简介：Mercury(Hg)isoneofthemosttoxicheavymetalstolivingorganismsanditsconspicuouseffectistheinhibitionofrootgrowth.However,littleisknownaboutthemoleculargeneticbasisforrootgrowthunderexcessHg2+stress.Tomapquantitativetraitloci(QTLs)inriceforHg2+tolerance,apopulationof120recombinantinbredlinesderivedfromacrossbetweentwojaponicacultivarsYuefuandIRAT109wasgrownin0.5mmol/LCaCl2solution.Relativerootlength(RRL),percentageoftheseminalrootlengthin+HgCl2to-HgCl2,wasusedforassessingHg2+tolerance.Inadose-responseexperiment,YuefuhadahigherRRLthanIRAT109andshowedthemostsignificantdifferenceattheHg2+concentrationof1.5μmol/L.ThreeputativeQTLsforRRLweredetectedonchromosomes1,2and5,andtotallyexplainedabout35.7%ofthephenotypicvarianceinHg2+tolerance.TheidentifiedQTLsforRRLmightbeusefulforimprovingHg2+toleranceofricebymolecularmarker-assistedselection.

简介：Furtherimprovementofriceproductivityremainsachallenge.Breedingisperceivedasanimportantoptiontoincreasericeyield.However,thegeneticprogressofgrainyieldinmostricebreedingprogramswasslowinthelastdecades.Althoughgreatprogressinricegenomicsandmolecularbiologyhasbeenachieved,theeffectofsuchtechnologicalinnovationsonricebreedingisfarsmall.Markerassistedselection(MAS)forafewtargetquantitativetraitloci(QTLs)hassignificanteffectsinimprovingqualitativetraits,suchasdiseaseresistance.ThesuccessofMAShasthereforemotivatedbreederstoidentifyandusemajorQTLsforyieldandyieldcomponenttraits.Inthisreview,wesummarizedtherecentmethodsinQTLidentification,includingnovelstatisticalmethodsforlinkageandassociationmapping,specialpopulationtypes,andwhole-genomesequencing.Wereviewedthesuccessfulapplicationofmarker-assistedgeneintrogressionandgenepyramidingtoimprovegrainyieldanddiscussedthedesignofefficientMASschemestofurtherincreasethesuccessrateofbreedingprograms.Theuseofwell-characterizedmajorQTLsthroughintrogressionandgenepyramidingisproveneffectiveinimprovinggrainyield,particularlyyieldunderabioticstress.MajorQTLsthatarestableacrossgeneticbackgroundandgrowingenvironmentsareoftenfoundinlessadaptedgermplasms,suchaslandracesandwildrelatives.AdvancedbackcrossQTLanalysisandintrogressionlines,whichintegrateQTLdiscoveryandutilization,areimportantmethodsforexploitingmajorQTLscontainedinsuchgermplasms.NextgenerationsequencingsubstantiallyincreasesmappingresolutionandacceleratestheidentificationofcasualgenesunderlyingmajorQTLs.Practicalguidelinesderivedfromtheoreticalandempiricalstudiesaregiventoguidethedesignofefficientmarker-assistedgeneintrogressionandpyramidingschemes.

简介：Seeddormancycontributesresistancetopre-harvestsprouting.Effectsonrespectivequantitativetraitloci(QTLs)fordormancyshouldbeassessedbyusingfreshseedsbeforegerminabilityalteredthroughstorage.WeinvestigatedQTLsrelatedtoseeddormancyusingbackcrossinbredlinesderivedfromacrossbetweenNipponbareandKasalath.FourputativeQTLsforseeddormancyweredetectedimmediatelyafterharvestusingcompositeintervalmapping.TheseputativeQTLsweremappednearC1488onchromosome3(qSD-3.1),R2171onchromosome6(qSD-6.1),R1245onchromosome7(qSD-7.1)andC488onchromosome10(qSD-10.1).KasalathallelespromoteddormancyforqSD-3.1,qSD-6.1andqSD-7.1,andtherespectiveproportionsofphenotypicvariationexplainedbyeachQTLwere12.9%,9.3%and8.1%.Weevaluatedtheseeddormancyharvestedatdifferentripeningstagesduringseeddevelopmentusingchromosomesegmentsubstitutionlines(CSSLs)toconfirmgeneeffects.ThegerminationratesofCSSL27andCSSL28substitutedwiththeregionincludingqSD-6.1weresignificantlylowerthanthoseofNipponbareandotherCSSLsatthelateripeningstage.Therefore,qSD-6.1isconsideredthemosteffectivenovelQTLforpre-harvestsproutingresistanceamongtheQTLsdetectedinthisstudy.

简介：AbstractBackground:Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD) is an extremely lethal malignancy. Identification of the functional genes and genetic variants related to PAAD prognosis is important and challenging. Previously identified prognostic genes from several expression profile analyses were inconsistent. The regulatory genetic variants that affect PAAD prognosis were largely unknown.Methods:Firstly, a meta-analysis was performed with seven published datasets to systematically explore the candidate prognostic genes for PAAD. Next, to identify the regulatory variants for those candidate genes, expression quantitative trait loci analysis was implemented with PAAD data resources from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Then, a two-stage association study in a total of 893 PAAD patients was conducted to interrogate the regulatory variants and find the prognostic locus. Finally, a series of biochemical experiments and phenotype assays were carried out to demonstrate the biological function of variation and genes in PAAD progression process.Results:A total of 128 genes were identified associated with the PAAD prognosis in the meta-analysis. Fourteen regulatory loci in 12 of the 128 genes were discovered, among which, only rs4887783, the functional variant in the promoter of Ring Finger and WD Repeat Domain 3 (RFWD3), presented significant association with PAAD prognosis in both stages of the population study. Dual-luciferase reporter and electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrated that rs4887783-G allele, which predicts the worse prognosis, enhanced the binding of transcript factor REST, thus elevating RFWD3 expression. Further phenotypic assays revealed that excess expression of RFWD3 promoted tumor cell migration without affecting their proliferation rate. RFWD3 was highly expressed in PAAD and might orchestrate the genes in the DNA repair process.Conclusions:RFWD3 and its regulatory variant are novel genetic factors for PAAD prognosis.

简介：Grainyieldandheadingdatearekeyfactorsdeterminingthecommercialpotentialofaricevariety.Mappingofquantitativetraitloci(QTLs)inricehasbeenadvancedfromprimarymappingtogenecloning,andheadingdateandyieldtraitshavealwaysattractedthegreatestattention.Inthisreview,genomicdistributionofQTLsforheadingdatedetectedinpopulationsderivedfromintra-specificcrossesofAsiancultivatedrice(Oryzasativa)wassummarized,andtheirrelationshipwiththegeneticcontrolofyieldtraitswasanalyzed.TheinformationcouldbeusefulintheidentificationofQTLsforheadingdateandyieldtraitsthatarepromisingfortheimprovementofricevarieties.

简介：生来的线人口从超级混合米饭Xieyou9308导出的recombinant(XieqingzaoB/Zhonghui9308)并且它的基因连接地图被用来在低、正常的氮(N)层次下面为米饭收益特点检测量的特点loci(QTL)。为在9个染色体上在27个区域散布的收益特点的52QTL的一个总数被检测，与解释phenotypic变化的4.93%26.73%的每QTL。十一QTL同时在二个层次下面被检测，并且30不同QTL在二个N层次下面被检测，从而建议在低、正常的N层次下面控制米饭生长的基因底是不同的。为圆锥花序的数字的QTL每植物，每圆锥花序小穗状花小穗数，在二个N层次下面每圆锥花序每圆锥花序，和谷物密度充满的谷物数在染色体3上在RM135RM168间隔被检测。QTL为在二个N层次下面每圆锥花序每充满的谷物的圆锥花序和数字小穗状花小穗数，以及每圆锥花序每植物和谷物密度圆锥花序数在低N水平下面，在染色体8上在RM5556RM310间隔被检测。上述描述的QTL为再循环的米饭N与以前报导的QTL分享了类似的区域。

简介：Objective:ToexaminetheexpressionsofMDM2,P53andP27proteinsinchronicesophagitis,para-cancermucosaandesophagealcarcinoma.Methods:ImmunohistochemistrywasusedtodetecttheexpressionsofMDM2,P53andP27proteinsinforty-sevenpatientssufferingfromchronicesophagitisandeighty-fivecasesofesophagealcarcinomaandcorrespondingpara-cancermucosa.Flowcytometry((FCM)wasappliedtodetectthequantitiesoftheseproteinsexpressedinfreshtissuesof48casesofesophagealcancerandtheirpara-cancertissuesand24casesofrelativenormalmucosaatthesurfaceofcuttingedge.Results:Immunohistochemistryresultsshowedthattheexpressionsofthethreestudiedproteinswereverysimilarintheepitheliaofchronicesophagitisandpara-cancermucosa(P>0.05).BoththequalitativeandquantitativestudiesdisplayedthattheP53proteinhadnoexpressionanditsaccumulationswouldappearonlyintheearlystagesofesophaguscancerationwhiletheMDM2andP27proteinshaddifferentdegreesofexpressionsincasesofnormalesophagealmucosa.MDM2proteinmarkedlyincreasedintheadvancedstagesofesophagealcanceration.AquantitativestudyshowedthattheexpressionofP27proteinhadalinearityofdecreasingtendency(F=9.132,P=0.002)inthecourseofesophagealcanceration.Conclusion:Chronicesophagitismaybeaprecancerouslesion.OwingtothechangesoftheP53andP27proteins,wecanalsoconcludethattheseoccurintheearlystagesofesophagusoncogenesis,howeverthechangesofMDM2expressionmayoccurintheadvancedstageofesophagealcanceration.

简介：Quantitativegeneexpressionanalysisplaysanimportantroleinidentifyingdifferentiallyexpressedgenesinvariouspathologicalstates,geneexpressionregulationandco-regulation,sheddinglightongenefunctions.Althoughmicroarrayiswidelyusedasapowerfultoolinthisregard,itissuboptimalquantitativelyandunabletodetectunknowngenevariants.Herewedemonstratedeffectivedetectionofdifferentialexpressionandco-regulationofcertaingenesbyexpressedsequencetaganalysisusingaselectedsubsetofcDNAlibraries.Wediscussedtheissuesofsequencingdepthandlibrarypreparation,andproposethatincreasedsequencingdepthandimprovedpreparationproceduresmayallowdetectionofmanyexpressionfeaturesforlessabundantgenevariants.Withthereductionofsequencingcostandtheemergingofnewgenerationsequencingtechnology,in-depthsequencingofcDNApoolsorlibrariesmayrepresentabetterandpowerfultoolingeneexpressionprofilingandcancerbiomarkerdetection.Wealsoproposeusingsequence-specificsubtractiontoremovehundredsofthemostabundanthousekeepinggenestoincreasesequencingdepthwithoutaffectingrelativeexpressionratioofothergenes,astranscriptsfromasfewas300mostabundantlyexpressedgenesconstituteabout20%ofthetotaltranscriptome.In-depthsequencingalsorepresentsauniqueadvantageofdetectingunknownformsoftranscripts,suchasalternativesplicingvariants,fusiongenes,andregulatoryRNAs,aswellasdetectingmutationsandpolymorphismsthatmayplayimportantrolesindiseasepathogenesis.

简介：Objective:ToestablishafluoregenicprobequantitativeRT-PCR(FQ-RT-PCR)methodfordetectionoftheexpressionofMDR1geneintumorcellsandtoinvestigatetheexpressionofMDR1geneinpatientswithlungcancer.Methods:ThefluorogenicquantitativeRT-PCRmethodfordetectionoftheexpressionofMDR1genewasestablished.K562/ADMandK562celllinesor45tumortissuesfrompatientswithlungcancerwereexaminedonPEAppliedBiosystems7700SequenceDetectionmachine.Results:theaveragelevelsofMDR1geneexpressioninK562/ADMcellsandK562cellswere(6.86±0.65)×107copies/mgRNAand(8.49±0.67)×105copies/mgRNA,respectively.Theformerwas80.8timesgreaterthanthelatter.Eachsamplewasmeasured10timesandthecoefficientvariation(CV)was9.5%and7.9%,respectively.VariouslevelsofMDR1geneexpressionweredetectedin12of45patientswithlungcancer.Conclusion:QuantitativedetectionofMDR1geneexpressionintumorcellswasachievedbyusingFQ-RT-PCR.FQ-RT-PCRisanaccurate,andsensitivemethodandeasytoperform.Usingthismethod,lowlevelsofMDR1geneexpressioncouldbedetectedin24%ofthepatientswithlungcancer.

简介：BACKGROUND:Ithasbeenreportedthatperoxisomeproliferator-activatedreceptorγ(PPARγ)ishighlyexpressedinlungcancer,coloncancer,andgastriccancer,aswellasothertumors.OBJECTIVE:TostudyexpressionofPPARγinpituitaryadenomasandanalyzetheroleofPPARγinhormonaltypingofpituitaryadenomas.DESIGN,TIMEANDSETTING:Semi-quantitativeimmunohistochemistryofpathologicalspecimens.TheexperimentwasconductedattheDepartmentofNeurosurgery,WuxiSecondHospitalAffiliatedtoNanjingMedicalUniversitybetweenJanuary2002andMay2005.MATERIALS:Surgicalresectionsamplesofpituitaryadenomasfrom38cases(18maleand20female)wereanalyzed.Eightcasesweredeterminedtobeinvasivepituitaryadenomasand30caseswerenon-invasivepituitaryadenomas.Hormonalclassificationofthetypesofpituitaryadenomasrevealedsomatotrophicadenomasinsixcases,corticotrophicadenomainfivecases,prolactinomasin13cases,multi-hormonesecretingadenomasinsixcases,andeightcasesofadenomawithoutalteredendocrinefunction.Fiveautopsyspecimenswerecollectedduringthesameperiodfrompatientsofmatchingagethatdiedfromunrelateddiseasesandwereincludedasnormalanteriorpituitarycontrols.METHODS:Cellcountsforpositiveimmunohistochemicalsignalswererecordedfromhistopathologicalsections.Thepercentageofpositivecellswasreportedasasemi-quantitativeanalysis.MAINOUTCOMEMEASURES:TherateofPPARγpositivecellsindifferenttypesofadenomawasbasedonhormonallevelsandinvasivenessofpituitarytumorcells.RESULTS:AlltumorbiopsiesweredeterminedtoexpressPPARγTherateofPPARγ-positivecellsrangedbetween8%-65%inthepituitaryadenomas.Accordingtohormonaltype,PPARγexpressiondidnotvarybetweenthegroups.Inaddition,therewasnosignificantdifferenceinPPARγexpressionbetweenthenon-invasiveandinvasivepituitaryadenomas.CONCLUSIONS:HumanpituitaryadenomasexpressPPARγ,andthisexpressionisunrelatedto

简介：AbstractObjective:Optimal reference genes are critical for accurate normalization and reliable interpretation of gene expression quantification data. Recently, several strategies have been utilized for validating reference genes in different human tissues. However, no universal reference genes have been described that accurately summarize transcriptional activity in human spermatozoa.Methods:Using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), we evaluated ten commonly used candidate reference genes between two groups of human cryopreserved donor sperm with different pregnancy rates. We assessed the stability of reference genes using three different algorithms, namely geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper. We then identified the most stable reference genes.Results:Male-enhanced antigen 1 (MEA1) was identified as the most stably expressed reference gene, followed by testis-enhanced gene transcript (TEGT).Conclusions:We comprehensively identified MEA1 and TEGT as the most stably expressed reference genes for the normalization of gene expression data in human spermatozoa.

简介：棕色的planthopperNilaparvatalugensStål(Homoptera：Delphacidae)由在米饭上并且也喂的罐头原因hopperburn能播送草多的绝技疾病。抵抗米饭变化被开发了，但是几N。lugens紧张能恢复他们的毒力到这些抵抗米饭变化。在现在的学习，在N与稳定的表达式层次引用基因。lugens人口显示出毒力的不同层次到易受影响、抵抗的米饭变化。在N的六候选人参考基因的表示。在易受影响、抵抗的米饭变化上喂的lugens被分析。这些基因在微分基因表示的分析为他们的潜在的使用被评估。聚合酶链反应数据从N被产生。lugens，包括二个不同处理(抵抗或易受影响的米饭)和三剧毒的N。lugens人口。三个软件程序(BestKeeper，Normfinder和geNorm)被用来估计候选人引用基因。geNorm和Normfinder作为最稳定的参考基因识别了基因18S，-ACT,澡盆和澡盆。而18S和澡盆分别地是第二和第三最稳定地表示的基因，BestKeeper与最少的全面变化作为最佳的参考基因识别了ETIF1。因此，我们断定基因18S和澡盆是在N的最合适的参考基因。lugens。这些结果将便于在N上介绍研究的未来抄本。在不同米饭变化上在毒力层次显示出变化的lugens人口。

简介：Inthisstudy,28,691genomesequencesand16,566expressedsequencetags(ESTs)ofEucalyptuswerederivedfromtheGenBankdatabase.Atotalof2292SSRlociweresoughtoutfrom1785effectivesequences.ThroughanalysesofSSRlociinformation,theSSRmotiflengthwasnegativelycorrelatedwiththeabundanceoftheSSRs.IntheESTsequencesofEucalyptus,tripletrepeatmotifswerethemostabundant,anddinucleotiderepeatsmotifshadthehighestfrequencies.Subsequently,395pairsofprimersweredesignedbasedontheSSRloci.UsingoptimizedSSR-PCRconditions,340pairsofprimersweresuccessfullyscreened,withasuccessrateof86.1%.Byconstructionofamaximumlikelihoodphylogenetictreeofsixeucalyptspecies,representedbyfivespeciesofthegenusEucalyptusandoneofthegenusCorymbia,thegeneticrelationshipsofEucalyptusurophyllaandE.camaldulensissuggestedbythistreewasfoundtodifferfromthatsuggestedbytraditionalmorphologicaltaxonomy.TheresultsprovideinsightsforevaluatinggeneticdiversityofEucalyptusandanalysisofEucalyptusphylogeneticsusingSSRmarkers.

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简介：直译：像马一样吃东西。

简介：Tobesickasadog.直译：病得像狗一样。意译：病得很严重。

简介：直译：裤子里有蚂蚁。意译：形容焦躁不安的心情。

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