简介：Thedynamicsofcollectiverememberingareexaminedbyanalyzingwhathappenswhena'blankspot'inhistoryisfilledwithinformationthathadpreviouslynotbeenavailableorpubliclyacknowledged.TakingRussianaccountsofthesecretprotocolsoftheMolotov-RibbentropPactof1939asacasestudy,itisarguedthat'schematicnarrativetemplates'thatshapedeepcollectivememorygiverisetoatendencytomaintainthismemoryandhelpitovercomethe'narrativerift'thatoccurswhenembarrassingepisodesfromthepastarepubliclyacknowledged.Schematicnarrativetemplatesaresetforthasunderlyingstrongconservativeforcesthatresistchangeincollectivememoryatadeeplevel.Itissuggestedthatdebatesgroundedinformalhistorymayhelpovercomethisresistancetochangebutthatsucheffortswillbelimitedaslongastheforcesofdeepcollectivememoryarenotrecognized.

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简介：AIM:Toexaminetheassociationofgeneticpolymorphisms(-308)G/ATNFα,(+250)A/GLtα,(+36)A/GTNFR1,(+1663)A/GTNFR2withthedevelopmentofprimaryopenangleglaucoma(POAG)amongpeopleinCentralRussia.METHODS:Thestudysampleincluded443individuals,ofwhich252patientswithPOAGand191individualsinthecontrolgroup.Genotypingof(-308)G/ATNFα,(+250)A/GLtα,(+36)A/GTNFR1,(+1663)A/GTNFR2wasperformedusingpolymerasechainreaction.ThedistributionofallelesandgenotypesofthestudiedDNAmarkersinthegroupswasexaminedby2×2contingencytablesandχ2withtheYates'scorrectionforcontinuityandoddsratios(OR)with95%confidenceintervals(CI).RESULTS:Allele(-308)GTNFα(Р=0.01,OR=1.78,95%CI1.12-2.85)wasidentifiedasariskfactorforPOAG.Homozygotes(-308)AATNFαareatalowestriskfordevelopmentofthedisease(Р=0.01,OR=0.0005).ThefollowingcombinationofgeneticvariantsofcytokineswereassociatedwithareducedriskofPOAG:(+1663)ATNFR2and(+250)GLtα(OR=0.34)CONCLUSION:Geneticpolymorphisms(-308)G/ATNFα,(+250)A/GLtα,(+1663)A/GTNFR2associatedwiththedevelopmentofPOAGinthepopulationofCentralRussia.

简介：Putin’sforceful,almostcontemptuousdismissalofwarningsfromU.S.andEuropeanleadersaboutthedangerouspathhewaspursuingledtoanxiousspeclationaboutwhatlaybehindit.Afteryearsofpursuingapragmaticgeopoliticalgamethatwasunderstandable,thoughnotalwaysappreciatedbytheWest,Putinseemedtobeoperatinginadifferentworld.HehadspentyearscourtingacceptanceinorganizationsliketheG8,whosemeetinghehadplannedonhostinginthenewSochiWinterOlympicssetting,butin2014heseemedtobethrowingeverythingawayinpursuitofsomesortofmissionthatfewinthewestunderstood.