsbehindtheetiologyofHEincirrhosisanddiscussthecurrenttherapiesthattargettheinflammatorypathogenesisofHE.

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简介：到真菌的促进感受性经常导致是特别地困难的临床上设法的气喘的一种严重形式，导致在这些病人的增加的病态和住院。尽管B淋巴细胞可能通过IgE的生产加重气喘症状，这些房间可能也在对吸入的真菌的保护的反应是重要的。通过cytokine版本和T房间相互作用，这些淋巴细胞可能也影响航线墙纤维变性的发展和维护。JH−/−老鼠为抗体的重链部件缺乏JH基因，它为B房间功能和幸存是批评的。这些动物在很多有免疫力的回答便于B淋巴细胞的角色的说明；然而，JH−/−老鼠没被用来学习真菌的过敏症。在这研究，我们用曲霉属菌fumigatus检验了B淋巴细胞的角色模仿被环境真菌的暴露触发的人的航线疾病的鼠科的真菌的高空过敏症模型。我们在敏化的野类型的BALB/c和J暴露于的H−/−老鼠重复了真菌的暴露并且没在大航线附近在航线hyperresponsiveness，全面肺的发炎或骨胶原免职发现差别。然而，Th2类型cytokinesIL-4和IL-13的层次显著地在J相对BALB/c控制的H−/−鼠标。由对比，煽动性的cytokinesIL-17A和IL-6的层次显著地在JH−/−动物，并且有显著地更柔韧的航线嗜曙红血球过多和neutrophilia比在控制动物。一起拿，这些调查结果表明淋巴细胞帮助在肺的分隔空间调整granulocytic回答到真菌的暴露的那B。

简介：BackgroundHypertensionassociatedwithhyperhomocysteinemia(HHcy)isdefinedasH-typehypertension.HypertensionandHHcyhasastrongsynergythatcouldleadtotheriskofvasculardisease,suchascarotidremodeling.However,therelationofinflammatoryfactorsandadhesionmoleculewithcarotidremodelinginH-typehypertensionisunknown.MethodsFifty-sixpatientswithH-typehypertensionand52withouthyperhomocysteinemiahypertensionwereenrolledinthisstudy,with42healthyvolunteersasthecontrolgroup.AllthesubjectsunderwentcolorDopplerultrasoundexaminationofcarotidartery.TheexpressionofICAM-1inperipheralbloodmonocyteswasmeasuredbydirectimmunofluorescencetechniqueincombinationwithflowcytometry.ThelevelsofhighsensitivityC-reactiveprotein(hs-CRP),Monocytechemoattractantprotein-1(MCP-1)andsICAM-1weremeasured.Thecorrelationsbetweencarotidvascularremodelingandthesebiomarkerswereanalyzed.ResultsTheintima-mediathickness(IMT),circulatinglevelsofhs-CRPandMCP-1,andmonocyteICAM-1weresignificantlyincreasedinH-typehypertensiongroup(P<0.05).Therewerenosignificantdifferenceinthosemeasurementsbetweenthesimplehypertensiongroupandthecontrolgroup(P>0.05).ThelevelsofsICAM-1showednosignificanceamongthethreegroups(P>0.05).Correlationanalysesrevealedapositivecorrelationofcarotidplaqueindexwithhomocysteine,hs-CRPandMCP-1,andtheexpressionofICAM-1inthemonocytesintheH-typehypertensiongroup.MultivariatelogisticregressionanalysisrevealedthatHcyandhs-CRPweretheindependentriskfactorsofIMTintheH-typehypertensiongroup.ConclusionThepatientswithH-typehypertensionaremorelikelytohavecarotidvascularremodelingwithhigherlevelsofinflammationandadhesionmoleculeswhichmightleadtothedevelopmentofatherosclerosis.

简介：Parkinson’sdisease(PD)ischaracterizedbytheprogressivelossofmidbraindopaminergic(mDA)neuronsandasubsequentdecreaseinstriataldopaminelevels,whichcausethetypicalclinicalmotorsymptomssuchasmusclerigidity,bradykinesiaandtremor.Althoughasubsetof