简介：AIM:Toevaluatethecorrelationofshearwaveelastography(SWE)resultswithliverfibrosishistologyandquantitativefunctionreserve.METHODS:Weeklysubcutaneousinjectionof60%carbontetrachloride(1.5mL/kg)wasgivento12caninesfor24wktoinduceexperimentalliverfibrosis,witholiveoilgivento2controlcanines.At24wk,liverconditionwasevaluatedusingclinicalbiochemistryassays,SWEimaging,lidocainemetabolitemonoethylglycine-xylidide(MEGX)test,andhistologicfibrosisgrading.Clinicalbiochemistryassayswereperformedattheinstitutionalcentrallaboratoryforroutineliverfunctionevaluation.Liverstiffnesswasmeasuredintriplicatefromthreedifferentintercostalspacesandexpressedasmeanliverstiffnessmodulus(LSM).PlasmaconcentrationsoflidocaineanditsmetaboliteMEGXweredeterminedusinghigh-performanceliquidchromatographyrepeatedinduplicate.Liverbiopsysampleswerefixedin10%formaldehyde,andliverfibrosiswasgradedusingthemodifiedhistologicalactivityindexKnodellscore(F0-F4).Correlationsamonghistologicgrading,LSM,andMEGXmeasureswereanalyzedwiththePearsonlinearcorrelationcoefficient.RESULTS:At24wkliverfibrosishistologicgradingwasasfollows:F0,n=2(control);F1,n=0;F2,n=3;F3,n=7;andF4,n=2.SWELSMwaspositivelycorrelatedwithhistologicgrading(r=0.835,P<0.001).Specifically,theF4grouphadasignificantlyhigherelasticmodulusthantheF3,F2,andF0groups(P=0.002,P=0.003,andP=0.006,respectively),andtheF3groupalsohadasignificantlyhighermodulusthanthecontrolF0group(P=0.039).LSMwasnegativelyassociatedwithplasmaMEGXconcentrationsat30min(r=-0.642;P=0.013)and60min(r=-0.651;P=0.012),timeto?ofthemaximumconcentration(r=-0.538;P=0.047),andtheareaunderthecurve(r=-0.636;P=0.014).Multiplecomparisonsshowedidenticaldifferencesinthesethreemeasures:significantlylowerwithF4(P=0.037)andF3(P=0.032)ascomparedtoF0a

简介：Invasivefractionalflowreserve(FFR)measurementiscurrentlythegoldstandardforcoronaryintervention.FFRmeasurementbycoronarycomputedtomographyangiography(FFRCT)isanovelandpromisingimagingtechnologythatpermitsnoninvasiveassessmentofphysiologicallysignificantcoronarylesions.FFRCTiscapableofcombiningtheanatomicinformationprovidedbycoronarycomputedtomographyangiographywithcomputationalfluiddynamicstocomputeFFR.Todate,severalstudieshavereportedthediagnosticperformanceofFFRCTcomparedwithinvasiveFFRmeasurementasthereferencestandard.FurtherstudiesarenowbeingimplementedtodeterminetheclinicalfeasibilityandeconomicimplicationsofFFRCTtechniques.ThisarticleprovidesanoverviewanddiscussestheavailableevidenceaswellaspotentialfuturedirectionsofFFRCT.

简介：Percutaneouscoronaryintervention(PCI)improvessymptomsandprognosisinischemia-inducing,functionallysignificant,coronarylesions.Useoffractionalflowreserveallowsphysicianstoinvestigatetheischemia-inducingpotentialofaspecificlesionandcanbeusedtoguidecoronaryrevascularization,especiallyinmultivesselcoronaryarterydisease.Fractionalflowreserve-guidedPCIhasbeenextensivelyinvestigated.Resultsshowthatdeferralofstentinginnon-significantlesionsissafe,whereasdeferralofstentinginfunctionallysignificantlesionsworsensoutcome.FFR-guidedPCIimprovesoutcomeinmultivesseldiseaseoverangiography-guidedPCI.Untilrecently,therewaslittleknownaboutthelong-termoutcomeofFFR-guidedrevascularizationanditsvalidityinacutecoronarysyndromes.Thisreviewaimstoaddressthenewevidenceregardinglong-termappropriatenessofFFR-guidedPCI,theneedforhyperemiatoevaluatefunctionalseverity,andtheuseofFFRinacutecoronarysyndromes.

简介：Understandingtheconnotationandprinciplesofecologicalcompensationinwatersourcereserveareasisthebasisandguaranteeforestablishingandimprovingtheecologicalcompensationmechanismofwatersourcereserveareas.First,thispaperreviewsthethreestagesofecologicalcompensationresearchprogress.Basedonthereview,usingthetheoryofexternality,theecologicalenvironmentsystemofwatersourcereserveareasisthenanalyzed.Thispaperarguesthattheconnotationofecologicalcompensationinwatersourcereserveareasisakindofinstitutionalarrangement,whichisdesignedtointernalizeexternalities.Finally,basedontheunderstandingoftheconnotationofecologicalcompensationinwatersourcereserveareas,fiveprinciplesforestablishingandimprovingtheecologicalcompensationmechanismareproposed,includingtheprincipleoffairnessandjustice,theprincipleofequivalenceofequalityandresponsibility,theprincipleofflexibilityandeffectiveness,theprincipleof'earmarkfunds,andimplementationbylaw,'andtheprincipleofgovernmentcompensationsupplementedwithmarketcompensation.

简介：由偶然的价值方法，我们在Heilongjiang省学习了Hongxing国家自然保护区(HNNR)的沼泽地生态系统服务的弃权价值，东北中国。为HNNR的保护的愿意付钱的回答者(WTP)的比例是63?%。WTP比率受回答者的地理区域，接触性质，个人偏爱，和熟悉的度影响。WTP价值受年龄，教育水平和回答者的事业影响。主要推理因为拒绝支付保护HNNR的人是我不对HNNR熟悉，我没为因为低收入的另外的花有能力。加权的平均单个WTP价值是为有WTP的所有回答者的CNY59.26元ind1年1。HNNR的全部的弃权生态系统服务价值是CNY1430在2013的百万元。遗产价值被存在价值和选择价值最高跟随。从在HNNR的高生态系统服务价值，为保护自然生态系统和自然资源的人的持续使用构造自然保护区是很重要的。

简介：Assessmentofregionalforestcarbonstocksandunderlyingcontrolsiscriticalforguidingforestmanagementinthecontextofcarbonsequestration.Weinvestigatedthevariationsintreebiomasscarbonstocksrelatingtoforesttypes,andestimatedthetotaltreebiomasscarbonstocksandprojectedgainsthroughnaturalstanddevelopmentby2020and2050intheDaqingMountainNatureReservebasedonCategoryIIdataoftheForestInventoryofInnerMongoliafortheperiodending2008.Overatotalareaof388,577ha,thisnaturereservecurrentlystoresanestimated2221GgCintreeabovegroundbiomassalone,withpotentialtogrowbymorethan30%toreach2938GgCby2020andnearlydoubleto4092GgCby2050throughnaturaldevelopmentoftheexistingforeststands.Thetreebiomasscarbondensityandpotentialgainintreebiomasscarbonstocksvarymarkedlyamongforesttypesandwithstanddevelopment.Thevariationsinthepotentialchangeoftreebiomasscarbondensityfortheperiods2008–2020and2008–2050amongforesttypespartlyreflectthevaryingrelationshipsoftreebiomasscarbondensitywithstandagefordifferenttreespecies,andpartlyareattributabletovariationsinthestandagestructureamongdifferentforesttypes.Ofthemajorforesttypes,therankingofprojectedchangesintreebiomasscarbondensityarenotconsistentwithvariationsintherelationshipbetweentreebiomasscarbondensityandstandage,neitheraretheyexplainablebyvariationsinstandagestructures,implyingtheinteractiveeffectbetweenforesttypeandstanddynamicsontemporalchangesintreebiomasscarbondensity.Birchrankhighestforfuturebiomasscarbonsequestrationbecauseofitsdominanceincoverareaandbetteragestructureforpotentialgainintreebiomasscarbonstocks.Poplarandlarchwereout-performerscomparedtootherforesttypesgiventheirgreatercontributiontototaltreebiomasscarbonstocksrelativetotheirdistributionalareas.Findingsinthisstudyillustrateth