简介:ToinvestigatetheexpressionlevelsofthreeDsbproteingenes,dsbB,dsbDanddsbG,atdifferenttimepointspostC.trachomatisinfection,mousefibroblast12cellswerechosentobeinfectedwithC.trachomatisserovarFstrainF/IC-Cal-13.C.trachomatiselementarybody(EB)-infected12cellswereharvestedimmediatelyafterEBattachmentontothecellsandevery4hourspostinfection(hpi)till44hpifortotalRNApreparation.RT-PCRassayswerethenemployedtoamplifycDNAwithprimerpairswhicharespecifictoC.trachomatisdsbgenesdsbB,dsbD,dsbGandtufArespectively.Therela-tiveexpressionlevelsofDsbproteingeneswereevaluatedascDNAratiosofgenedsbtogenetufA.OurresultsshowedthatthetranscriptionofdsbGstartedfrom12hpiandgraduallyincreasedtill44hpi.ThetranscriptionofdsbBanddsbDweredetectedat16hpiandreachedtheirpeaksat28hpiand24-28hpi,respectively.Moreover,therewasobvioustranscriptionofdsbBatthelaterstage(44hpi),butnonefordsbDatthistimepoint.WecametotheconclusionthattheexpressionlevelsofthethreeDsbproteingenesaredifferentduringthedevelopmentalcycleofC.trachomatist.Theymayplayaroleinmid-to-latestageofthedevelopmentalcycleofC.trachomatis.
简介:DSB裁决在当事国国内法律体系中的效力如何认定,直接关系到裁决的影响力与执行力。美国国内法律规定,DSB裁决本身不具有直接适用性。DSB裁决对国内法律产生影响的唯一渠道,是通过立法程序写入国内立法。法院在作出判决时可以考虑。DSB裁决的逻辑,但DSB裁决此时的效力并不高于学者著述或外国判例,至多只具有说服力。此种观点也在美国国际法学界得到相当的认可。DSB裁决在美国案外效力的缺失,在维护了美国国内法律体系完整性的同时。也将美国的贸易保护主义进行了合法化。我国应当在承认与尊重WTO协议的同时,在法律中明确规定DSB裁决不具有案外效力,并且,建立自己的DSB裁决分析与吸收制度。
简介:TheAppellateBodyreportinJanuary2012hadsupportedthedecisionofPanelinthe"China-measuresrelatedtotheexportationofvariousrawmaterials"case(WT/DS394,395,398)andaffirmedthatChina’srestrictions(suchastariffsandquotameasures)ontheexportationofrawmaterialsviolatedrulesputforthbytheWTO,whichwererequiredtobemodified.InthiscaseChina’srighttoinvokeArticle20ofGATT1994("generalexception")tojustifyitsexemptionfromtheguidelinesinArticle11.3oftheWTOAccessionProtocolwasdeniedbythePanelandtheAppellateBody.ThiswasduetothefactthatthephrasinginArticle11.3ofProtocolfailedtomention"GATT."ThiswastheconsequenceofthetwointerpretationapproachestheDisputeSettlementBody(DSB)adopted-anarrowtextualinterpretationandasubjectivepresumptionof"legislativesilence."TheinappropriateuseofthetwomethodsofinterpretationleadtoanimbalancebetweentherightandobligationofChinaundertheadditionalobligationsthatwereimposeduponChinabytheWTO,whichcreateanegativeimpactonChina’srareearthcaseandtheprotectionofdomesticnaturalresources.
简介:摘要:遗传学研究生物的遗传、变异及其规律;人类对遗传的研究从性状开始的,遗传因子的发现到证明遗传密码的存在并破译遗传密码的过程是人们认识遗传的物质基础并揭示遗传规律的过程,在此过程当中遗传基因这个抽象的概念在思维上和实质上逐渐接近染色体、DNA;然后科学家们证明基因是有遗传效应的DNA的片段,从此基因不再是抽象的概念,以后人们又发现性状的表达离不开蛋白质(酶)合成,于是科学家们推测并证明基因通过指导蛋白质的合成而控制生物的性状,于是最终孟德尔的假设得到了科学解释。人民对遗传学的研究是实质上揭示基因表达的过程,这是生物学史上的重大发现。
简介:目的比较HBVS基因与HCVC基因真核表达质粒融合基因免疫与联合基因免疫的效果,为HBV和HCV融合基因疫苗研究奠定基础。方法将同时含HBVS基因与HCVC基因的真核表达质粒SCpcDNA3.1、含HBVS基因真核表达质粒SpcDNA3.1、含HCVC基因真核表达质粒CpcDNA3.1分别免疫小鼠;将SpcDNA3.1+CpcDNA3.1联合免疫小鼠。ELISA法检测血清抗HBs和抗HCV。结果无论是抗HBs和抗HCV阳转出现的时间、阳转率和体液免疫应答强度,融合基因免疫都优于联合基因免疫:融合基因免疫的抗HBs的应答强度低于SpcDNA3.1质粒的免疫,抗HBc的应答强度高于CpcDNA3.1质粒的免疫。结论HCVC基因或其表达产物对HBVS基因或抗原的表达和提呈有抑制作用;HCVC基因与HBVS基因相融合,更有利于HCV核心蛋白的提呈。